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Jing Gung Chung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Alpha Phellandrene induced apoptosis in mice leukemia wehi 3 cells in vitro
Environmental Toxicology, 2016Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Jawchyun Chen, Ping Ping Wu, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: Although reports have shown that α-Phellandrene (α-PA) is one of the monoterpenes and is often used in the food and perfume industry, our previous studies have indicated that α-PA promoted immune responses in normal mice in vivo. However, there is no available information to show that α-PA induced cell apoptosis in cancer cells, thus, we investigated the effects of α-PA on the cell morphology, viability, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in mice leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that α-PA induced cell morphological changes and decreased viability, induced G0/G1 arrest and sub-G1 phase (apoptosis) in WEHI-3 cells. α-PA increased the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ and decreased the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) in dose- and time-dependent manners in WEHI-3 cells that were analyzed by flow cytometer. Results from confocal laser microscopic system examinations show that α-PA promoted the release of cytochrome c, AIF, and Endo G from mitochondria in WEHI-3 cells. These results are the first findings to provide new information for understanding the mechanisms by which α-PA induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in WEHI-3 cells in vitro. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1640-1651, 2016.
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Alpha Phellandrene induced dna damage and affect dna repair protein expression in wehi 3 murine leukemia cells in vitro
Environmental Toxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Chih Chung Wu, Yi Shih, Shuwen Weng, Yiping Huang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:Although there are few reports regarding α-Phellandrene (α-PA), a natural compound from Schinus molle L. essential oil, there is no report to show that α-PA induced DNA damage and affected DNA repair associated protein expression. Herein, we investigated the effects of α-PA on DNA damage and repair associated protein expression in murine leukemia cells. Flow cytometric assay was used to measure the effects of α-PA on total cell viability and the results indicated that α-PA induced cell death. Comet assay and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining were used for measuring DNA damage and condensation, respectively, and the results indicated that α-PA induced DNA damage and condensation in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA gel electrophoresis was used to examine the DNA damage and the results showed that α-PA induced DNA damage in WEHI-3 cells. Western blotting assay was used to measure the changes of DNA damage and repair associated protein expression and the results indicated that α-PA increased p-p53, p-H2A.X, 14-3-3-σ, and MDC1 protein expression but inhibited the protein of p53, MGMT, DNA-PK, and BRCA-1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1322–1330, 2015.
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Alpha Phellandrene a natural active monoterpene influences a murine wehi 3 leukemia model in vivo by enhancing macrophague phagocytosis and natural killer cell activity
in Vivo, 2014Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Ping Ping Wu, Nou Ying Tang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: α-Phellandrene (α-PA), a cyclic monoterpene, is a natural compound reported to promote immune responses in normal BALB/c mice. The effects of α-PA on immune responses in a leukemia mouse model were examined. Mice were injected with mouse leukemia WEHI-3 cells and subsequently treated orally with or without α-PA (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and olive oil as positive control for two weeks. Leukocytes and splenocytes were isolated and cell markers for CD3, CD19, CD11b and Mac-3, phagocytosis and natural killer cell cytoxicity effects were analyzed by flow cytometry. α-PA increased the percentage of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD19 (B-cell marker) and MAC3 (macrophages) markers but reduced the percentage of CD11b (monocytes) cell surface markers. α-PA (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased phagocytosis of macrophages from blood samples and treatment promoted natural killer cell activity at 25 mg/kg from splenocytes. α-PA at 25 mg/kg also increased B- and T-cell proliferation.
