Air Law

14,000,000 Leading Edge Experts on the ideXlab platform

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

Scan Science and Technology

Contact Leading Edge Experts & Companies

The Experts below are selected from a list of 43836 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Alberto J. Caban-martinez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Respiratory Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Young Adults Residing in a “Clean” Indoor Air State
    Journal of Community Health, 2008
    Co-Authors: David J. Lee, Noella A. Dietz, Kristopher L. Arheart, James D. Wilkinson, John D. Clark, Alberto J. Caban-martinez
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of self-reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures and its association with respiratory symptoms in a sample of young adults residing in a state with a partial clean indoor Air Law. A cross-sectional telephone survey of Florida households and a single state University was conducted in 2005. Enrolled participants between 18 and 24 years of age completed a 15–20 min interview assessing past and current SHS exposure and current respiratory symptoms ( n  = 1858). Approximately 60% of the sample were female; nearly 70% were non-Hispanic white, 10% were non-Hispanic Black, and 11% were Hispanic. Over two-thirds reported completing at least some college; 23% reported smoking in the past month. Nearly two-thirds (64%) reported visiting a bar or nightclub which exposed them to SHS in the previous month; nearly half (46%) reported SHS exposure while riding in automobiles; 15% reported occupational SHS exposure; and nearly 9% reported living with at least one smoker. In multivariable models, personal smoking behavior, parental smoking history, and exposure to SHS in automobiles and in bars or nightclubs were significantly associated with increased reports of respiratory symptoms. Despite residing in a “clean” indoor Air state, the majority of surveyed young adults continue to report exposure to SHS, especially in automobiles and in bars, and these exposures adversely impact respiratory health. All municipalities should pursue clean indoor Air legislation which does not exempt bars and restaurants. Educational campaigns directed at reducing SHS exposure in motor vehicles also are needed.

Stanton A. Glantz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Effects of Workplace Clean Indoor Air Law Coverage on Workers' Smoking-Related Outcomes.
    Health Economics, 2015
    Co-Authors: Kai-wen Cheng, Feng Liu, Mariaelena Gonzalez, Stanton A. Glantz
    Abstract:

    This study investigated the effects of workplace clean indoor Air Law (CIAL) coverage on worksite compliance with CIALs, smoking participation among indoor workers, and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure among nonsmoker indoor workers. This study improved on previous research by using the probability of a resident in a county covered by workplace CIALs, taking into account the state, county, and city legislation. The county-level probability of being covered by a CIAL is merged into two large nationally representative US surveys on smoking behaviors: Tobacco Use Supplement of the Current Population Survey (2001-2010) and Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (2000-2006) based on the year of the survey and respondent's geographic location to identify respondents' CIAL coverage. This study estimated several model specifications of including and not including state or county fixed effects, and the effects of workplace CIALs are consistent across models. Increased coverage by workplace CIALs significantly increased likelihood of reporting a complete smoking restriction by 8% and 10% for the two different datasets, decreased smoking participation among indoor workers by 12%, and decreased SHS exposure among nonsmokers by 28%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • Association between clean indoor Air Laws and voluntary smokefree rules in homes and cars
    Tobacco Control, 2013
    Co-Authors: Kai-wen Cheng, Cassandra A. Okechukwu, Robert Mcmillen, Stanton A. Glantz
    Abstract:

    Objectives This study examines the influence that smokefree workplaces, restaurants and bars have on the adoption of smokefree rules in homes and cars, and whether there is an association with adopting smokefree rules in homes and cars. Methods Bivariate probit models were used to jointly estimate the likelihood of living in a smokefree home and having a smokefree car as a function of Law coverage and other variables. Household data were obtained from the nationally representative Social Climate Survey of Tobacco Control 2001, 2002 and 2004–2009; clean indoor Air Law data were from the American Nonsmokers’ Rights Foundation Tobacco Control Laws Database. Results ‘Full coverage’ and ‘partial coverage’ smokefree legislation is associated with an increased likelihood of having voluntary home and car smokefree rules compared with ‘no coverage’. The association between ‘full coverage’ and smokefree rule in homes and cars is 5% and 4%, respectively, and the association between ‘partial coverage’ and smokefree rules in homes and cars is 3% and 4%, respectively. There is a positive association between the adoption of smokefree rules in homes and cars. Conclusions Clean indoor Air Laws provide the additional benefit of encouraging voluntary adoption of smokefree rules in homes and cars.

