The Experts below are selected from a list of 7968 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jyongsik Jang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Flexible FET-Type VEGF Aptasensor Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Converted from Conducting Polymer
'American Chemical Society (ACS)', 2018Co-Authors: Oh Seok Kwon, Seon Joo Park, Jinyong Hong, Areum Han, Jun Seop Lee, Js Lee, Jyongsik JangAbstract:Graphene-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have been developed rapidly and are currently considered as an alternative for postsilicon electronics. In this study, polypyrrole-converted nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene (PPy-NDFLG) was grown on Cu substrate by chemical vapor deposition combined with vapor deposition polymerization and then transferred onto a flexible substrate. Furthermore, antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) RNA aptamer conjugated PPy-NDFLG was integrated Into a liquid-ion gated FET geometry to fabricate a high-performance VEGF aptamer-based sensor. Field-induced high sensitivity was observed for the Analyte-Binding events, eventually leading to the recognition of the target molecules at an unprecedentedly low concentration (100 fM). Additionally, the aptasensor had excellent reusability, mechanical bendability, and durability In the flexible process. The developed methodology describes, for the first time, the fabrication of N-doped graphene using conducting polymers including heteroatoms in their structures as the carbonization precursor and demonstrates its use in a high-performance, flexible FET-type aptasensor to detect vascular endothelial growth factor as a cancer biomarker.X11119109sciescopu
-
flexible fet type vegf aptasensor based on nitrogen doped graphene converted from conducting polymer
ACS Nano, 2012Co-Authors: Oh Seok Kwon, Seon Joo Park, Jinyong Hong, Areum Han, Jun Seop Lee, Jyongsik JangAbstract:Graphene-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have been developed rapidly and are currently considered as an alternative for postsilicon electronics. In this study, polypyrrole-converted nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene (PPy-NDFLG) was grown on Cu substrate by chemical vapor deposition combined with vapor deposition polymerization and then transferred onto a flexible substrate. Furthermore, antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) RNA aptamer conjugated PPy-NDFLG was integrated into a liquid-ion gated FET geometry to fabricate a high-performance VEGF aptamer-based sensor. Field-induced high sensitivity was observed for the Analyte-Binding events, eventually leading to the recognition of the target molecules at an unprecedentedly low concentration (100 fM). Additionally, the aptasensor had excellent reusability, mechanical bendability, and durability in the flexible process. The developed methodology describes, for the first time, the fabrication of N-doped graphene using conducting polymers includi...
George M Whitesides - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
metal amplified density assays madas including a density linked immunosorbent assay delisa
Lab on a Chip, 2015Co-Authors: Anand Bala Subramaniam, Mathieu Gonidec, Nathan D Shapiro, Kayleigh M Kresse, George M WhitesidesAbstract:This paper reports the development of Metal-amplified Density Assays, or MADAs – a method of conducting quantitative or multiplexed assays, including immunoassays, by using Magnetic Levitation (MagLev) to measure metal-amplified changes in the density of beads labeled with biomolecules. The Binding of target Analytes (i.e. proteins, antibodies, antigens) to complementary ligands immobilized on the surface of the beads, followed by a chemical amplification of the Binding in a form that results in a change in the density of the beads (achieved by using gold nanoparticle-labeled biomolecules, and electroless deposition of gold or silver), translates Analyte Binding events into changes in density measureable using MagLev. A minimal model based on diffusion-limited growth of hemispherical nuclei on a surface reproduces the dynamics of the assay. A MADA – when performed with antigens and antibodies – is called a Density-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, or DeLISA. Two immunoassays provided a proof of principle: a competitive quantification of the concentration of neomycin in whole milk, and a multiplexed detection of antibodies against Hepatitis C virus NS3 protein and syphilis T. pallidum p47 protein in serum. MADAs, including DeLISAs, require, besides the requisite biomolecules and amplification reagents, minimal specialized equipment (two permanent magnets, a ruler or a capillary with calibrated length markings) and no electrical power to obtain a quantitative readout of Analyte concentration. With further development, the method may be useful in resource-limited or point-of-care settings.
