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Adam L. Bailey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High Genetic Diversity and Adaptive Potential of Two Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses in a Wild Primate Population
2016Co-Authors: Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Samuel D. Sibley, Michael Correll, Andrea Weiler, Jorge M. Dinis, Zachary Bergman, Chase W. Nelson, Michael Gleicher, David HyerobaAbstract:Key biological properties such as high genetic diversity and high evolutionary rate enhance the potential of certain RNA viruses to adapt and emerge. Identifying viruses with these properties in their natural hosts could dramatically improve disease forecasting and surveillance. Recently, we discovered two novel members of the viral family Arteriviridae: simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)-krc1 and SHFV-krc2, infecting a single wild red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Nearly nothing is known about the biological properties of SHFVs in nature, although the SHFV type strain, SHFV-LVR, has caused devastating outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive macaques. Here we detected SHFV-krc1 and SHFV-krc2 in 40 % and 47 % of 60 wild red colobus tested, respectively. We found viral loads in excess of 106–107 RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma for each of these viruses. SHFV-krc1 and SHFV-krc2 also showed high genetic diversity at both the inter- and intra-host levels. Analyses of synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotid
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Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae
Archives of Virology, 2016Co-Authors: Jens H. Kuhn, Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Alexey M. Shchetinin, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, Matthew Lebreton, Bradley S. Schneider, Amethyst Gillis, Ubald TamoufeAbstract:The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus . This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Arterivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Dipartevirus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear divergence of the European and American “types” of PRRSV, both of which now receive virus status. The current species Simian hemorrhagic fever virus is divided into nine species to accommodate the twelve known simian arteriviruses. Non-Latinized binomial species names are introduced to replace all current species names to clearly differentiate them from virus names, which remain largely unchanged.
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Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae
Archives of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Jens H. Kuhn, Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, Matthew Lebreton, Bradley S. Schneider, Amethyst GillisAbstract:The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus. This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine res- piratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Ar- terivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Diparte- virus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear
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Zoonotic Potential of Simian Arteriviruses
Journal of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Samuel D. Sibley, Jens H. Kuhn, Thomas C. Friedrich, Nelson B. Freimer, Anna J. Jasinska, Jane E. Phillips-conroy, Clifford J. Jolly, Preston A. MarxAbstract:Wild nonhuman primates are immediate sources and long-term reservoirs of human pathogens. However, ethical and technical challenges have hampered the identification of novel blood-borne pathogens in these animals. We recently examined RNA viruses in plasma from wild African monkeys and discovered several novel, highly divergent viruses belonging to the family Arteriviridae. Close relatives of these viruses, including simian hemorrhagic fever virus, have caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive macaque monkeys since the 1960s. However, arterivirus infection in wild nonhuman primates had not been described prior to 2011. The arteriviruses recently identified in wild monkeys have high sequence and host species diversity, maintain high viremia, and are prevalent in affected populations. Taken together, these features suggest that the simian arteriviruses may be "preemergent" zoonotic pathogens. If not, this would imply that biological characteristics of RNA viruses thought to facilitate zoonotic transmission may not, by themselves, be sufficient for such transmission to occur.
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Historical Outbreaks of Simian Hemorrhagic Fever in Captive Macaques Were Caused by Distinct Arteriviruses
Journal of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Michael Lauck, Adam L. Bailey, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, S. V. Alkhovsky, Zinaida V. Shevtsova, Matthew G. Lackemeyer, Elena Postnikova, Steven MazurAbstract:Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF) is lethal for macaques. Based on clinical presentation and serological diagnosis, all reported SHF outbreaks were thought to be caused by different strains of the same virus, simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV; Arteriviridae). Here we show that the SHF outbreaks in Sukhumi in 1964 and in Alamogordo in 1989 were caused not by SHFV but by two novel divergent arteriviruses. Our results indicate that multiple divergent simian arteriviruses can cause SHF.
