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Jinpeng Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo polyploidizations karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in Apiales
Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2021Co-Authors: Xiaoming Song, Pengchuan Sun, Jiaqing Yuan, Ke Gong, Fanbo Meng, Zhikang Zhang, Jinpeng WangAbstract:Celery (Apium graveolens L. 2n = 2x = 22), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among the most important and globally grown vegetables. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence assembly, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 3.33 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 289.78 Mb. Most (92.91%) of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences, with 62.12% of 31 326 annotated genes confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes. Simultaneous bursts of shared long-terminal repeats (LTRs) in different Apiaceae plants suggest inter-specific exchanges. Two ancestral polyploidizations were inferred, one shared by Apiales taxa and the other confined to Apiaceae. We reconstructed 8 Apiales proto-chromosomes, inferring their evolutionary trajectories from the eudicot common ancestor to extant plants. Transcriptome sequencing in three tissues (roots, leaves and petioles), and varieties with different-coloured petioles, revealed 4 and 2 key genes in pathways regulating anthocyanin and coumarin biosynthesis, respectively. A remarkable paucity of NBS disease-resistant genes in celery (62) and other Apiales was explained by extensive loss and limited production of these genes during the last ~10 million years, raising questions about their biotic defence mechanisms and motivating research into effects of chemicals, for example coumarins, that give off distinctive odours. Celery genome sequencing and annotation facilitates further research into important gene functions and breeding, and comparative genomic analyses in Apiales.
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The celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo‐polyploidizations, karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in Apiales
Plant biotechnology journal, 2020Co-Authors: Xiaoming Song, Pengchuan Sun, Jiaqing Yuan, Ke Gong, Fanbo Meng, Zhikang Zhang, Jinpeng WangAbstract:Celery (Apium graveolens L. 2n = 2x = 22), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among the most important and globally grown vegetables. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence assembly, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 3.33 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 289.78 Mb. Most (92.91%) of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences, with 62.12% of 31 326 annotated genes confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes. Simultaneous bursts of shared long-terminal repeats (LTRs) in different Apiaceae plants suggest inter-specific exchanges. Two ancestral polyploidizations were inferred, one shared by Apiales taxa and the other confined to Apiaceae. We reconstructed 8 Apiales proto-chromosomes, inferring their evolutionary trajectories from the eudicot common ancestor to extant plants. Transcriptome sequencing in three tissues (roots, leaves and petioles), and varieties with different-coloured petioles, revealed 4 and 2 key genes in pathways regulating anthocyanin and coumarin biosynthesis, respectively. A remarkable paucity of NBS disease-resistant genes in celery (62) and other Apiales was explained by extensive loss and limited production of these genes during the last ~10 million years, raising questions about their biotic defence mechanisms and motivating research into effects of chemicals, for example coumarins, that give off distinctive odours. Celery genome sequencing and annotation facilitates further research into important gene functions and breeding, and comparative genomic analyses in Apiales.
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Sequential Paleotetraploidization shaped the carrot genome.
BMC Plant Biology, 2020Co-Authors: Jinpeng Wang, Chendan Wei, He Guo, Ying Liu, Jin Zhang, Xiyin WangAbstract:Carrot (Daucus carota subsp. carota L.) is an important root crop with an available high-quality genome. The carrot genome is thought to have undergone recursive paleo-polyploidization, but the extent, occurrences, and nature of these events are not clearly defined. Using a previously published comparative genomics pipeline, we reanalysed the carrot genome and characterized genomic fractionation, as well as gene loss and retention, after each of the two tetraploidization events and inferred a dominant and sensitive subgenome for each event. In particular, we found strong evidence of two sequential tetraploidization events, with one (Dc-α) approximately 46–52 million years ago (Mya) and the other (Dc-β) approximately 77–87 Mya, both likely allotetraploidization in nature. The Dc-β event was likely common to all Apiales plants, occurring around the divergence of Apiales-Bruniales and after the divergence of Apiales-Asterales, likely playing an important role in the derivation and divergence of Apiales species. Furthermore, we found that rounds of polyploidy events contributed to the expansion of gene families responsible for plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP), the precursor of carotenoid accumulation, and shaped underlying regulatory pathways. The alignment of orthologous and paralogous genes related to different events of polyploidization and speciation constitutes a comparative genomics platform for studying Apiales, Asterales, and many other related species. Hierarchical inference of homology revealed two tetraploidization events that shaped the carrot genome, which likely contributed to the successful establishment of Apiales plants and the expansion of MEP, upstream of the carotenoid accumulation pathway.
