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Caroline Gutjahr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Factors affecting plant responsiveness to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza.
Current opinion in plant biology, 2021Co-Authors: Florian Berger, Caroline GutjahrAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is an ancient, widespread symbiosis between most land plants and fungi of the Glomeromycotina, which receives increasing interest for agricultural application because it can promote plant growth and yield. The ability of plants to react to AM with changes in morphology and/or performance in terms of yield is called 'AM responsiveness'. Its amplitude depends on the plant- fungal genotype combination and the abiotic and biotic environment. A molecular understanding of AM responsiveness is key for enabling rational application of AM in agriculture, for example through targeted breeding of AM-optimised crops. However, the genetic and mechanistic underpinnings of AM responsiveness variation remain still unknown. Here, we review current knowledge on AM responsiveness, with a focus on agricultural crops, and speculate on mechanisms that may contribute to the variation in AM response.
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cross kingdom lipid transfer in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza symbiosis and beyond
Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2018Co-Authors: Andreas Keymer, Caroline GutjahrAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is a widespread symbiosis between most land plants and fungi of the Glomeromycotina, which has existed for more than 400million years. AM fungi (AMF) improve plant nutrition with mineral nutrients and conversely, their growth and development is fueled by organic carbon supplied from their host. Recent studies demonstrated independently and with different experimental approaches that lipids are transferred from plants to fungi in addition to sugars, and that AMF are dependent on this lipid supply because they lack genes encoding fatty acid synthase I subunits. Dependence on host lipids or lipid parasitism occur in a range of interorganismic associations with participants from almost all kingdoms. Thus, these phenomena seem rather common in mutualistic and parasitic interactions.
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transcriptional regulation of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza development
Plant and Cell Physiology, 2018Co-Authors: Caroline Gutjahr, Priya PimprikarAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) is an ancient symbiosis between land plants and fungi of the glomeromycotina that is widespread in the plant kingdom. AM improves plant nutrition, stress resistance and general plant performance, and thus represents a promising addition to sustainable agricultural practices. In return for delivering mineral nutrients, the obligate biotrophic AM fungi receive up to 20% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon from the plant. AM fungi colonize the inside of roots and form highly branched tree-shaped structures, called arbuscules, in cortex cells. The pair of the arbuscule and its host cell is considered the central functional unit of the symbiosis as it mediates the bidirectional nutrient exchange between the symbionts. The development and spread of AM fungi within the root is predominantly under the control of the host plant and depends on its developmental and physiological status. Intracellular accommodation of fungal structures is enabled by the remarkable plasticity of plant cells, which undergo drastic subcellular rearrangements. These are promoted and accompanied by cell-autonomous transcriptional reprogramming. AM development can be dissected into distinct stages using plant mutants. Progress in the application of laser dissection technology has allowed the assignment of transcriptional responses to specific stages and cell types. The first transcription factors controlling AM-specific gene expression and AM development have been discovered, and cis-elements required for AM-responsive promoter activity have been identified. An understanding of their connectivity and elucidation of transcriptional networks orchestrating AM development can be expected in the near future.
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Tracking Lipid Transfer by Fatty Acid Isotopolog Profiling from Host Plants to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi
BIO-PROTOCOL, 2018Co-Authors: Andreas Keymer, Claudia Huber, Wolfgang Eisenreich, Caroline GutjahrAbstract:Lipid transfer from host plants to Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi was hypothesized for several years because sequenced Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungal genomes lack genes encoding cytosolic fatty acid synthase (Wewer et al., 2014;Rich et al., 2017). It was finally shown by two independent experimental approaches (Jiang et al., 2017;Keymer et al., 2017;Luginbuehl et al., 2017). One approach used a technique called isotopolog profiling (Keymer et al., 2017). Isotopologs are molecules, which differ only in their isotopic composition. For isotopolog profiling an organism is fed with a heavy isotope labelled precursor metabolite. Subsequently, the labelled isotopolog composition of metabolic products is analysed via mass spectrometry. The detected isotopolog pattern of the metabolite(s) of interest yields information about metabolic pathways and fluxes (Ahmed et al., 2014). The following protocol describes an experimental setup, which enables separate isotopolog profiling of fatty acids in plant roots colonized by Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi and their associated fungal extraradical mycelium, to elucidate fluxes between both symbiotic organisms. We predict that this strategy can also be used to study metabolite fluxes between other organisms if the two interacting organisms can be physically separated.