Michael Lauck - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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High Genetic Diversity and Adaptive Potential of Two Simian Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses in a Wild Primate Population
2016Co-Authors: Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Samuel D. Sibley, Michael Correll, Andrea Weiler, Jorge M. Dinis, Zachary Bergman, Chase W. Nelson, Michael Gleicher, David HyerobaAbstract:Key biological properties such as high genetic diversity and high evolutionary rate enhance the potential of certain RNA viruses to adapt and emerge. Identifying viruses with these properties in their natural hosts could dramatically improve disease forecasting and surveillance. Recently, we discovered two novel members of the viral family Arteriviridae: simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV)-krc1 and SHFV-krc2, infecting a single wild red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus tephrosceles) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Nearly nothing is known about the biological properties of SHFVs in nature, although the SHFV type strain, SHFV-LVR, has caused devastating outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive macaques. Here we detected SHFV-krc1 and SHFV-krc2 in 40 % and 47 % of 60 wild red colobus tested, respectively. We found viral loads in excess of 106–107 RNA copies per milliliter of blood plasma for each of these viruses. SHFV-krc1 and SHFV-krc2 also showed high genetic diversity at both the inter- and intra-host levels. Analyses of synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotid
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Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae
Archives of Virology, 2016Co-Authors: Jens H. Kuhn, Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Alexey M. Shchetinin, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, Matthew Lebreton, Bradley S. Schneider, Amethyst Gillis, Ubald TamoufeAbstract:The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus . This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Arterivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Dipartevirus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear divergence of the European and American “types” of PRRSV, both of which now receive virus status. The current species Simian hemorrhagic fever virus is divided into nine species to accommodate the twelve known simian arteriviruses. Non-Latinized binomial species names are introduced to replace all current species names to clearly differentiate them from virus names, which remain largely unchanged.
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Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae
Archives of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Jens H. Kuhn, Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, Matthew Lebreton, Bradley S. Schneider, Amethyst GillisAbstract:The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus. This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine res- piratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Ar- terivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Diparte- virus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear
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Zoonotic Potential of Simian Arteriviruses
Journal of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Samuel D. Sibley, Jens H. Kuhn, Thomas C. Friedrich, Nelson B. Freimer, Anna J. Jasinska, Jane E. Phillips-conroy, Clifford J. Jolly, Preston A. MarxAbstract:Wild nonhuman primates are immediate sources and long-term reservoirs of human pathogens. However, ethical and technical challenges have hampered the identification of novel blood-borne pathogens in these animals. We recently examined RNA viruses in plasma from wild African monkeys and discovered several novel, highly divergent viruses belonging to the family Arteriviridae. Close relatives of these viruses, including simian hemorrhagic fever virus, have caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive macaque monkeys since the 1960s. However, arterivirus infection in wild nonhuman primates had not been described prior to 2011. The arteriviruses recently identified in wild monkeys have high sequence and host species diversity, maintain high viremia, and are prevalent in affected populations. Taken together, these features suggest that the simian arteriviruses may be "preemergent" zoonotic pathogens. If not, this would imply that biological characteristics of RNA viruses thought to facilitate zoonotic transmission may not, by themselves, be sufficient for such transmission to occur.
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Historical Outbreaks of Simian Hemorrhagic Fever in Captive Macaques Were Caused by Distinct Arteriviruses
Journal of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Michael Lauck, Adam L. Bailey, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, S. V. Alkhovsky, Zinaida V. Shevtsova, Matthew G. Lackemeyer, Elena Postnikova, Steven MazurAbstract:Simian hemorrhagic fever (SHF) is lethal for macaques. Based on clinical presentation and serological diagnosis, all reported SHF outbreaks were thought to be caused by different strains of the same virus, simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV; Arteriviridae). Here we show that the SHF outbreaks in Sukhumi in 1964 and in Alamogordo in 1989 were caused not by SHFV but by two novel divergent arteriviruses. Our results indicate that multiple divergent simian arteriviruses can cause SHF.
Jens H. Kuhn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Expanding the Arterivirus Host Spectrum: Olivier’s Shrew Virus 1, A Novel Arterivirus Discovered in African Giant Shrews
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Bert Vanmechelen, Jens H. Kuhn, Valentijn Vergote, Lies Laenen, Fara Raymond Koundouno, Joseph Akoi Bore, Jiro Wada, Miles W. Carroll, Piet MaesAbstract:The family Arteriviridae harbors a rapidly expanding group of viruses known to infect a divergent group of mammals, including horses, pigs, possums, primates, and rodents. Hosts infected with arteriviruses present with a wide variety of (sub) clinical symptoms, depending on the virus causing the infection and the host being infected. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequences of three variants of a previously unknown virus found in Olivier’s shrews ( Crocidura olivieri guineensis ) sampled in Guinea. On the nucleotide level, the three genomes of this new virus, named Olivier’s shrew virus 1 (OSV-1), are 88–89% similar. The genome organization of OSV-1 is characteristic of all known arteriviruses, yet phylogenetic analysis groups OSV-1 separately from all currently established arterivirus lineages. Therefore, we postulate that OSV-1 represents a member of a novel arterivirus genus. The virus described here represents the first discovery of an arterivirus in members of the order Eulipotyphla, thereby greatly expanding the known host spectrum of arteriviruses.