Gregory M Plunkett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Diversification Times and Biogeographic Patterns in Apiales
The Botanical Review, 2014Co-Authors: Antoine N. Nicolas, Gregory M PlunkettAbstract:This study provides an overview of the historical biogeography of the major clades of Apiales based on extensive taxon sampling from all major lineages of the order, and character sampling of sequence data from the plastid rpl16 intron and trnD-trnY-trnE-trnT intergenic spacers. Divergence times were estimated in BEAST using relaxed molecular clocks and six calibration points from three families. Biogeographic reconstructions were estimated in DIVA and Lagrange using stratified and non-stratified models, addressing alternative scenarios for taxa with conflicting or poorly supported placements. Our analyses in BEAST estimated the origin of Apiales to Australasia in the Early Cretaceous (c.117 Ma). Most major clades also appear to have originated in Australasia, with the youngest family (Apiaceae) originating in the Late Cretaceous, c. 87 Ma. Diversification of the early lineages appears to be influenced by vicariance events related to the break up of Africa and Australasia (Torricelliaceae from Griseliniaceae and Apiineae), Australasia from Zealandia (e.g., Myodocarpaceae and Araliaceae), and Antarctica from South America, Australia, and possibly Africa (main lineages of Apiaceae). Long-distance dispersal appears as the likely explanation for many younger lineages within major clades, including Subantarctic pathways (e.g., Griseliniaceae and Azorelloideae), across the Pacific and Indian Ocean Basins (e.g., Pittosporaceae and Araliaceae), from Asia across Europe into the Americas (Araliaceae).
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Fruit Anatomy Provides Structural Synapomorphies to Help Define Myodocarpaceae (Apiales)
Systematic Botany, 2010Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Porter P. LowryAbstract:Fruit anatomical characters studied herein confirm the inclusion of Delarbrea and Myodocarpus in Apiales, but as a distinct group, corroborating previous studies (based on molecular data) in the recognition of Myodocarpaceae as a new family. The fruits of these genera share some features with those of Apiaceae (especially subfamilies Mackinlayoideae and Azorelloideae) and Araliaceae, including branching and anastomosing vascular bundles and secretory canals, woody endocarps, the presence of single ventral bundles or carpophores, and dispersed crystals. However, the presence of median wings in Myodocarpus and secretory vesicles in the mesocarps (adjacent to the woody endocarp) in both genera are unknown in any other genus of the order. Fruit characters are also useful in distinguishing Delarbrea, which produces drupes with a single ventral vascular bundle and sclereids in the mesocarp, from Myodocarpus, which has schizocarps with a single carpophore and lacks sclereids. Delarbrea balansae, once treated as the sole member of Pseudosciadium, shares all the distinctive fruit features with the other species of Delarbrea, further supporting its transfer there.