  • Association between smokefree Laws and voluntary smokefree-home rules.
    American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2011
    Co-Authors: Kai-wen Cheng, Stanton A. Glantz, James Lightwood
    Abstract:

    Background More states and localities are passing restrictions on smoking in public places and workplaces. Purpose To determine what, if any, association exists between enactment of strong Laws making public places or workplaces smokefree on adoption of voluntary smokefree-home policies, particularly whether such Laws are associated with increased smoking at home. Methods Logistic regressions were used to estimate the OR of a person living with a 100% smokefree-home rule as a function of individual characteristics, household composition, and whether or not the residential region is covered by clean indoor Air Laws. The data came from successive waves of the Tobacco Use Supplement to Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) for the years 1992–2007, and the American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation database of state and local government clean indoor Air Laws. Analysis was conducted in 2010 and 2011. Results Living in a county fully covered by a 100% clean indoor Air Law in workplaces or restaurants or bars is associated with an increased likelihood of having a voluntary 100% smokefree-home rule both for people living with smokers (OR=7.76, 95% CI=5.27, 11.43) and not living with smokers (OR=4.12, 95% CI=3.28, 5.16). Conclusions Strong clean indoor Air Laws are associated with large increases in voluntary smokefree-home policies both in the homes with and without smokers. These results support the hypothesis of norm spreading of clean indoor Air Laws.

  • Norm Spreading or Behavioral Compensating: Do the Clean Indoor Air Laws Increase Voluntary Home Smoke Free Rules?
    2010
    Co-Authors: Kai-wen Cheng, James Lightwood, Stanton A. Glantz
    Abstract:

    Second hand smoke is a health hazard for nonsmokers that can be prevented through adoption of clean indoor Air Laws. The adoption of clean indoor Air Laws for public places in many jurisdictions creates a concern that these Laws will lead to more, or at least unchanged, smoking at home, which would reduce the effectiveness of these Laws. We find evidence however that adoption of clean Air Laws increases the likelihood that family households voluntarily implement smoke free home rules. This increase may be because the Laws may decrease people’s tolerances of second hand smoke, increase their awareness of the associated health hazard caused by second hand smoke, as well as produce the social norm of having clean indoor Air. We study the likelihood of a person living with home smoke free rule depending upon his/her individual characteristics, household factors, and whether or not he/she being covered by local ordinances and state Laws for clean indoor Air. The data come from the Tobacco Use Supplements to Current Population Survey (TUS-CPS) 1992 – 2007, and the American Non Smokers’ Right Association’s data base on state and local government clean indoor Air Laws. Because the TUS-CPS provides information on household level as well as smoking status for household members, we separate the households into smoking and non-smoking households. This study focuses on the home smoke free rules among smoking households. The preliminary results show that individual and household characteristics are significantly associated with the likelihood of being covered by home smoke free rules. We find that the older, male, married, and higher educated are more likely being covered by home smoke free rules. In addition, people living in households with higher family incomes and children are also more likely to be covered by home smoke free rules. Lastly, we find some evidence that people covered by clean indoor Air Laws, either state Laws or local ordinances, are more likely to be covered by voluntary home smoke free rules than those who do not have clean indoor Air Laws at all. The increased likelihood is about 6 percentage points. We also distinguish between local ordinances and state indoor clean Air Laws, and examine their associations with home smoke free rules. The preliminary results show a strong association of local ordinances of clean indoor Airs and voluntary home smoke free rules. We find that people living in places with stronger local ordinances than the surrounding state Law are more likely having the voluntary home smoke free rules than their counterparts. The preliminary results show that among people living in a place with no state Law, a weak county clean indoor Air Law increases the likelihood of being covered by home smoke free rules by 8 percentage points. Among people living in a place with a weak state Law, a stronger county Law increases the likelihood of being covered by home smoke free rules by 34 percentage points compared with those having no county Laws at all. This study fills in the gap of knowledge of the association between clean indoor Air Laws and voluntary home smoke free rules.