Michael S Strano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
understanding selective molecular recognition in integrated carbon nanotube polymer sensors by simulating physical Analyte Binding on carbon nanotube polymer scaffolds
Soft Matter, 2014Co-Authors: Shangchao Lin, Michael S Strano, Jingqing Zhang, Daniel BlankschteinAbstract:Macromolecular scaffolds made of polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been explored recently (Zhang et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 2013) as a new class of molecular-recognition motifs. However, selective Analyte recognition is still challenging and lacks the underlying fundamental understanding needed for its practical implementation in biological sensors. In this report, we combine coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CGMD) simulations, physical adsorption/Binding theories, and photoluminescence (PL) experiments to provide molecular insight into the selectivity of such sensors towards a large set of biologically important Analytes. We find that the physical Binding affinities of the Analytes on a bare SWCNT partially correlate with their distribution coefficients in a bulk water/octanol system, suggesting that the Analyte hydrophobicity plays a key role in determining the Binding affinities of the Analytes considered, along with the various specific interactions between the Analytes and the polymer anchor groups. Two distinct categories of Analytes are identified to demonstrate a complex picture for the correlation between optical sensor signals and the simulated Binding affinities. Specifically, a good correlation was found between the sensor signals and the physical Binding affinities of the three hormones (estradiol, melatonin, and thyroxine), the neurotransmitter (dopamine), and the vitamin (riboflavin) to the SWCNT–polymer scaffold. The four amino acids (aspartate, glycine, histidine, and tryptophan) and the two monosaccharides (fructose and glucose) considered were identified as blank Analytes which are unable to induce sensor signals. The results indicate great success of our physical adsorption-based model in explaining the ranking in sensor selectivities. The combined framework presented here can be used to screen and select polymers that can potentially be used for creating synthetic molecular recognition motifs.
-
The rational design of nitric oxide selectivity in single-walled carbon nanotube near-infrared fluorescence sensors for biological detection
Nature Chemistry, 2009Co-Authors: Daniel A. Heller, Jingqing Zhang, Paul W. Barone, Changsik Song, Laura J. Trudel, Gerald N. Wogan, Steven R. Tannenbaum, Michael S StranoAbstract:Single-walled carbon nanotubes wrapped with a carbohydrate-based polymer bearing diaminophenyl groups can be used to detect nitric oxide (NO) — an important messenger molecule for biological signalling. These polymer–nanotube hybrids are capable of real-time and spatially resolved sensing of NO in living cells, and could ultimately prove useful for in vivo detection. A major challenge in the synthesis of nanotube or nanowire sensors is to impart selective Analyte Binding through means other than covalent linkages, which compromise electronic and optical properties. We synthesized a 3,4-diaminophenyl-functionalized dextran (DAP-dex) wrapping for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that imparts rapid and selective fluorescence detection of nitric oxide (NO), a messenger for biological signalling. The near-infrared (nIR) fluorescence of SWNT_DAP-dex is immediately and directly bleached by NO, but not by other reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. This bleaching is reversible and shown to be caused by electron transfer from the top of the valence band of the SWNT to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of NO. The resulting optical sensor is capable of real-time and spatially resolved detection of NO produced by stimulating NO synthase in macrophage cells. We also demonstrate the potential of the optical sensor for in vivo detection of NO in a mouse model.
-
amine basicity pkb controls the Analyte Binding energy on single walled carbon nanotube electronic sensor arrays
Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2008Co-Authors: Chang Young Lee And, Michael S StranoAbstract:A wide range of Analytes adsorb irreversibly to the surfaces of single walled carbon nanotube electronic networks typically used as sensors or thin-film transistors, although to date, the mechanism is not understood. Using thionyl chloride as a model electron-withdrawing adsorbate, we show that reversible adsorption sites can be created on the nanotube array via noncovalent functionalization with amine-terminated molecules of pKa < 8.8. A nanotube network comprising single, largely unbundled nanotubes, near the electronic percolation threshold is required for the effective conversion to a reversibly Binding array. By examining 11 types of amine-containing molecules, we show that Analyte adsorption is largely affected by the basicity (pKb) of surface groups. The Binding energy of the Analyte is apparently reduced by its adsorption on the surface chemical groups instead of directly on the SWNT array itself. This mediated adsorption mechanism is supported by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and molecul...