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The taxonomic value of fruit wing types in the order Apiales
American journal of botany, 2006Co-Authors: M. Liu, Gregory M Plunkett, Benerik Van Wyk, Porter P. Lowry, Patricia M. TilneyAbstract:This study shows that structural data, when carefully examined, can provide valuable characters for delimiting monophyletic groups and can complement DNA with observable features to recognize and circumscribe taxa. In the angiosperm order Apiales, traditional classification has relied heavily (often exclusively) on fruit characters. Recent molecular systematic studies, however, provided a radically different picture of relationships, calling into question the utility of fruit characters. We have studied fruit anatomy from 18 genera (Annesorhiza, Asteriscium, Astrotricha, Choritaenia, Dasispermum, Elaeoselinum, Heptaptera, Hermas, Heteromorpha, Laretia, Molopospermum, Myodocarpus, Pachypleurum, Peucedanum, Polemanniopsis, Polylophium, Rouya, and Tordylium) that represent all major taxonomic groups of Apiales characterized by winged fruits and the full range of wing types. Fruit anatomy closely corresponded with the phylogenetic position of these genera, as suggested by molecular studies. Fruit features of taxonomic importance include developmental origin of the wings, carpel shape, presence of vittae, woodiness of the endocarp, position of crystals, and type of carpophores. Despite the long history of recognizing umbellifers as a "natural group," few studies have been able to provide structural characters to help circumscribe the clades identified by molecular data. The interpretations presented are an important step toward erecting a stable system of classification for this difficult family.
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Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in (almost) perfect harmony
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004Co-Authors: Gregory T. Chandler, Gregory M PlunkettAbstract:Relationships within the angiosperm order Apiales have long been difficult to interpret. Traditionally, the order comprised two families, Apiaceae and Araliaceae. Recent studies, however, suggest three additional lineages should also be recognized in the order (Pittosporaceae plus two tribes segregated from Araliaceae, Mackinlayeae and Myodocarpeae), and that one taxon (Apiaceae subfamily Hydrocotyloideae) is polyphyletic. Nuclear data also support the placement of five enigmatic genera (Aralidium, Griselinia, Melanophylla, Pennantia and Torricellia) within an expanded Apiales. To date, detailed molecular studies of Apiales have relied largely on data derived from plastid sequences, especially matK and rbcL. To test and complement the results of these studies, the 26S (large subunit) of nuclear ribosomal DNA was sequenced and analysed phylogenetically. Results from this study confirm that Apiales comprise five major lineages: core Apiaceae, core Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae, the Mackinlaya group and the Myodocarpus group. Moreover, using an expanded sampling of members of subfamily Hydrocotyloideae, the nature and extent of the polyphyly is confirmed, with members of this taxon found among four distinct clades within Apiales. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 144, 123–147.
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Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification
South African Journal of Botany, 2004Co-Authors: Gregory M Plunkett, Gregory T. Chandler, Porter P. Lowry, S.m. Pinney, T.s. Sprenkle, B.-e. Van Wyk, Patricia M. TilneyAbstract:Despite the long history of recognising the angiosperm order Apiales as a natural alliance, the circumscription of the order and the relationships among its constituent groups have been troublesome. Recent studies, however, have made great progress in understanding phylo- genetic relationships in Apiales. Although much of this recent work has been based on molecular data, the results are congruent with other sources of data, including morphology and geography. A unified picture of relationships has now emerged regarding the delimitation of Apiales, which includes a core group of four families (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Myodocarpaceae, Pittosporaceae) to which three small families are also added (Griseliniaceae, Torricelliaceae and Pennantiaceae). After a brief review of recent advances in each of the major groups, a revised classification of the order is presented, which includes the recognition of the new suborder Apiineae (comprising the four core families) and two new subfamilies within Apiaceae (Azorelloideae and Mackinlayoideae).
Xiaoming Song - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo polyploidizations karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in Apiales
Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2021Co-Authors: Xiaoming Song, Pengchuan Sun, Jiaqing Yuan, Ke Gong, Fanbo Meng, Zhikang Zhang, Jinpeng WangAbstract:Celery (Apium graveolens L. 2n = 2x = 22), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among the most important and globally grown vegetables. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence assembly, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 3.33 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 289.78 Mb. Most (92.91%) of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences, with 62.12% of 31 326 annotated genes confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes. Simultaneous bursts of shared long-terminal repeats (LTRs) in different Apiaceae plants suggest inter-specific exchanges. Two ancestral polyploidizations were inferred, one shared by Apiales taxa and the other confined to Apiaceae. We reconstructed 8 Apiales proto-chromosomes, inferring their evolutionary trajectories from the eudicot common ancestor to extant plants. Transcriptome sequencing in three tissues (roots, leaves and petioles), and varieties with different-coloured petioles, revealed 4 and 2 key genes in pathways regulating anthocyanin and coumarin biosynthesis, respectively. A remarkable paucity of NBS disease-resistant genes in celery (62) and other Apiales was explained by extensive loss and limited production of these genes during the last ~10 million years, raising questions about their biotic defence mechanisms and motivating research into effects of chemicals, for example coumarins, that give off distinctive odours. Celery genome sequencing and annotation facilitates further research into important gene functions and breeding, and comparative genomic analyses in Apiales.