  • Tobacco Control in Arizona, 1973-1997
    1997
    Co-Authors: Stella Aguinaga Bialous, Stanton A. Glantz
    Abstract:

    Arizona was the first state in the US to pass a state clean indoor Air Law (in 1973) and has a long tradition of grass roots nonsmokers' rights activity. 38 localities in Arizona have passed tobacco control ordinances dealing with clean indoor Air (Flagstaff, Mesa, Tucson, among others) and youth access to tobacco products (Tucson, Scottsdale, Somerton, among others). In 1994, Arizona voters passed Proposition 200, which increased the tobacco tax by 40 cents per pack of cigarettes and allocated 23% of the revenues for tobacco control activities, yielding more than $27 million a year for anti-tobacco efforts. It was the third state to do so. The tobacco industry, working through Governor Symington and allies in the Legislature, has successfully limited the scope of the tobacco control program to youth and pregnant women. This limitation will probably limit program effectiveness. Although the coalition of health groups that enacted Proposition 200 has prevented funds from being diverted to non-tobacco uses, it failed to force the Arizona Department of Health Services (ADHS) to develop a comprehensive tobacco control program. Arizona tobacco control advocates have made great progress at the local level, not only in passing local tobacco control ordinances, but also in defeating tobacco industry efforts to overturn these ordinances. The campaign finance and lobbying disclosure Laws in Arizona are so weak that it is not possible to quantify the exact amount of money the tobacco industry is spending to influence policy making in that state, it is clear that the tobacco industry has intensified its lobbying efforts in the Legislature. The tobacco industry has focused national resources on Arizona through organizations such as the National Smokers' Alliance in unsuccessful attempts to stop or overturn local tobacco control ordinances. Despite tobacco industry claims to the contrary, local tobacco control ordinances mandating smokefree restaurants and bars have not affected revenues in those businesses.

Dong-chul Seo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Effectiveness of Indiana’s Statewide Smoke-Free Indoor Air Law in Reducing Prevalence of Adult Cigarette Smoking
    The Journal of Primary Prevention, 2020
    Co-Authors: Beom-young Cho, Hsien-chang Lin, Dong-chul Seo
    Abstract:

    Indiana recently implemented a statewide smoke-free indoor Air Law that has prohibited smoking in both restaurants and non-hospitality workplaces. Evidence for the effectiveness of the recent statewide smoke-free indoor Law may persuade 14 states that do not have any statewide smoke-free Laws to enact such Laws. We evaluated the effectiveness of Indiana’s State Smoke-Free Air Law, implemented July 2012, in reducing adult smoking prevalence. We analyzed samples of U.S. adults using a nonequivalent control group design with multi-year, cross-sectional data from the 2011–2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (  N = 2,259,014). Four state groups with different levels of comprehensiveness in regard to statewide smoke-free indoor Air Laws in 2011–2016 served as the comparison groups, namely those with: (1) no Law; (2) a partial Law (prohibiting smoking in either one or two of these three settings, namely non-hospitality workplaces, restaurants, and bars); (3) a comprehensive Law (prohibiting smoking in all non-hospitality workplaces, restaurants, and bars); and (4) those that changed from a partial to a comprehensive Law. We used a difference-in-differences approach with multiple logistic regressions to assess the net effect of the policy with a secular trend removed. The decline rate of cigarette smoking in Indiana was steeper, from 21.2% in 2011–2012 to 17.8% in 2013–2016, than in states in our four comparison groups, which suggests a significant reduction in adult cigarette smoking prevalence above and beyond the downward secular trend observed. All the comparison groups showed higher odds of cigarette smoking than Indiana (adjusted odds ratios range from 1.08 to 1.16). Although a long-term effect of Indiana’s State Smoke-Free Air Law has yet to be evaluated, current data indicate that such a policy appears to be effective in reducing smoking prevalence. The implementation of statewide smoke-free indoor Air Laws in all restaurants and non-hospitality workplaces may help reduce smoking rates in the 14 states that still do not have any statewide smoke-free indoor Air Laws.