Ton Xuan-anh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Capteurs chimiques à fibres optiques utilisant les polymères à empreintes moléculaires pour la détection des mycotoxines
2013Co-Authors: Ton Xuan-anh, Haupt Karsten, Tse Sum Bui BernadetteAbstract:Cette thèse décrit le développement de capteurs à fibre optique hautement sélectifs, utilisant des polymères à empreintes moléculaires (MIPs, de l anglais molecularly imprinted polymers) comme éléments de reconnaissance, et se basant sur la fluorescence pour la détection. Nous avons étendu l étude à d autres types de capteurs et de méthodes de détection optiques, toujours basés sur les MIPs. Les MIPs sont des récepteurs synthétiques biomimétiques possédant des cavités spécifiques pour une molécule cible. Produits par un processus de moulage à l échelle moléculaire, les MIPs sont capables de reconnaître et de se lier à leurs molécules cibles, avec des spécificités et affinités comparables aux récepteurs naturels. De plus, comparé aux récepteurs biologiques, les MIPs sont plus stables, moins chers et plus faciles à intégrer dans les procédés standard industriels de fabrication. Ainsi, les MIPs apparaissent comme une alternative intéressante aux biomolécules entant qu éléments de reconnaissance dans les biocapteurs. Dans la première partie de la thèse (Chapitre 2), les MIPs ont été synthétisés en tant que micropointe à l extrémité d une fibre optique, par polymérisation in-situ induite par un laser en seulement quelques secondes. Les paramètres photoniques et physico-chimiques ont été optimisés pour moduler les propriétés des micro-objets de polymères. Des nanoparticules d or ont été incorporées dans la micropointe de MIP afin d induire une exaltation du signal. Afin de prouver l efficacité de notre capteur, les études initiales ont été réalisées avec un MIP synthétisé avec le Ncarbobenzyloxy- L-phenylalanine (Z-L-Phe) comme template et le dérivé d acide aminé fluorescentdansyl-L-phenylalanine, comme Analyte. La fluorescence a été collectée de l extérieur au niveau de la micropointe par une fibre optique connectée à un spectrofluorimètre, ou par collection du signal fluorescent ré-émis dans l un des bras d une fibre bifurquée en Y. L analyse fluorescent a pu être détecté à des concentrations de l ordre du nM. Afin de quantifier les Analytes non fluorescents, un monomère fluorescent, possédant un groupe naphthalimide, a été incorporé dans le MIP ; celui-çidéployant une augmentation de la fluorescence quand l Analyte se lie. Utilisant ce système avec un MIP spécifique pour l herbicide 2,4-D (acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique), des concentrations aussi basses que 2,5 nM en 2,4-D ont pu être mesurées. Le capteur MIP a également été appliqué à des Analytes d intérêt pour la sécurité alimentaire et le domaine nanostructurées. Cette étude pose les bases pour le développement futur de nanocapteurs et de Dans la dernière partie (Chapitre 4), une méthode d analyse novatrice, basée sur l utilisation des MIPs et l analyse par polarisation de fluorescence, a été développée en vue de permettre la quantification directe et rapide d Analytes dans des échantillons alimentaires et environnementaux. Cette technique a été appliquée avec succès pour détecter des antibiotiques fluoroquinolones dans l eau du robinet et le lait, en-dessous de leur limite maximale de résidus. En conclusion, nous pouvons dire que ce travail ouvre la voie vers l'application d'une nouvelle génération de capteurs optiques portables, robustes et miniaturisables basés sur les MIPs, pour des mesures sur-site et la quantification en temps réel d Analytes biologiques et environnementaux dans des milieux complexes.This thesis describes the development of highly selective fiber optic sensors using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as recognition elements associated with fluorescence for detection. Additionally, we extended the study to the development of other MIP-based optical sensors and sensing methods. MIPs are synthetic biomimetic receptors possessing specific cavities designed for a target molecule. Produced by a templating process at the molecular level, MIPs are capable of recognizingand Binding target molecules with selectivities and affinities comparable to those of natural receptors. Compared to biological recognition elements, MIPs are more stable, cheaper and easier to integrate into standard industrial fabrication processes. Hence, MIPs have become interesting alternatives to biomolecules as