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Alpha Phellandrene promotes immune responses in normal mice through enhancing macrophage phagocytosis and natural killer cell activities
in Vivo, 2013Co-Authors: Shuwen Weng, Yiping Huang, Nou Ying Tang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:α-Phellandrene, a natural compound from natural plants, has been used in the food and perfume industry. We investigated the effects of α-Phellandrene on the immune responses on normal murine cells in vivo. Normal BALB/c mice were treated orally with or without α-Phellandrene at 0, 1, 5 and 25 mg/kg and olive oil as a positive control for two weeks. Results indicated that α-Phellandrene did not change the weight of animals when compared to olive oil (vehicle for α-Phellandrene)-treated groups. After flow cytometric assay of blood samples it was shown that α-Phellandrene increased the percentage of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD11b (monocytes) and MAC3 (macrophages), but reduced the percentage of CD19 (B-cell marker) cell surface markers in α-Phellandrene-treated groups, compared to untreated groups. α-Phellandrene promoted the phagocytosis of macrophages from blood samples at 5 and 25 mg/kg treatment and promoted natural killer cell activity from splenocytes at 25 mg/kg. Furthermore, α-Phellandrene increased B- cell proliferation at 25 mg/kg with or without stimulation but promoted cell proliferation only at 25 mg/kg treatment with stimulation. Based on these observations, 25 mg/kg with α-Phellandrene seems to have promoted immune responses in this murine model. It is well-known that daily consumption of fruits and vegetables can reduce risk of oxidative stress and its damage on cells (1-3) and reduce the development of atherosclerosis (4-6) and cancer (7-11), and cardiovascular-associated diseases (12). Numerous studies have demonstrated that increased immune responses can increase the defense against microbial infection in healthy individuals and patients with cancer, including leukemia patients (13-15). Thus, numerous experiments have focused on investigating compounds from natural products for their effects on immune responses. α-Phellandrene, a monoterpene, found in natural food sources and used in the food and perfume industry (16), is the major component of Schinus molle L essential oil (>50%) (16). There are few reports regarding the biological activities of α-Phellandrene. It has been shown that α- Phellandrene is not active as an anti-microbial agent (16, 17). However, there are no reports to show the effects of α- Phellandrene on immune responses of normal mice in vivo. Thus, in the present study, we investigated the effect of α- Phellandrene on the immune response of normal BALB/c mice in vivo.
Chih Chung Wu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Alpha Phellandrene induced apoptosis in mice leukemia wehi 3 cells in vitro
Environmental Toxicology, 2016Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Jawchyun Chen, Ping Ping Wu, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: Although reports have shown that α-Phellandrene (α-PA) is one of the monoterpenes and is often used in the food and perfume industry, our previous studies have indicated that α-PA promoted immune responses in normal mice in vivo. However, there is no available information to show that α-PA induced cell apoptosis in cancer cells, thus, we investigated the effects of α-PA on the cell morphology, viability, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in mice leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that α-PA induced cell morphological changes and decreased viability, induced G0/G1 arrest and sub-G1 phase (apoptosis) in WEHI-3 cells. α-PA increased the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ and decreased the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) in dose- and time-dependent manners in WEHI-3 cells that were analyzed by flow cytometer. Results from confocal laser microscopic system examinations show that α-PA promoted the release of cytochrome c, AIF, and Endo G from mitochondria in WEHI-3 cells. These results are the first findings to provide new information for understanding the mechanisms by which α-PA induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in WEHI-3 cells in vitro. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1640-1651, 2016.
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Alpha Phellandrene induced dna damage and affect dna repair protein expression in wehi 3 murine leukemia cells in vitro
Environmental Toxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Chih Chung Wu, Yi Shih, Shuwen Weng, Yiping Huang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:Although there are few reports regarding α-Phellandrene (α-PA), a natural compound from Schinus molle L. essential oil, there is no report to show that α-PA induced DNA damage and affected DNA repair associated protein expression. Herein, we investigated the effects of α-PA on DNA damage and repair associated protein expression in murine leukemia cells. Flow cytometric assay was used to measure the effects of α-PA on total cell viability and the results indicated that α-PA induced cell death. Comet assay and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining were used for measuring DNA damage and condensation, respectively, and the results indicated that α-PA induced DNA damage and condensation in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA gel electrophoresis was used to examine the DNA damage and the results showed that α-PA induced DNA damage in WEHI-3 cells. Western blotting assay was used to measure the changes of DNA damage and repair associated protein expression and the results indicated that α-PA increased p-p53, p-H2A.X, 14-3-3-σ, and MDC1 protein expression but inhibited the protein of p53, MGMT, DNA-PK, and BRCA-1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1322–1330, 2015.
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Alpha Phellandrene a natural active monoterpene influences a murine wehi 3 leukemia model in vivo by enhancing macrophague phagocytosis and natural killer cell activity
in Vivo, 2014Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Ping Ping Wu, Nou Ying Tang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: α-Phellandrene (α-PA), a cyclic monoterpene, is a natural compound reported to promote immune responses in normal BALB/c mice. The effects of α-PA on immune responses in a leukemia mouse model were examined. Mice were injected with mouse leukemia WEHI-3 cells and subsequently treated orally with or without α-PA (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and olive oil as positive control for two weeks. Leukocytes and splenocytes were isolated and cell markers for CD3, CD19, CD11b and Mac-3, phagocytosis and natural killer cell cytoxicity effects were analyzed by flow cytometry. α-PA increased the percentage of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD19 (B-cell marker) and MAC3 (macrophages) markers but reduced the percentage of CD11b (monocytes) cell surface markers. α-PA (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased phagocytosis of macrophages from blood samples and treatment promoted natural killer cell activity at 25 mg/kg from splenocytes. α-PA at 25 mg/kg also increased B- and T-cell proliferation.