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The celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo‐polyploidizations, karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in Apiales
Plant biotechnology journal, 2020Co-Authors: Xiaoming Song, Pengchuan Sun, Jiaqing Yuan, Ke Gong, Fanbo Meng, Zhikang Zhang, Jinpeng WangAbstract:Celery (Apium graveolens L. 2n = 2x = 22), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among the most important and globally grown vegetables. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence assembly, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 3.33 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 289.78 Mb. Most (92.91%) of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences, with 62.12% of 31 326 annotated genes confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes. Simultaneous bursts of shared long-terminal repeats (LTRs) in different Apiaceae plants suggest inter-specific exchanges. Two ancestral polyploidizations were inferred, one shared by Apiales taxa and the other confined to Apiaceae. We reconstructed 8 Apiales proto-chromosomes, inferring their evolutionary trajectories from the eudicot common ancestor to extant plants. Transcriptome sequencing in three tissues (roots, leaves and petioles), and varieties with different-coloured petioles, revealed 4 and 2 key genes in pathways regulating anthocyanin and coumarin biosynthesis, respectively. A remarkable paucity of NBS disease-resistant genes in celery (62) and other Apiales was explained by extensive loss and limited production of these genes during the last ~10 million years, raising questions about their biotic defence mechanisms and motivating research into effects of chemicals, for example coumarins, that give off distinctive odours. Celery genome sequencing and annotation facilitates further research into important gene functions and breeding, and comparative genomic analyses in Apiales.
Alexei A Oskolski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Patterns of Diversity of Floral Symmetry in Angiosperms: A Case Study of the Order Apiales
MDPI AG, 2019Co-Authors: Maxim S. Nuraliev, Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Polina V. Karpunina, Alexei A OskolskiAbstract:Floral symmetry is widely known as one of the most important structural traits of reproductive organs in angiosperms. It is tightly related to the shape and arrangement of floral parts, and at the same time, it plays a key role in general appearance (visual gestalt) of a flower, which is especially important for the interactions of zoophilous flowers with their pollinators. The traditional classification of floral symmetry divides nearly all the diversity of angiosperm flowers into actinomorphic and zygomorphic ones. Within this system, which is useful for ecological studies, many variations of symmetry appear to be disregarded. At the same time, the diversity of floral symmetry is underpinned not only by ecological factors, but also by morphogenetic mechanisms and constraints. Sometimes it is not an easy task to uncover the adaptive or developmental significance of a change of the floral symmetry in a particular lineage. Using the asterid order Apiales as a model group, we demonstrate that such changes can correlate with the merism of the entire flower or of its particular whorl, with the relative orientation of gynoecium to the rest of the flower, with the presence of sterile floral elements and other morphological characters. Besides, in some taxa, the shape and symmetry of the flower change in the course of its development, which should be taken in consideration in morphological comparisons and evaluations of synapomorphies in a particular clade. Finally, we show that different results can be obtained due to employment of different approaches: for instance, many flowers that are traditionally described as actinomorphic turn out to be disymmetric, monosymmetric, or asymmetric from a more detailed look. The traditional method of division into actinomorphy and zygomorphy deals with the general appearance of a flower, and mainly considers the shape of the corolla, while the geometrical approach handles the entire three-dimensional structure of the flower, and provides an exact number of its symmetry planes
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flower morphology and relationships of schefflera subintegra araliaceae Apiales an evolutionary step towards extreme floral polymery