recognition elements for biosensing. In the first part of this thesis (Chapter 2), MIPs were synthesized by in-situ laser-induced photopolymerization in only a few seconds, as a micrometer-sized tip at the extremity of a telecommunication optical fiber. Photonic and physico-chemical parameters were optimized to tailor the properties of the polymer micro-objects. Gold nanoparticles were incorporated into the MIP microtip for signal enhancement. To prove the efficiency of the sensor, initial studies were performed with a MIP templated with N-carbobenzyloxy-L-phenylalanine (Z-L-Phe) and the fluorescent amino acid derivative dansyl-L-phenylalanine as Analyte. The fluorescence was collected either externally at the tip level by an optical fiber connected to a spectrofluorimeter or by collection of the fluorescent signal re-emitted into the fiber through the second arm of a Y-shaped bifurcated fiber. The fluorescent Analyte could be detected in the low nM concentrations. In order to monitor nonfluorescent Analytes, a naphthalimide-based fluorescent monomer was incorporated into the MIP during its synthesis; fluorescence enhancement was observed when Analyte Binding occurs. Using this system, the sensor containing a MIP specific for the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), could detect and quantify this Analyte at concentrations as low as 2.5 nM. The signaling MIP-based sensor was also applied to Analytes of interest for food safety and biomedical applications, such as the mycotoxin citrinin and the sphingolipid, D-erythro-sphingosine-1-phosphate. In the second part of the thesis (Chapter 3), a different type of fiber optic sensor: cheap, fast and made for single-use , was developed by using 4-cm long disposable polystyrene evanescent wave optical fiber waveguides. The coating of the MIP was either performed ex-situ, by dip-coating the fiber in a suspension of MIP particles synthesized beforehand, or in-situ by evanescent-wave photopolymerization directly on the fiber. The resulting fiber optic sensor could detect 2,4-D in the low nM range and demonstrated specific and selective recognition of the herbicide over its structural analogues and other non-related carboxyl-containing Analytes. Additionally, we demonstrated the versatility of the system by applying the evanescent wave fiber optic sensor to detect citrinin, a mycotoxin, by simply coating the waveguide with a MIP specific for citrinin. This type of technology could possibly be extended to detect other carboxyl-containing Analytes, as long as a specific MIP for the concerned Analyte is available. In parallel, the technique of evanescent-wave photopolymerization was used for the synthesis of signaling MIP microdots on continuous and nanostructured gold films. This study lays the foundations for future development of plasmonic MIP nanosensors and microchips. In the last part of the thesis (Chapter 4), an innovative sensing method, based on the use of MIPs and analysis by fluorescence polarization, was developed in order to allow the fast and directquantification of Analytes in food and environmental samples.COMPIEGNE-BU (601592101) / SudocSudocFranceF
-
Capteurs chimiques à fibres optiques utilisant les polymères à empreintes moléculaires pour la détection des mycotoxines
2013Co-Authors: Ton Xuan-anhAbstract:Cette thèse décrit le développement de capteurs à fibre optique hautement sélectifs, utilisant des polymères à empreintes moléculaires (MIPs, de l’anglais molecularly imprinted polymers) comme éléments de reconnaissance, et se basant sur la fluorescence pour la détection. Nous avons étendu l’étude à d’autres types de capteurs et de méthodes de détection optiques, toujours basés sur les MIPs. Les MIPs sont des récepteurs synthétiques biomimétiques possédant des cavités spécifiques pour une molécule cible. Produits par un processus de moulage à l’échelle moléculaire, les MIPs sont capables de reconnaître et de se lier à leurs molécules cibles, avec des spécificités et affinités comparables aux récepteurs naturels. De plus, comparé aux récepteurs biologiques, les MIPs sont plus stables, moins chers et plus faciles à intégrer dans les procédés standard industriels de fabrication. Ainsi, les MIPs apparaissent comme une alternative intéressante aux biomolécules entant qu’éléments de reconnaissance dans les biocapteurs. Dans la première partie de la thèse (Chapitre 2), les MIPs ont été synthétisés en tant que micropointe à l’extrémité d’une fibre optique, par polymérisation in-situ induite