Yi Shih - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Alpha Phellandrene induced apoptosis in mice leukemia wehi 3 cells in vitro
Environmental Toxicology, 2016Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Jawchyun Chen, Ping Ping Wu, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: Although reports have shown that α-Phellandrene (α-PA) is one of the monoterpenes and is often used in the food and perfume industry, our previous studies have indicated that α-PA promoted immune responses in normal mice in vivo. However, there is no available information to show that α-PA induced cell apoptosis in cancer cells, thus, we investigated the effects of α-PA on the cell morphology, viability, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in mice leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that α-PA induced cell morphological changes and decreased viability, induced G0/G1 arrest and sub-G1 phase (apoptosis) in WEHI-3 cells. α-PA increased the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ and decreased the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) in dose- and time-dependent manners in WEHI-3 cells that were analyzed by flow cytometer. Results from confocal laser microscopic system examinations show that α-PA promoted the release of cytochrome c, AIF, and Endo G from mitochondria in WEHI-3 cells. These results are the first findings to provide new information for understanding the mechanisms by which α-PA induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in WEHI-3 cells in vitro. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1640-1651, 2016.
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Alpha Phellandrene induced dna damage and affect dna repair protein expression in wehi 3 murine leukemia cells in vitro
Environmental Toxicology, 2015Co-Authors: Chih Chung Wu, Yi Shih, Shuwen Weng, Yiping Huang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:Although there are few reports regarding α-Phellandrene (α-PA), a natural compound from Schinus molle L. essential oil, there is no report to show that α-PA induced DNA damage and affected DNA repair associated protein expression. Herein, we investigated the effects of α-PA on DNA damage and repair associated protein expression in murine leukemia cells. Flow cytometric assay was used to measure the effects of α-PA on total cell viability and the results indicated that α-PA induced cell death. Comet assay and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride staining were used for measuring DNA damage and condensation, respectively, and the results indicated that α-PA induced DNA damage and condensation in a concentration-dependent manner. DNA gel electrophoresis was used to examine the DNA damage and the results showed that α-PA induced DNA damage in WEHI-3 cells. Western blotting assay was used to measure the changes of DNA damage and repair associated protein expression and the results indicated that α-PA increased p-p53, p-H2A.X, 14-3-3-σ, and MDC1 protein expression but inhibited the protein of p53, MGMT, DNA-PK, and BRCA-1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 1322–1330, 2015.
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Alpha Phellandrene a natural active monoterpene influences a murine wehi 3 leukemia model in vivo by enhancing macrophague phagocytosis and natural killer cell activity
in Vivo, 2014Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Ping Ping Wu, Nou Ying Tang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: α-Phellandrene (α-PA), a cyclic monoterpene, is a natural compound reported to promote immune responses in normal BALB/c mice. The effects of α-PA on immune responses in a leukemia mouse model were examined. Mice were injected with mouse leukemia WEHI-3 cells and subsequently treated orally with or without α-PA (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and olive oil as positive control for two weeks. Leukocytes and splenocytes were isolated and cell markers for CD3, CD19, CD11b and Mac-3, phagocytosis and natural killer cell cytoxicity effects were analyzed by flow cytometry. α-PA increased the percentage of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD19 (B-cell marker) and MAC3 (macrophages) markers but reduced the percentage of CD11b (monocytes) cell surface markers. α-PA (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased phagocytosis of macrophages from blood samples and treatment promoted natural killer cell activity at 25 mg/kg from splenocytes. α-PA at 25 mg/kg also increased B- and T-cell proliferation.
Sanghamitra Nayak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Chemometric Profile of Curcuma longa L. Towards Standardization of Factors for High Essential Oil Yield and Quality
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences India Section B: Biological Sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Is Sandeep, Sanghamitra Nayak, Sujata MohantyAbstract:The quality of an herbal drug is indomitable by its important secondary metabolites. The secondary metabolites present in turmeric plant vary in quantity and phyto-constituent proportion at different growing locations. In spite of ever increasing demand of turmeric essential oil it is still not clear how the soil nutrients and environmental factors influence the quality of turmeric essential oil. The present work was conducted by cultivating a high yielding turmeric cultivar i.e., Roma at 9 different agroclimatic zones to analyse the effect of soil nutrients and environmental factors on its essential oil production and quality. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis showed wide variation in quality of leaf and rhizome essential oil across all the studied zones. Leaf and rhizome essential oil yield at different experimental zones varied from 0.37 to 1 and 0.39 to 0.7%, respectively. In leaf oil Alpha Phellandrene content varied from 39 to 82.35% and in rhizome oil tumerone it varied from 12.6 to 71%. Phosphorous content was the most sensitive factor for leaf and rhizome essential oil yield. Nitrogen and organic carbon were the key factors for tumerone content. Euclidian distance matrix analysis showed highest distance coefficient between zone 2 and zone 3 for leaf oil (0.92) and zone 7 and zone 9 for rhizome oil (0.91). The result suggests that essential oil yield and quality in turmeric are greatly controlled by environmental factors and soil nutrients. Thus, yield with volatile constituents can be improved through selection of growing location and proper nutrient management.