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014Co-Authors: Maxim S. Nuraliev, Alexei A Oskolski, Dmitry D. Sokoloff, G V Degtjareva, Tahir H Samigullin, C M ValiejoromanAbstract:Gross morphology and the development of flowers in Schefflera subintegra (Araliaceae) are examined. The floral groundplan of this species is found to be very similar to that of Tupidanthus calyptratus representing a case of most extreme floral polymery within Araliaceae. Schefflera subintegra differs from T. calyptratus with respect to a lower floral merism (19–43 versus 60–172 stamens and 15–33 versus 60–138 carpels respectively) and by transformation from polysymmetry to disymmetry of flower in the course of its development. Close relationships between S. subintegra, T. calyptratus, and Schefflera hemiepiphytica have been confirmed by phylogenetic analysis based on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences. These species form a subclade within the Asian Schefflera clade, with T. calyptratus as a sister taxon to two other species. Apart from more or less pronounced floral polymery, the species of this subclade share calyx and corolla without any traits of individual sepals and petals, and also a massive calyptra. As these data suggest, the extremely polymerous flowers of Tupidanthus apparently evolved in two steps: (1) the saltational multiplication of floral elements together with a loss of individuality of sepals in the calyx and petals in the corolla and (2) further polymerization of androecium and gynoecium. Mutation(s) in CLAVATA-like gene(s) are suggested as a possible mechanism of the saltation event. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 175, 553–597.
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The systematic significance of bark structure in southern African genera of tribe Heteromorpheae (Apiaceae)
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012Co-Authors: E L Kotina, Patricia M. Tilney, Benerik Van Wyk, Alexei A OskolskiAbstract:The bark anatomy of five southern African genera of tribe Heteromorpheae (Apiaceae) has been investigated: Anginon (eight species), Glia (one species), Heteromorpha (two species), Polemannia (two species) and Dracosciadium (one species). They are all similar to other members of the order Apiales and share with them the presence of secretory canals in both the cortex and secondary phloem, the presence of two types of axial parenchyma and the absence of fibres in the secondary phloem. The bark of Heteromorpheae typically has a narrow cortex with secretory canals arranged in one ring and radial dilatations of the secondary phloem, but these character states also occur in other genera of the family. The most remarkable differences between the genera are the appearance of the bark surface, the periderm structure, the presence of primary phloem fibres, the length of sieve tubes and sclerification of the axial parenchyma in collapsed secondary phloem. The trunks of Heteromorpha and Polemannia have translucent phellem and chloroplasts in the phelloderm cells, allowing the stems to photosynthesize. The shape of the epidermal cells, the presence of trichomes and the occurrence of secretory canals in the secondary phloem rays can be used as diagnostic characters for species identification. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, 169, 677‐691. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: anatomy ‐ Apiales ‐ cortex ‐ chloroplasts ‐ epidermis ‐ periderm ‐ secondary phloem ‐ secretory canals ‐ stem.
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Floral Anatomy of Asian Schefflera (Araliaceae, Apiales): Comparing Variation of Flower Groundplan and Vascular Patterns
International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2011Co-Authors: Maxim S. Nuraliev, Dmitry D. Sokoloff, Alexei A OskolskiAbstract:Floral morphology and vascular anatomy in members of the Asian Schefflera clade (Araliaceae) are studied. This clade is of special interest because of secondary loss of flower groundplan stability and increase of merism. Among five species studied, three have isomerous pentamerous flowers, one has (almost) isomerous polymerous flowers, and one has nonisomerous flowers as a result of increased carpel number. Loss of calyx innervation and reduction of sepals are suggested as apomorphic for the subclade Heptapleurum s.l. Tupidanthus calyptratus, a member of this subclade with the most polymerous gynoecium among asterids, shares those features, too. Range of petal venation diversity within the species examined exceeds what was previously estimated for the family Araliaceae and the order Apiales. Formation of anastomoses between the bundles of petals and stamens in bisexual flowers of Schefflera venulosa is suggested as an effect of high auxin production in developing anthers. A shift of the ovule supply from ...