  • Effectiveness of Indiana's Statewide Smoke-Free Indoor Air Law in Reducing Prevalence of Adult Cigarette Smoking.
    The Journal of Primary Prevention, 2020
    Co-Authors: Beom-young Cho, Hsien-chang Lin, Dong-chul Seo
    Abstract:

    Indiana recently implemented a statewide smoke-free indoor Air Law that has prohibited smoking in both restaurants and non-hospitality workplaces. Evidence for the effectiveness of the recent statewide smoke-free indoor Law may persuade 14 states that do not have any statewide smoke-free Laws to enact such Laws. We evaluated the effectiveness of Indiana’s State Smoke-Free Air Law, implemented July 2012, in reducing adult smoking prevalence. We analyzed samples of U.S. adults using a nonequivalent control group design with multi-year, cross-sectional data from the 2011–2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ( N= 2,259,014). Four state groups with different levels of comprehensiveness in regard to statewide smoke-free indoor Air Laws in 2011–2016 served as the comparison groups, namely those with: (1) no Law; (2) a partial Law (prohibiting smoking in either one or two of these three settings, namely non-hospitality workplaces, restaurants, and bars); (3) a comprehensive Law (prohibiting smoking in all non-hospitality workplaces, restaurants, and bars); and (4) those that changed from a partial to a comprehensive Law. We used a difference-in-differences approach with multiple logistic regressions to assess the net effect of the policy with a secular trend removed. The decline rate of cigarette smoking in Indiana was steeper, from 21.2% in 2011–2012 to 17.8% in 2013–2016, than in states in our four comparison groups, which suggests a significant reduction in adult cigarette smoking prevalence above and beyond the downward secular trend observed. All the comparison groups showed higher odds of cigarette smoking than Indiana (adjusted odds ratios range from 1.08 to 1.16). Although a long-term effect of Indiana’s State Smoke-Free Air Law has yet to be evaluated, current data indicate that such a policy appears to be effective in reducing smoking prevalence. The implementation of statewide smoke-free indoor Air Laws in all restaurants and non-hospitality workplaces may help reduce smoking rates in the 14 states that still do not have any statewide smoke-free indoor Air Laws.

  • Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to Explore the Relation Between Smoke-Free Air Laws and Quitting Intentions
    Health Education & Behavior, 2011
    Co-Authors: Jonathan T. Macy, Susan E. Middlestadt, Dong-chul Seo, Lloyd J. Kolbe, Stephen J. Jay
    Abstract:

    Smoke-free Air policies have been shown to reduce smoking, but the mechanism of behavior change is not well understood. The authors used structural equation modeling to conduct a theory of planned behavior analysis with data from 395 smokers living in seven Texas cities, three with a comprehensive smoke-free Air Law and four without a comprehensive Law. Agreement with regulating smoking in public places was significantly associated with attitudes and perceived normative pressure about quitting. Nicotine dependence was significantly associated with attitudes and perceived behavioral control. There was also a direct effect of nicotine dependence on intention to take measures to quit smoking. Smoke-free Air Laws appear to influence quitting intentions through the formation of positive attitudes about regulating smoking in public places and the perception of normative pressure to take measures to quit. Implications for smoke-free Air policy campaigns and challenges in evaluating their effectiveness are discussed.