par un laser en seulement quelques secondes. Les paramètres photoniques et physico-chimiques ont été optimisés pour moduler les propriétés des micro-objets de polymères. Des nanoparticules d’or ont été incorporées dans la micropointe de MIP afin d’induire une exaltation du signal. Afin de prouver l’efficacité de notre capteur, les études initiales ont été réalisées avec un MIP synthétisé avec le Ncarbobenzyloxy- L-phenylalanine (Z-L-Phe) comme template et le dérivé d’acide aminé fluorescentdansyl-L-phenylalanine, comme Analyte. La fluorescence a été collectée de l’extérieur au niveau de la micropointe par une fibre optique connectée à un spectrofluorimètre, ou par collection du signal fluorescent ré-émis dans l’un des bras d’une fibre bifurquée en Y. L’analyse fluorescent a pu être détecté à des concentrations de l’ordre du nM. Afin de quantifier les Analytes non fluorescents, un monomère fluorescent, possédant un groupe naphthalimide, a été incorporé dans le MIP ; celui-çidéployant une augmentation de la fluorescence quand l’Analyte se lie. Utilisant ce système avec un MIP spécifique pour l’herbicide 2,4-D (acide 2,4-dichlorophénoxyacétique), des concentrations aussi basses que 2,5 nM en 2,4-D ont pu être mesurées. Le capteur MIP a également été appliqué à des Analytes d’intérêt pour la sécurité alimentaire et le domaine nanostructurées. Cette étude pose les bases pour le développement futur de nanocapteurs et de Dans la dernière partie (Chapitre 4), une méthode d’analyse novatrice, basée sur l’utilisation des MIPs et l’analyse par polarisation de fluorescence, a été développée en vue de permettre la quantification directe et rapide d’Analytes dans des échantillons alimentaires et environnementaux. Cette technique a été appliquée avec succès pour détecter des antibiotiques fluoroquinolones dans l’eau du robinet et le lait, en-dessous de leur limite maximale de résidus. En conclusion, nous pouvons dire que ce travail ouvre la voie vers l'application d'une nouvelle génération de capteurs optiques portables, robustes et miniaturisables basés sur les MIPs, pour des mesures «sur-site » et la quantification en temps réel d’Analytes biologiques et environnementaux dans des milieux complexes.This thesis describes the development of highly selective fiber optic sensors using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as recognition elements associated with fluorescence for detection. Additionally, we extended the study to the development of other MIP-based optical sensors and sensing methods. MIPs are synthetic biomimetic receptors possessing specific cavities designed for a target molecule. Produced by a templating process at the molecular level, MIPs are capable of recognizingand Binding target molecules with selectivities and affinities comparable to those of natural receptors. Compared to biological recognition elements, MIPs are more stable, cheaper and easier to integrate into standard industrial fabrication processes. Hence, MIPs have become interesting alternatives to biomolecules as recognition elements for biosensing. In the first part of this thesis (Chapter 2), MIPs were synthesized by in-situ laser-induced photopolymerization in only a few seconds, as a micrometer-sized tip at the extremity of a telecommunication optical fiber. Photonic and physico-chemical parameters were optimized to tailor the properties of the polymer micro-objects. Gold nanoparticles were incorporated into the MIP microtip for signal enhancement. To prove the efficiency of the sensor, initial studies were performed with a MIP templated with N-carbobenzyloxy-L-phenylalanine (Z-L-Phe) and the fluorescent amino acid derivative dansyl-L-phenylalanine as Analyte. The fluorescence was collected either externally at the tip level by an optical fiber connected to a spectrofluorimeter or by collection of the fluorescent signal re-emitted into the fiber through the second arm of a Y-shaped bifurcated fiber. The fluorescent Analyte could be detected in the low nM concentrations. In order to monitor nonfluorescent Analytes, a naphthalimide-based fluorescent monomer was incorporated into the MIP during its synthesis; fluorescence enhancement was observed when Analyte Binding occurs. Using this system, the sensor containing a MIP specific for the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), could detect and quantify this Analyte at concentrations as low as 2.5 nM. The signaling MIP-based sensor was also applied to Analytes of interest for food safety and biomedical