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PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS WITHIN Apiales : EVIDENCE FROM WOOD ANATOMY
Edinburgh Journal of Botany, 2001Co-Authors: Alexei A OskolskiAbstract:Wood anatomical data confirm the close relationships of most Araliaceae to Apiaceae , but do not indicate any intermediate groups between the two families. Heteromorpha Cham. & Schltdl., Bupleurum L. and Melanoselinum Hoffm. form a well-delimited group distinguished from other woody Apiaceae by helical thickenings on their vessel walls, septate fibres, and mostly homogeneous rays. The woodiness in Nirarathamnos Balf.f. and Myrrhidendron J. M. Coult. & Rose is likely to be of secondary origin.
Pengchuan Sun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo polyploidizations karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in Apiales
Plant Biotechnology Journal, 2021Co-Authors: Xiaoming Song, Pengchuan Sun, Jiaqing Yuan, Ke Gong, Fanbo Meng, Zhikang Zhang, Jinpeng WangAbstract:Celery (Apium graveolens L. 2n = 2x = 22), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among the most important and globally grown vegetables. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence assembly, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 3.33 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 289.78 Mb. Most (92.91%) of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences, with 62.12% of 31 326 annotated genes confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes. Simultaneous bursts of shared long-terminal repeats (LTRs) in different Apiaceae plants suggest inter-specific exchanges. Two ancestral polyploidizations were inferred, one shared by Apiales taxa and the other confined to Apiaceae. We reconstructed 8 Apiales proto-chromosomes, inferring their evolutionary trajectories from the eudicot common ancestor to extant plants. Transcriptome sequencing in three tissues (roots, leaves and petioles), and varieties with different-coloured petioles, revealed 4 and 2 key genes in pathways regulating anthocyanin and coumarin biosynthesis, respectively. A remarkable paucity of NBS disease-resistant genes in celery (62) and other Apiales was explained by extensive loss and limited production of these genes during the last ~10 million years, raising questions about their biotic defence mechanisms and motivating research into effects of chemicals, for example coumarins, that give off distinctive odours. Celery genome sequencing and annotation facilitates further research into important gene functions and breeding, and comparative genomic analyses in Apiales.
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The celery genome sequence reveals sequential paleo‐polyploidizations, karyotype evolution and resistance gene reduction in Apiales
Plant biotechnology journal, 2020Co-Authors: Xiaoming Song, Pengchuan Sun, Jiaqing Yuan, Ke Gong, Fanbo Meng, Zhikang Zhang, Jinpeng WangAbstract:Celery (Apium graveolens L. 2n = 2x = 22), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among the most important and globally grown vegetables. Here, we report a high-quality genome sequence assembly, anchored to 11 chromosomes, with total length of 3.33 Gb and N50 scaffold length of 289.78 Mb. Most (92.91%) of the genome is composed of repetitive sequences, with 62.12% of 31 326 annotated genes confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes. Simultaneous bursts of shared long-terminal repeats (LTRs) in different Apiaceae plants suggest inter-specific exchanges. Two ancestral polyploidizations were inferred, one shared by Apiales taxa and the other confined to Apiaceae. We reconstructed 8 Apiales proto-chromosomes, inferring their evolutionary trajectories from the eudicot common ancestor to extant plants. Transcriptome sequencing in three tissues (roots, leaves and petioles), and varieties with different-coloured petioles, revealed 4 and 2 key genes in pathways regulating anthocyanin and coumarin biosynthesis, respectively. A remarkable paucity of NBS disease-resistant genes in celery (62) and other Apiales was explained by extensive loss and limited production of these genes during the last ~10 million years, raising questions about their biotic defence mechanisms and motivating research into effects of chemicals, for example coumarins, that give off distinctive odours. Celery genome sequencing and annotation facilitates further research into important gene functions and breeding, and comparative genomic analyses in Apiales.