  • The Combined Effect of Behavioral Intention and Exposure to a Smoke-Free Air Law on Taking Measures to Quit Smoking
    Health Promotion Practice, 2011
    Co-Authors: Susan E. Middlestadt, Jonathan T. Macy, Dong-chul Seo, Stephen J. Jay, Lloyd J. Kolbe
    Abstract:

    Because of the large burden of disease attributable to cigarette smoking, a variety of tobacco control interventions, some focused on changing individual behavior and others focused on influencing societal norms, have been introduced. The current study tested the combined effect of behavioral intention and exposure to a comprehensive smoke-free Air Law as a prospective predictor of taking measures to quit smoking. Participants were 187 adults living in 7 Texas cities, 3 with a comprehensive smoke-free Air Law and 4 without such a Law, who reported current cigarette smoking at baseline and completed a 1-month follow-up interview. Data were collected by telephone administration of a questionnAire. Results showed that, compared with smokers with low behavioral intention to take measures to quit smoking and no exposure to a comprehensive smoke-free Air Law, the smokers with high behavioral intention and exposure to a comprehensive Law had the greatest odds of taking measures to quit smoking. This longitudinal...

David J. Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Respiratory Effects of Secondhand Smoke Exposure Among Young Adults Residing in a “Clean” Indoor Air State
    Journal of Community Health, 2008
    Co-Authors: David J. Lee, Noella A. Dietz, Kristopher L. Arheart, James D. Wilkinson, John D. Clark, Alberto J. Caban-martinez
    Abstract:

    The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of self-reported secondhand smoke (SHS) exposures and its association with respiratory symptoms in a sample of young adults residing in a state with a partial clean indoor Air Law. A cross-sectional telephone survey of Florida households and a single state University was conducted in 2005. Enrolled participants between 18 and 24 years of age completed a 15–20 min interview assessing past and current SHS exposure and current respiratory symptoms ( n  = 1858). Approximately 60% of the sample were female; nearly 70% were non-Hispanic white, 10% were non-Hispanic Black, and 11% were Hispanic. Over two-thirds reported completing at least some college; 23% reported smoking in the past month. Nearly two-thirds (64%) reported visiting a bar or nightclub which exposed them to SHS in the previous month; nearly half (46%) reported SHS exposure while riding in automobiles; 15% reported occupational SHS exposure; and nearly 9% reported living with at least one smoker. In multivariable models, personal smoking behavior, parental smoking history, and exposure to SHS in automobiles and in bars or nightclubs were significantly associated with increased reports of respiratory symptoms. Despite residing in a “clean” indoor Air state, the majority of surveyed young adults continue to report exposure to SHS, especially in automobiles and in bars, and these exposures adversely impact respiratory health. All municipalities should pursue clean indoor Air legislation which does not exempt bars and restaurants. Educational campaigns directed at reducing SHS exposure in motor vehicles also are needed.

Ruwantissa Abeyratne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Importance of Teaching Air Law
    Legal Priorities in Air Transport, 2019
    Co-Authors: Ruwantissa Abeyratne
    Abstract:

    Air transport is growing in exponential terms and affects all States around the world. Air travel will double in 2030 as against today’s figure. It is forecast that, between 2009 and 2028 there will be a demand for 24,951 passenger and freighter Aircraft worth USD 3.1 trillion, and that, by 2028 there will be 32,000 Aircraft in service compared with 15,750 in 2009. In January 2015, ongoing projects for Airport construction amounted to the value of US $543 billion globally. These facts and figures incontrovertibly spell out the future of Air transport and the inevitable fact that liberalization of Air transport is a compelling need to meet demand.

  • Legal Priorities of ICAO
    Legal Priorities in Air Transport, 2019
    Co-Authors: Ruwantissa Abeyratne
    Abstract:

    The Agenda of items in the Work Programme of the Legal Committee of ICAO for its 37th session comprised: Study of legal issues relating to remotely piloted Aircraft; Consideration of guidance on conflicts of interest; Acts or offences of concern to the international aviation community and not covered by existing Air Law instruments; Consideration, with regard to CNS/ATM systems including global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), and the regional multinational organisms, of the establishment of a legal framework; Determination of the status of an Aircraft—civil/State; Promotion of the ratification of international Air Law instruments; Safety aspects of economic liberalization and Article 83 bis; and Implementation of Article 21 of the Chicago Convention. These items reflect issues that have been discussed by the Legal Committee for some time and are repetitive and tired. Worthy as they are of continuing discussion, focus on them has seemingly precluded both the Secretariat and the Council of ICAO from looking at current and future legal challenges that the evolving aviation industry presents.