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Control of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza development by nutrient signals
Frontiers in plant science, 2014Co-Authors: Samy Carbonnel, Caroline GutjahrAbstract:Inorganic phosphate (Pi), the main form of phosphorus used by plants, is one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth. In the soil soluble Pi that is readily available for uptake, occurs at very low concentrations (Schachtman et al., 1998). One adaptation of plants to low Pi availability is the symbiosis with Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) of the phylum Glomeromycota. The fungi efficiently take up phosphate and other mineral nutrients and deliver them to the host, in exchange for carbohydrates. Thereby, Arbuscular-Mycorrhiza compatible plants have two Pi uptake pathways, which are defined by different sets of phosphate transporters: a direct uptake pathway through the epidermis and root hairs, and a symbiotic uptake pathway for the Pi provided by the fungus (Smith and Smith, 2011).
Daniel Wipf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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trading on the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza market from arbuscules to common Mycorrhizal networks
New Phytologist, 2019Co-Authors: Daniel Wipf, Diederik Van Tuinen, Franziska Krajinski, Ghislaine Recorbet, Pierreemmanuel CourtyAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and AM fungi (AMF) is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation). First, we focus on phosphorus and nitrogen transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant, and on the reciprocal transfer of carbon compounds, with a highlight on a possible interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition during AM symbiosis. We further discuss potential mechanisms of regulation of these nutrient exchanges linked to membrane dynamics. The review finally addresses the common Mycorrhizal networks formed AMF, which interconnect plants from similar and/or different species. Finally the best way to integrate this knowledge and the ensuing potential benefits of AM into sustainable agriculture is discussed.
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Trading on the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza market: from arbuscules to common Mycorrhizal networks
New Phytologist, 2019Co-Authors: Daniel Wipf, Diederik Van Tuinen, Franziska Krajinski, Ghislaine Recorbet, Pierreemmanuel CourtyAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most of land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation). First, we focus on phosphorus and nitrogen transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant and on the reciprocal transfer of carbon compounds, with a highlight on a possible interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition during Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbiosis. We further discuss potential mechanisms of regulation of these nutrient exchanges linked to membrane dynamics. The review finally addresses the common Mycorrhizal networks formed by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi, which inter-connect plants from similar and/or different species. Then the best way to integrate this knowledge and the ensuing potential benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in a sustainable agriculture is discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Study of the biotrophic transportome in the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
2015Co-Authors: Alessandro Aprile, Daniel Wipf, Sara Rossi, Annamaria Cubi, Leonardo Casieri, Carole Pfister, Nathalie Leborgne-castel, Nassima Ait Lahmidi, Joan Doidy, Laurent BonneauAbstract:Study of the biotrophic transportome in the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza. 110 Congresso SBI Società Botanica Italiana Onlus, II international plant science conference (IPSC)
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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza symbiosis in viticulture: a review
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015Co-Authors: Sophie Trouvelot, Dirk Redecker, Laurent Bonneau, Diederik Van Tuinen, Marielle Adrian, Daniel WipfAbstract:Viticulture is a major worldwide economic sector with a vine area of 7.52 million ha, wine production of 288 Mhl, and wine exports of 26 billion euros. Nevertheless, viticulture has to adapt to new challenges of pest management, such as pesticide reduction, and climate change, such as increasing droughts. Viticulture adaptation can benefit from Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, a plant–fungus symbiosis. Here, we review the ecosystemic services of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for grapevine production. The major points are the following: (1) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi increase grapevine growth and nutrition by a better access to soil nutrients and by activating the regulation of plant transport proteins for phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and other elements. (2) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi increase the tolerance to abiotic stresses such as water stress, soil salinity, iron chlorosis, and heavy metal toxicity. (3) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi protect against biotic stresses such as root diseases. (4) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi produce glycoproteins and a dense hyphal network that increases soil stability and save soil nutrients up to 14 % of the grape production income. (5) P fertilisation reduces mycorhization. (6) Using herbaceous plants as cover crops favors Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi.