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Agroclimatic zone based metabolic profiling of turmeric (Curcuma Longa L.) for phytochemical yield optimization
Industrial Crops and Products, 2016Co-Authors: Is Sandeep, Sanghamitra Nayak, Ananya Kuanar, Abdul Akbar, Antaryami Mishra, Parshuram Sial, Pradeep Kumar Naik, Sujata MohantyAbstract:Abstract Curcuma longa L. belonging to the family Zingiberaceae is an important spice and medicinal plant. Despite an ever growing interest and commercial importance of curcumin and Curcuma essential oil, it is still not clear as to the nature and mode of influence the different soil and environmental factors have on the production and quality of curcumin, leaf and rhizome essential oil of this species. The present report deals with ‘Surama’, a high yielding turmeric cultivar that was cultivated at nine agroclimatic zones with an objective to analyse the effects the different soil and environmental parameters have on product optimization as well the quality of curcumin and essential oil contents. Variation in curcumin (1.5–5%), leaf (0.37–0.8%) and rhizome oil (0.45–0.7%) were recorded across all the zones. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) analysis of leaf and rhizome essential oil for different experimental zones showed wide variation in their quantity and quality. It was found that for curcumin content, most sensitive factors were; the altitude, soil pH, nitrogen and Potassium content. In contrast, the temperature and phosphorous content were found critical for leaf essential oil while, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium contents were the key quantitative and qualitative determinants for rhizome essential oil. This study provides essential experimental data that could find effective use in yield optimization and managing varying environmental parameters of this important species for high and quality yield of curcumin, rhizome and leaf essential oil. Identification and critical analysis of sensitive/determinant agro-climatic factors are significant for commercial exploitation as well value addition of turmeric products especially with high Alpha Phellandrene and tumerone content.
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Association of growth and yield parameters with bioactive phytoconstituents in selection of promising turmeric genotypes
Industrial Crops and Products, 2014Co-Authors: Shikha Singh, Suprava Sahoo, Swagatika Dash, Sanghamitra NayakAbstract:Abstract Turmeric is an economically important plant for production of curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil. The correlation of yield parameters with phytoconstituent content (curcumin, oleoresin, and essential oil) of 10 selected turmeric genotypes was analyzed to find out a promising turmeric genotype. Leaf area exerted high positive significant correlation with yield and phytoconstituent content followed by tiller number. Among the selected genotypes, P40 and P44 recorded for highest leaf biomass of 450 ± 90.05 g and P32 recorded for highest rhizome biomass of 850 ± 95.05 g followed by P44 having 800 ± 95.05 g yield/plant. Leaf blotch disease was reported only in P36 and P37. Accession P36 yielded high curcumin content (8.8%), P44 yielded high oleoresin content (15%), high leaf oil content (1.9%) and high rhizome oil content (2%). In GC–MS analysis Alpha-Phellandrene content was highest (63.91%) in P40 and Ar-tumerone was highest (63.69%) in P44. Altogether, P36, P40, and P44 were found to be better in terms of agronomical, yield attributing traits and high bioactive phytoconstituents. This study provides insight on the relative influence of growth and yield parameters on the phytoconstituents. The identified promising genotypes could be useful as parental materials in cultivar and variety development for the various natural health product industries.
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In vitro induction, screening and detection of high essential oil yielding somaclones in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
Plant Growth Regulation, 2014Co-Authors: Ananya Kuanar, Raj Kumar Joshi, Sikha Singh, Sujata Mohanty, Enketeswara Subudhi, Sanghamitra NayakAbstract:Leaf of turmeric contains an essential oil used extensively in perfumery, pharmaceuticals and aromatherapy. Five somaclones were induced in turmeric on MS media with varying amounts of plant growth regulators. All somaclones were subsequently transferred to the field. Essential oil was extracted from leaves of in vitro and ex vitro grown plants and subjected to quantitative and qualitative evaluation. A positive correlation was established between the leaf oil content and oil constituent of in vitro grown and field transferred somaclones. Somaclones (C2, C4, C5) containing 0.16–0.18 % oil in vitro retained normal oil content (0.48–0.5 %) in the field. Similarly in vitro grown somaclones C3 and C7 with 0.36 and 0.25 % oil content retained proportionately increased oil yields of 1 % and 0.76 under ex vitro condition. GC–MS analysis of the oil revealed similar spectrum of constituents both among in vitro and ex vitro grown plants with Alpha-Phellandrene as major one. Thus the novel method of in vitro screening could be applied for rapid identification of high essential oil yielding turmeric genotypes thereby reducing labour, cost and time required in conventional ex vitro screening of somaclones.