  • The Beijing Convention of 2010 on the suppression of unLawful acts relating to international civil aviation—an interpretative study
    Journal of Transportation Security, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ruwantissa Abeyratne
    Abstract:

    Aviation is an important global business and a significant driver of the global economy. It is vital, therefore, that stringent measures are taken to counter acts of unLawful interference with civil aviation. Following a diplomatic conference, held in Beijing from 30 August to 10 September 2010 under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization, representatives from more than 80 States adopted two international Air Law instruments for the suppression of unLawful acts relating to civil aviation. The two instruments are the Convention on the Suppression of UnLawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation and the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of UnLawful Seizure of Aircraft . The Beijing Convention serves international civil aviation well, by requiring parties to criminalize a number of new and emerging threats to the safety of civil aviation, including using Aircraft as a weapon and organizing, directing and financing acts of terrorism. These new treaties reflect the international community’s shared effort to prevent acts of terrorism against civil aviation and to prosecute and punish those who would commit them. The treaties promote cooperation between States while emphasizing the human rights and fAir treatment of terrorist suspects. The Convention also obligates States to criminalize the transport of biological, chemical, nuclear weapons and related material. However, many provisions of the Convention, which is a new comer to aviation security in the context of some new provisions it introduces, need interpretation. This article discusses the areas in the treaty which need interpretation and clarity.

  • the beijing convention of 2010 on the suppression of unLawful acts relating to international civil aviation an interpretative study
    Journal of Transportation Security, 2011
    Co-Authors: Ruwantissa Abeyratne
    Abstract:

    Aviation is an important global business and a significant driver of the global economy. It is vital, therefore, that stringent measures are taken to counter acts of unLawful interference with civil aviation. Following a diplomatic conference, held in Beijing from 30 August to 10 September 2010 under the auspices of the International Civil Aviation Organization, representatives from more than 80 States adopted two international Air Law instruments for the suppression of unLawful acts relating to civil aviation. The two instruments are the Convention on the Suppression of UnLawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation and the Protocol Supplementary to the Convention for the Suppression of UnLawful Seizure of Aircraft. The Beijing Convention serves international civil aviation well, by requiring parties to criminalize a number of new and emerging threats to the safety of civil aviation, including using Aircraft as a weapon and organizing, directing and financing acts of terrorism. These new treaties reflect the international community’s shared effort to prevent acts of terrorism against civil aviation and to prosecute and punish those who would commit them. The treaties promote cooperation between States while emphasizing the human rights and fAir treatment of terrorist suspects. The Convention also obligates States to criminalize the transport of biological, chemical, nuclear weapons and related material. However, many provisions of the Convention, which is a new comer to aviation security in the context of some new provisions it introduces, need interpretation. This article discusses the areas in the treaty which need interpretation and clarity.

  • The Shifting Focus
    Space Security Law, 2010
    Co-Authors: Ruwantissa Abeyratne
    Abstract:

    Firstly, any academic treatment of Air Law and policy should recognize that Air Law and space Law are closely inter-related in some areas and that both these disciplines have to be viewed in the 21st century within the changing face of international Law and politics. Both Air Law and space Law are disciplines that are grounded on principles of public international Law, which is increasingly becoming different from what it was a few decades ago. We no longer think of this area of the Law as a set of fixed rules, even if such rules have always been a snapshot of the Law as it stands at a given moment. Fundamentally, and at its core, international Law was considered in simple terms as the Law binding upon States in their relations with one another.1 A definition of international Law was first given by the Provisional International Court of Justice in 1927 in the celebrated Lotus case when the World Court said: