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Zenon Lukaszewski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • bacterial strains isolated from river water having the ability to split Alcohol Ethoxylates by central fission
    Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Irena Budnik, Joanna Zembrzuska, Zenon Lukaszewski
    Abstract:

    Alcohol Ethoxylates (AE) are a major component of the surfactant stream discharged into surface water. The “central fission” of AE with the formation of poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG) is considered to be the dominant biodegradation pathway. However, information as to which bacterial strains are able to perform this reaction is very limited. The aim of this work was to establish whether such an ability is unique or common, and which bacterial strains are able to split AE used as a sole source of organic carbon. Four bacterial strains were isolated from river water and were identified on the basis of phylogenetic trees as Enterobacter strain Z2, Enterobacter strain Z3, Citrobacter freundii strain Z4, and Stenotrophomonas strain Z5. Sterilized river water and “artificial sewage” were used for augmentation of the isolated bacteria. The test was performed in bottles filled with a mineral salt medium spiked with surfactant C12E10 (10 mg L−1) and an inoculating suspension of the investigated bacterial strain. Sequential extraction of the tested samples by ethyl acetate and chloroform was used for separation of PEG from the water matrix. LC–MS was used for PEG determination on the basis of single-ion chromatograms. All four selected and investigated bacterial strains exhibit the ability to split fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates with the production of PEG, which is evidence that this property is a common one rather than specific to certain bacterial strains. However, this ability increases in the sequence: Stenotrophomonas strain Z5 < Enterobacter strain Z2 < Enterobacter strain Z3 = Citrobacter freundii strain Z4.

  • separation and determination of homogenous fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates by liquid chromatography with mulitstage mass spectrometry
    Journal of Separation Science, 2014
    Co-Authors: Joanna Zembrzuska, Irena Budnik, Zenon Lukaszewski
    Abstract:

    Alcohol Ethoxylates (AEs) are a significant component of a stream of surfactants directed to the aquatic environment. The aim of this work was the investigation of the dependence of the analytical signals of homogeneous AE homologues on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry conditions, as well as the separation of AEs from the water matrix and, on this basis, the development of an analytical procedure suitable for the determination of AEs in environmental samples. Homogeneous homologues containing dodecyl moiety and 2–9 oxyethylene subunits were investigated. The analytical signals of the investigated homologues were optimized in terms of concentration of ammonium acetate in the mobile phase (optimum 5 mM) and a column temperature (optimum 35°C) of the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry system. A separation of AEs from the water matrix by liquid–liquid extraction (ethyl acetate, chloroform) or solid-phase extraction (C18, styrene divinylbenzene, H-RX) was investigated. In a model investigation, the best recoveries (>90%) were obtained with a styrene divinylbenzene cartridge eluted with a 1:1 mixture of chloroform and methanol. However, much worse recoveries were obtained from the river water sample. Better results were obtained for liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate. Recoveries of 62–80% were obtained for homologues having 4–9 oxyethylene subunits, at the lowest spike.

  • biodegradation of oxo Alcohol Ethoxylates in the continuous flow activated sludge simulation test
    Water Research, 2002
    Co-Authors: Andrzej Szymanski, Bogdan Wyrwas, Ewa Bubien, Tatiana Kurosz, Wieslaw Hreczuch, Wlodzimierz Zembrzuski, Zenon Lukaszewski
    Abstract:

    Abstract Biodegradation of two α -methyl branched oxo-Alcohol Ethoxylates (OAE) of different polydispersity: LIAL 125/14 BRD (LIALB) (broad M.W. distribution) and LIAL 125/14 NRD (LIALN) (narrow M.W. distribution), both having an average of 14 oxyethylene subunits (EO) and a C 12–15 alkyl moiety were tested under the continuous flow activated sludge conditions of the classical Husmann plant. Primary biodegradation and concentration of metabolites: free oxo-Alcohol fraction (FOA) and poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG), were measured. PEG were divided into two fractions: short-chained PEG (PEGshch) (1–4 EO) and long-chained PEG (PEGlch)(>4 EO). The indirect tensammetric technique combined with an adequate separation was used for analysis. Central fission was found to be a highly dominating pathway, as is the case with fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates. OAE are highly primarily biodegraded (above 95%). High concentrations of FOA and PEG are formed. Once formed the PEGlch are further fragmented into the PEGshch. Free Alcohol fraction compounds are biodegraded sooner when alkyl moiety is shorter. OAE polydispersity has an influence on the kinetics of biodegradation; PEG formed from LIALN are biodegraded slower and to a lower degree than those from LIALB.

  • biodegradation of fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates in the continuous flow activated sludge test
    Water Research, 2000
    Co-Authors: Andrzej Szymanski, Bogdan Wyrwas, Zbigniew Swit, Tymoteusz Jaroszynski, Zenon Lukaszewski
    Abstract:

    Abstract Biodegradation of two fatty Alcohol Ethoxylates: surfactant C12E10 (C 12 with an average 10 oxyethylene subunits (EO)) and Marlipal 1618/25 (C 16–18 with an average 25 EO) were tested under the continuous flow activated sludge conditions of the classical Husmann plant and a plant having a denitrifying chamber. Primary biodegradation and concentration of metabolites: free fatty Alcohol (FFA) and poly(ethylene glycols) (PEG) were measured. PEG were divided into two fractions: short-chained (1–3 EO) and long-chained PEG (>3 EO). Tensammetric methods were used for analysis. High primary biodegradation was found (96.8±0.5% for surfactant C12E10 (C12E10) and 99.6±0.1% for Marlipal 1618/25 (Marlipal)), though with a high concentration of metabolites: FFA and PEG. FFA concentration corresponded to 30–100% of theoretically predicted concentration (presuming central fission) and dependent on the chemical structure of surfactant and type of plant used for testing. Total PEG concentration was about 20% of that predicted on the basis of central fission, while the ratio of short-chained PEG in the total PEG varied from 20 to 70% and depended on the chemical structure of surfactant and type of plant used for testing.

Harald Pasch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Bernd Trathnigg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Pablo A Laramartin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • partitioning of Alcohol Ethoxylates and polyethylene glycols in the marine environment field samplings vs laboratory experiments
    Science of The Total Environment, 2014
    Co-Authors: Juan M Traversosoto, Bruce J Brownawell, Eduardo Gonzalezmazo, Pablo A Laramartin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Nowadays, Alcohol Ethoxylates (AEOs) constitute the most important group of non-ionic surfactants, used in a wide range of applications such as household cleaners and detergents. Significant amounts of these compounds and their degradation products (polyethylene glycols, PEGs, which are also used for many other applications) reach aquatic environments, and are eliminated from the water column by degradation and sorption processes. This work deals with the environmental distribution of AEOs and PEGs in the Long Island Sound Estuary, a setting impacted by sewage discharges from New York City (NYC). The distribution of target compounds in seawater was influenced by tides, consistent with salinity differences, and concentrations in suspended solid samples ranged from 1.5 to 20.5 μg/g. The more hydrophobic AEOs were mostly attached to the particulate matter whereas the more polar PEGs were predominant in the dissolved form. Later, the sorption of these chemicals was characterized in the laboratory. Experimental and environmental sorption coefficients for AEOs and PEGs showed average values from 3607 to 164,994 L/kg and from 74 to 32,862 L/kg, respectively. The sorption data were fitted to a Freundlich isotherm model with parameters n and log K F between 0.8–1.2 and 1.46–4.39 L/kg, respectively. AEO and PEG sorptions on marine sediment were also found to be mostly not affected by changes in salinity.

  • environmental analysis of Alcohol Ethoxylates and nonylphenol ethoxylate metabolites by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
    Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2012
    Co-Authors: Pablo A Laramartin, Eduardo Gonzalezmazo, Bruce J Brownawell
    Abstract:

    Surfactants and their metabolites can be found in aquatic environments at relatively high concentrations compared with other micropollutants due in part to the exceptionally large volumes produced every year. We have focused our attention here on the most widely used nonionic surfactants, Alcohol Ethoxylates (AEOs), and on nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) degradation products (short-chain nonylphenol Ethoxylates, NP1-3EO, nonylphenol, NP, and nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylates, NP1-2EC), which are endocrine-disrupting compounds. Our main objective in this work was to develop a methodology aimed at the extraction, isolation, and improved analysis of these analytes in environmental samples at trace levels. Extraction recoveries of target compounds were determined for sediment samples after ultrasonic extraction and purification using HLB or C18 solid-phase extraction minicolumns. Recovery percentages were usually between 61 and 102% but were lower for longer AEO ethoxymers. Identification and quantification of target compounds was carried out using a novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS-MS) approach, a combination that provides higher sensitivity and faster analysis than prior methods using conventional high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Limits of detection were usually below 0.5 ng/g, being higher for monoethoxylate species (>5 ng/g) because of poor ionization. The method was used for analyzing surface sediment samples collected at Jamaica Bay (NY) in 2008. The highest values (28,500 ng/g for NP, 4,200 ng/g for NP1-3EO, 22,400 ng/g for NP1-2EC, and 1,500 ng/g for AEOs) were found in a sampling station from a restricted water circulation area that is heavily impacted by wastewater discharges.

S K Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the analysis of alkyl capped Alcohol Ethoxylates and Alcohol ethoxycarboxylates from Alcohol Ethoxylates by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 1999
    Co-Authors: S K Huang, M H Rood
    Abstract:

    Alcohol Ethoxylates (AEs) are nonionic surfactants. They are industrially important compounds that have historically been difficult to analyze, with the best results to date achieved through derivatization (e.g., silylation) followed by analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Recently, mass spectrometric techniques such as field desorption (FD), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), fast atom bombardment (FAB), electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) have been employed to analyze surfynol® 4xx. In an effort to produce low-cost alkyl-capped AEs and anionic detergents from AEs, a fast and reliable measure of the product yields and conversions from AEs is required in research. We found that the product yields and conversions from reactions of AEs, obtained by the employment of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), were in good agreement with those obtained from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H−NMR). Therefore, APCI can be used as a validated tool for studying AE reactions. Mixtures that contain either silylated or unsilylated Ethoxylates and/or carboxylates yield the same APCI mass spectra. Copyright ­© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • The analysis of alkyl‐capped Alcohol Ethoxylates and Alcohol ethoxycarboxylates from Alcohol Ethoxylates by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
    Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 1999
    Co-Authors: S K Huang, M H Rood
    Abstract:

    Alcohol Ethoxylates (AEs) are nonionic surfactants. They are industrially important compounds that have historically been difficult to analyze, with the best results to date achieved through derivatization (e.g., silylation) followed by analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Recently, mass spectrometric techniques such as field desorption (FD), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), fast atom bombardment (FAB), electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) have been employed to analyze surfynol® 4xx. In an effort to produce low-cost alkyl-capped AEs and anionic detergents from AEs, a fast and reliable measure of the product yields and conversions from AEs is required in research. We found that the product yields and conversions from reactions of AEs, obtained by the employment of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), were in good agreement with those obtained from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H−NMR). Therefore, APCI can be used as a validated tool for studying AE reactions. Mixtures that contain either silylated or unsilylated Ethoxylates and/or carboxylates yield the same APCI mass spectra. Copyright ­© 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.