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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza - studies on the geosiphon symbiosis lead to the characterization of the first glomeromycotan sugar transporter
Plant Signaling and Behavior, 2007Co-Authors: Arthur Schüßler, Holger Martin, David Cohen, Michael Fitz, Daniel WipfAbstract:The intimate Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) association between roots and obligate symbiotic Glomeromycota (‘AM fungi’) ‘feeds’ about 80% of land plants. AM forming fungi supply land plants with inorganic nutrients and have an enormous impact on terrestrial ecosystems. In return, AM fungi obtain up to 20% of the plant‑fixed CO2, putatively as monosaccharides. In a recent work we have reported the characterization of the first glomeromycotan monosaccharide transporter, GpMST1, and its gene sequence. We discuss that AM fungi might take up sugars deriving from plant cell‑wall material. The GpMST1 sequence delivers valuable data for the isolation of orthologues from other AM fungi and may eventually lead to the understanding of C‑flows in the AM.
Diederik Van Tuinen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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trading on the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza market from arbuscules to common Mycorrhizal networks
New Phytologist, 2019Co-Authors: Daniel Wipf, Diederik Van Tuinen, Franziska Krajinski, Ghislaine Recorbet, Pierreemmanuel CourtyAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and AM fungi (AMF) is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation). First, we focus on phosphorus and nitrogen transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant, and on the reciprocal transfer of carbon compounds, with a highlight on a possible interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition during AM symbiosis. We further discuss potential mechanisms of regulation of these nutrient exchanges linked to membrane dynamics. The review finally addresses the common Mycorrhizal networks formed AMF, which interconnect plants from similar and/or different species. Finally the best way to integrate this knowledge and the ensuing potential benefits of AM into sustainable agriculture is discussed.
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Trading on the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza market: from arbuscules to common Mycorrhizal networks
New Phytologist, 2019Co-Authors: Daniel Wipf, Diederik Van Tuinen, Franziska Krajinski, Ghislaine Recorbet, Pierreemmanuel CourtyAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbiosis occurs between obligate biotrophic fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and most of land plants. The exchange of nutrients between host plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi is presumed to be the main benefit for the two symbiotic partners. In this review article, we outline the current concepts of nutrient exchanges within this symbiosis (mechanisms and regulation). First, we focus on phosphorus and nitrogen transfer from the fungal partner to the host plant and on the reciprocal transfer of carbon compounds, with a highlight on a possible interplay between nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition during Arbuscular Mycorrhizal symbiosis. We further discuss potential mechanisms of regulation of these nutrient exchanges linked to membrane dynamics. The review finally addresses the common Mycorrhizal networks formed by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi, which inter-connect plants from similar and/or different species. Then the best way to integrate this knowledge and the ensuing potential benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in a sustainable agriculture is discussed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza symbiosis in viticulture: a review
Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 2015Co-Authors: Sophie Trouvelot, Dirk Redecker, Laurent Bonneau, Diederik Van Tuinen, Marielle Adrian, Daniel WipfAbstract:Viticulture is a major worldwide economic sector with a vine area of 7.52 million ha, wine production of 288 Mhl, and wine exports of 26 billion euros. Nevertheless, viticulture has to adapt to new challenges of pest management, such as pesticide reduction, and climate change, such as increasing droughts. Viticulture adaptation can benefit from Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, a plant–fungus symbiosis. Here, we review the ecosystemic services of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza for grapevine production. The major points are the following: (1) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi increase grapevine growth and nutrition by a better access to soil nutrients and by activating the regulation of plant transport proteins for phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and other elements. (2) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi increase the tolerance to abiotic stresses such as water stress, soil salinity, iron chlorosis, and heavy metal toxicity. (3) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi protect against biotic stresses such as root diseases. (4) Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi produce glycoproteins and a dense hyphal network that increases soil stability and save soil nutrients up to 14 % of the grape production income. (5) P fertilisation reduces mycorhization. (6) Using herbaceous plants as cover crops favors Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungi.