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Identification of elite genotypes of turmeric through agroclimatic zone based evaluation of important drug yielding traits
Industrial Crops and Products, 2013Co-Authors: Shikha Singh, Raj Kumar Joshi, Sanghamitra NayakAbstract:Abstract Turmeric ( Curcuma longa L.) is an economically important plant for production of curcumin, oleoresin, essential oil which are used in pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. The drug yielding qualitative traits of turmeric from different agroclimatic regions were studied to find out the promising elite genotypes in terms of high curcumin, oleoresin and essential oil content. Among the selected genotypes, cv. Surama of Eastern ghat highland yielded high curcumin content (8.8%), cv. Lakadong of Eastern ghat highland and acc. Malkangiri of South eastern ghat yielded high oleoresin content (15%). The leaf and rhizome of acc. Malkangiri of South eastern ghat yielded highest essential oil content (1.9%) and (2%) respectively. The essential oil of leaves and rhizomes of promising genotypes were qualitatively evaluated by GC–MS analysis. Alpha-Phellandrene and Ar-tumerone were identified as major compound in leaf and rhizome oil respectively. Alpha-Phellandrene was found to be highest (63.91%) in cv. Lakadong of Eastern ghat highland and Ar-tumerone was highest (63.69%) in acc. Malkangiri of South eastern ghat. These promising elite genotypes of turmeric from different agroclimatic regions were found to be better in terms of desired drug yielding qualitative traits viz. (curcumin > 5%, oleoresin > 9%, leaf oil > 0.5% and rhizome oil > 0.8%).
Kung Wen Lu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Alpha Phellandrene induced apoptosis in mice leukemia wehi 3 cells in vitro
Environmental Toxicology, 2016Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Jawchyun Chen, Ping Ping Wu, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: Although reports have shown that α-Phellandrene (α-PA) is one of the monoterpenes and is often used in the food and perfume industry, our previous studies have indicated that α-PA promoted immune responses in normal mice in vivo. However, there is no available information to show that α-PA induced cell apoptosis in cancer cells, thus, we investigated the effects of α-PA on the cell morphology, viability, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis in mice leukemia WEHI-3 cells in vitro. Results indicated that α-PA induced cell morphological changes and decreased viability, induced G0/G1 arrest and sub-G1 phase (apoptosis) in WEHI-3 cells. α-PA increased the productions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ and decreased the levels of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm ) in dose- and time-dependent manners in WEHI-3 cells that were analyzed by flow cytometer. Results from confocal laser microscopic system examinations show that α-PA promoted the release of cytochrome c, AIF, and Endo G from mitochondria in WEHI-3 cells. These results are the first findings to provide new information for understanding the mechanisms by which α-PA induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in WEHI-3 cells in vitro. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1640-1651, 2016.
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Alpha Phellandrene a natural active monoterpene influences a murine wehi 3 leukemia model in vivo by enhancing macrophague phagocytosis and natural killer cell activity
in Vivo, 2014Co-Authors: Kung Wen Lu, Yi Shih, Chih Chung Wu, Hsu Feng Lu, Ping Ping Wu, Nou Ying Tang, Jing Gung ChungAbstract:: α-Phellandrene (α-PA), a cyclic monoterpene, is a natural compound reported to promote immune responses in normal BALB/c mice. The effects of α-PA on immune responses in a leukemia mouse model were examined. Mice were injected with mouse leukemia WEHI-3 cells and subsequently treated orally with or without α-PA (0, 25 and 50 mg/kg) and olive oil as positive control for two weeks. Leukocytes and splenocytes were isolated and cell markers for CD3, CD19, CD11b and Mac-3, phagocytosis and natural killer cell cytoxicity effects were analyzed by flow cytometry. α-PA increased the percentage of CD3 (T-cell marker), CD19 (B-cell marker) and MAC3 (macrophages) markers but reduced the percentage of CD11b (monocytes) cell surface markers. α-PA (25 and 50 mg/kg) increased phagocytosis of macrophages from blood samples and treatment promoted natural killer cell activity at 25 mg/kg from splenocytes. α-PA at 25 mg/kg also increased B- and T-cell proliferation.