applications, such as the mycotoxin citrinin and the sphingolipid, D-erythro-sphingosine-1-phosphate. In the second part of the thesis (Chapter 3), a different type of fiber optic sensor: cheap, fast and made for “single-use”, was developed by using 4-cm long disposable polystyrene evanescent wave optical fiber waveguides. The coating of the MIP was either performed ex-situ, by dip-coating the fiber in a suspension of MIP particles synthesized beforehand, or in-situ by evanescent-wave photopolymerization directly on the fiber. The resulting fiber optic sensor could detect 2,4-D in the low nM range and demonstrated specific and selective recognition of the herbicide over its structural analogues and other non-related carboxyl-containing Analytes. Additionally, we demonstrated the versatility of the system by applying the evanescent wave fiber optic sensor to detect citrinin, a mycotoxin, by simply coating the waveguide with a MIP specific for citrinin. This type of technology could possibly be extended to detect other carboxyl-containing Analytes, as long as a specific MIP for the concerned Analyte is available. In parallel, the technique of evanescent-wave photopolymerization was used for the synthesis of signaling MIP microdots on continuous and nanostructured gold films. This study lays the foundations for future development of plasmonic MIP nanosensors and microchips. In the last part of the thesis (Chapter 4), an innovative sensing method, based on the use of MIPs and analysis by fluorescence polarization, was developed in order to allow the fast and directquantification of Analytes in food and environmental samples
Jun Seop Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Flexible FET-Type VEGF Aptasensor Based on Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Converted from Conducting Polymer
'American Chemical Society (ACS)', 2018Co-Authors: Oh Seok Kwon, Seon Joo Park, Jinyong Hong, Areum Han, Jun Seop Lee, Js Lee, Jyongsik JangAbstract:Graphene-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have been developed rapidly and are currently considered as an alternative for postsilicon electronics. In this study, polypyrrole-converted nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene (PPy-NDFLG) was grown on Cu substrate by chemical vapor deposition combined with vapor deposition polymerization and then transferred onto a flexible substrate. Furthermore, antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) RNA aptamer conjugated PPy-NDFLG was integrated Into a liquid-ion gated FET geometry to fabricate a high-performance VEGF aptamer-based sensor. Field-induced high sensitivity was observed for the Analyte-Binding events, eventually leading to the recognition of the target molecules at an unprecedentedly low concentration (100 fM). Additionally, the aptasensor had excellent reusability, mechanical bendability, and durability In the flexible process. The developed methodology describes, for the first time, the fabrication of N-doped graphene using conducting polymers including heteroatoms in their structures as the carbonization precursor and demonstrates its use in a high-performance, flexible FET-type aptasensor to detect vascular endothelial growth factor as a cancer biomarker.X11119109sciescopu
-
flexible fet type vegf aptasensor based on nitrogen doped graphene converted from conducting polymer
ACS Nano, 2012Co-Authors: Oh Seok Kwon, Seon Joo Park, Jinyong Hong, Areum Han, Jun Seop Lee, Jyongsik JangAbstract:Graphene-based field-effect transistors (FETs) have been developed rapidly and are currently considered as an alternative for postsilicon electronics. In this study, polypyrrole-converted nitrogen-doped few-layer graphene (PPy-NDFLG) was grown on Cu substrate by chemical vapor deposition combined with vapor deposition polymerization and then transferred onto a flexible substrate. Furthermore, antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) RNA aptamer conjugated PPy-NDFLG was integrated into a liquid-ion gated FET geometry to fabricate a high-performance VEGF aptamer-based sensor. Field-induced high sensitivity was observed for the Analyte-Binding events, eventually leading to the recognition of the target molecules at an unprecedentedly low concentration (100 fM). Additionally, the aptasensor had excellent reusability, mechanical bendability, and durability in the flexible process. The developed methodology describes, for the first time, the fabrication of N-doped graphene using conducting polymers includi...