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Impact of tillage system on Arbuscular Mycorrhiza fungal communities in the soil under Mediterranean conditions
Soil and Tillage Research, 2012Co-Authors: Isabel Brito, Michael J. Goss, Mario De Carvalho, Odile Chatagnier, Diederik Van TuinenAbstract:A more diverse Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungal community should be more versatile and resilient to variation in environmental conditions over space and time. To evaluate the effect of no-till and conventional tillage systems, AM fungal diversity was assessed as part of a long term field experiment by sequencing of DNA, extracted from soil, that encoded the large ribosomal sub-unit and was obtained by nested-PCR. In comparison with no-till, conventional tillage decreased AM fungal diversity by 40%. Differences between treatments in the frequency of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in soil, confirm that AM fungi are differently vulnerable to soil disturbance
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Global analyses of the symbiotic cell programme in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza
2002Co-Authors: Vivienne Gianinazzi Pearson, Diederik Van Tuinen, Laurent Brechenmacher, Silvo GianinazziAbstract:In Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, which represent the most widespread root symbiosis formed by terrestrial plant taxa, plant-fungal compatibility must have been established very early on since the arbuscule-forming fungi have been found within fossil plants dating back to the Devonian era. The fact that the reciprocal compatibility systems developed in these primitive land plants have been acquired by new plant species appearing during evolution means that Arbuscular Mycorrhiza interactions should be based on widespread molecular mechanisms within the plant kingdom. Analyses of the symbiotic genetic programme governing Arbuscular Mycorrhiza implies firstly identifying the symbiotic transcriptome, and then isolating the corresponding genes in order to determine their role in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza formation and function. We have adopted different approaches to identify that part of the functional genome in the symbiont partners which is active in arbuscule Mycorrhiza interactions. A number of plant genes with modulated expression in the symbiosis have been identified by targeting genes active in other plant-microbe interactions or in other physiological processes1. These, together with those reported by other groups, belong essentially to categories related to defense-related functions, nodulation cell programmes and transmembrane transport processes. In order to gain a more global insight into the functional genome in Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and to identify genes specific to the symbiotic cell programme, we have undertaken more extensive searches for fungal and plant gene expression profiles during symbiosis development and functioning using non targeted strategies. The first, based on differential RNA expression analyses using DDRT-PCR2, has enabled identification of five novel pea genes (Psam1 - 5) with modified expression in root-AM fungal interactions. More recently, we have adopted alternative methods of transcriptome analysis based on large scale sequencing of cDNA from symbiotic and non-symbiotic root tissues3, and on suppressive subtractive cDNA analysis of Mycorrhizal and non-Mycorrhizal roots4 at different stages of symbiosis development (research part of EU QLG2-CT-2000-00676 and INRA-ATS projects on Medicago). These strategies have led to a significant increase in the number of genes known to be upregulated in AM interactions, and the majority represent novel plant or fungal genes. However, the majority of the genes are of plant origin and these different untargeted approaches have so far identified only a very limited number of expressed fungal genes. (Texte integral)
Martin Parniske - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cell and developmental biology of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza symbiosis
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 2013Co-Authors: Caroline Gutjahr, Martin ParniskeAbstract:The default mineral nutrient acquisition strategy of land plants is the symbiosis with Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi. Research into the cell and developmental biology of AM revealed fascinating insights into the plasticity of plant cell development and of interorganismic communication. It is driven by the prospect of increased exploitation of AM benefits for sustainable agriculture. The plant cell developmental program for intracellular accommodation of AM fungi is activated by a genetically defined signaling pathway involving calcium spiking in the nucleus as second messenger. Calcium spiking is triggered by chitooligosaccharides released by AM fungi that are probably perceived via LysM domain receptor kinases. Fungal infection and calcium spiking are spatiotemporally coordinated, and only cells committed to accommodating the fungus undergo high-frequency spiking. Delivery of mineral nutrients by AM fungi occurs at tree-shaped hyphal structures, the arbuscules, in plant cortical cells. Nutrients are taken up at a plant-derived periArbuscular membrane, which surrounds fungal hyphae and carries a specific transporter composition that is of direct importance for symbiotic efficiency. An elegant study has unveiled a new and unexpected mechanism for specific protein localization to the periArbuscular membrane, which relies on the timing of gene expression to synchronize protein biosynthesis with a redirection of secretion. The control of AM development by phytohormones is currently subject to active investigation and has led to the rediscovery of strigolactones. Nearly all tested phytohormones regulate AM development, and major insights into the mechanisms of this regulation are expected in the near future.
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Apoplastic plant subtilases support Arbuscular Mycorrhiza development in Lotus japonicus
The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology, 2009Co-Authors: Naoya Takeda, Shusei Sato, Erika Asamizu, Satoshi Tabata, Martin ParniskeAbstract:Summary In the Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) symbiosis, plant roots accommodate Glomeromycota fungi within an intracellular compartment, the arbuscule. At this symbiotic interface, fungal hyphae are surrounded by a plant membrane, which creates an apoplastic compartment, the periArbuscular space (PAS) between fungal and plant cell. Despite the importance of the PAS for symbiotic signal and metabolite exchange, only few of its components have been identified. Here we show that two apoplastic plant proteases of the subtilase family are required for AM development. SbtM1 is the founder member of a family of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-induced subtilase genes that occur in at least two clusters in the genome of the legume Lotus japonicus. A detailed expression analysis by RT-PCR revealed that SbtM1, SbtM3, SbtM4 and the more distantly related SbtS are all rapidly induced during development of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza, but only SbtS and SbtM4 are also up-regulated during root nodule symbiosis. Promoter–reporter fusions indicated specific activation in cells that are adjacent to intra-radical fungal hyphae or in cells that harbour them. Venus fluorescent protein was observed in the apoplast and the PAS when expressed from a fusion construct with the SbtM1 signal peptide or the full-length subtilase. Suppression of SbtM1 or SbtM3 by RNAi caused a decrease in intra-radical hyphae and arbuscule colonization, but had no effect on nodule formation. Our data indicate a role for these subtilases during the fungal infection process in particular arbuscule development.
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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza the mother of plant root endosymbioses
Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2008Co-Authors: Martin ParniskeAbstract:Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM), a symbiosis between plants and members of an ancient phylum of fungi, the Glomeromycota, improves the supply of water and nutrients, such as phosphate and nitrogen, to the host plant. In return, up to 20% of plant-fixed carbon is transferred to the fungus. Nutrient transport occurs through symbiotic structures inside plant root cells known as arbuscules. AM development is accompanied by an exchange of signalling molecules between the symbionts. A novel class of plant hormones known as strigolactones are exuded by the plant roots. On the one hand, strigolactones stimulate fungal metabolism and branching. On the other hand, they also trigger seed germination of parasitic plants. Fungi release signalling molecules, in the form of 'Myc factors' that trigger symbiotic root responses. Plant genes required for AM development have been characterized. During evolution, the genetic programme for AM has been recruited for other plant root symbioses: functional adaptation of a plant receptor kinase that is essential for AM symbiosis paved the way for nitrogen-fixing bacteria to form intracellular symbioses with plant cells.
Arthur Schüßler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Arbuscular Mycorrhiza - studies on the geosiphon symbiosis lead to the characterization of the first glomeromycotan sugar transporter
Plant Signaling and Behavior, 2007Co-Authors: Arthur Schüßler, Holger Martin, David Cohen, Michael Fitz, Daniel WipfAbstract:The intimate Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) association between roots and obligate symbiotic Glomeromycota (‘AM fungi’) ‘feeds’ about 80% of land plants. AM forming fungi supply land plants with inorganic nutrients and have an enormous impact on terrestrial ecosystems. In return, AM fungi obtain up to 20% of the plant‑fixed CO2, putatively as monosaccharides. In a recent work we have reported the characterization of the first glomeromycotan monosaccharide transporter, GpMST1, and its gene sequence. We discuss that AM fungi might take up sugars deriving from plant cell‑wall material. The GpMST1 sequence delivers valuable data for the isolation of orthologues from other AM fungi and may eventually lead to the understanding of C‑flows in the AM.
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Glomus claroideum forms an Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-like symbiosis with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus.
Mycorrhiza, 2000Co-Authors: Arthur SchüßlerAbstract:(Schenck & Smith emend. Walker & Vestberg) were investigated for ability to form Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-like symbioses with the hornwort Anthoceros punctatus (L.). Spores were transferred to a cellulose acetate filter on water agar and a small portion of an Anthoceros thallus was placed directly upon the spores. Light-microscope observations 20 days after inoculation revealed branched hyphae growing within the thallus. After 45 days, arbuscules and vesicles were studied by light- and electron-microscopy. After 60 days in water agar culture, the colonised Anthoceros thalli were transferred to a low-nutrient medium agar. Hyphae spread in the agar and newly formed spores were observed 5 weeks after the transfer. After 4 months, about 1000 spores were formed in each Petri dish. This is the first report of an experimentally established Arbuscular Mycorrhiza-like symbiosis between an identified fungus belonging to the Glomales and a bryophyte.