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expanding the arterivirus host spectrum olivier s shrew virus 1 a novel arterivirus discovered in african giant shrews
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Bert Vanmechelen, Jens H. Kuhn, Valentijn Vergote, Lies Laenen, Fara Raymond Koundouno, Joseph Akoi Bore, Jiro Wada, Miles W. Carroll, Piet MaesAbstract:The family Arteriviridae harbors a rapidly expanding group of viruses known to infect a divergent group of mammals, including horses, pigs, possums, primates, and rodents. Hosts infected with arteriviruses present with a wide variety of (sub) clinical symptoms, depending on the virus causing the infection and the host being infected. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequences of three variants of a previously unknown virus found in Olivier’s shrews (Crocidura olivieri guineensis) sampled in Guinea. On the nucleotide level, the three genomes of this new virus, named Olivier’s shrew virus 1 (OSV-1), are 88–89% similar. The genome organization of OSV-1 is characteristic of all known arteriviruses, yet phylogenetic analysis groups OSV-1 separately from all currently established arterivirus lineages. Therefore, we postulate that OSV-1 represents a member of a novel arterivirus genus. The virus described here represents the first discovery of an arterivirus in members of the order Eulipotyphla, thereby greatly expanding the known host spectrum of arteriviruses.
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Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae
Archives of Virology, 2016Co-Authors: Jens H. Kuhn, Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Alexey M. Shchetinin, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, Matthew Lebreton, Bradley S. Schneider, Amethyst Gillis, Ubald TamoufeAbstract:The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus . This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Arterivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Dipartevirus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear divergence of the European and American “types” of PRRSV, both of which now receive virus status. The current species Simian hemorrhagic fever virus is divided into nine species to accommodate the twelve known simian arteriviruses. Non-Latinized binomial species names are introduced to replace all current species names to clearly differentiate them from virus names, which remain largely unchanged.
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Reorganization and expansion of the nidoviral family Arteriviridae
Archives of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Jens H. Kuhn, Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Tatyana V. Vishnevskaya, Yīmíng Bào, Matthew Lebreton, Bradley S. Schneider, Amethyst GillisAbstract:The family Arteriviridae presently includes a single genus Arterivirus. This genus includes four species as the taxonomic homes for equine arteritis virus (EAV), lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV), porcine res- piratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV), and simian hemorrhagic fever virus (SHFV), respectively. A revision of this classification is urgently needed to accommodate the recent description of eleven highly divergent simian arteriviruses in diverse African nonhuman primates, one novel arterivirus in an African forest giant pouched rat, and a novel arterivirus in common brushtails in New Zealand. In addition, the current arterivirus nomenclature is not in accordance with the most recent version of the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature. Here we outline an updated, amended, and improved arterivirus taxonomy based on current data. Taxon-specific sequence cut-offs are established relying on a newly established open reading frame 1b phylogeny and pairwise sequence comparison (PASC) of coding-complete arterivirus genomes. As a result, the current genus Ar- terivirus is replaced by five genera: Equartevirus (for EAV), Rodartevirus (LDV + PRRSV), Simartevirus (SHFV + simian arteriviruses), Nesartevirus (for the arterivirus from forest giant pouched rats), and Diparte- virus (common brushtail arterivirus). The current species Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus is divided into two species to accommodate the clear
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Zoonotic Potential of Simian Arteriviruses
Journal of virology, 2015Co-Authors: Adam L. Bailey, Michael Lauck, Samuel D. Sibley, Jens H. Kuhn, Thomas C. Friedrich, Nelson B. Freimer, Anna J. Jasinska, Jane E. Phillips-conroy, Clifford J. Jolly, Preston A. MarxAbstract:Wild nonhuman primates are immediate sources and long-term reservoirs of human pathogens. However, ethical and technical challenges have hampered the identification of novel blood-borne pathogens in these animals. We recently examined RNA viruses in plasma from wild African monkeys and discovered several novel, highly divergent viruses belonging to the family Arteriviridae. Close relatives of these viruses, including simian hemorrhagic fever virus, have caused sporadic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in captive macaque monkeys since the 1960s. However, arterivirus infection in wild nonhuman primates had not been described prior to 2011. The arteriviruses recently identified in wild monkeys have high sequence and host species diversity, maintain high viremia, and are prevalent in affected populations. Taken together, these features suggest that the simian arteriviruses may be "preemergent" zoonotic pathogens. If not, this would imply that biological characteristics of RNA viruses thought to facilitate zoonotic transmission may not, by themselves, be sufficient for such transmission to occur.
Piet Maes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Expanding the Arterivirus Host Spectrum: Olivier’s Shrew Virus 1, A Novel Arterivirus Discovered in African Giant Shrews
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Bert Vanmechelen, Jens H. Kuhn, Valentijn Vergote, Lies Laenen, Fara Raymond Koundouno, Joseph Akoi Bore, Jiro Wada, Miles W. Carroll, Piet MaesAbstract:The family Arteriviridae harbors a rapidly expanding group of viruses known to infect a divergent group of mammals, including horses, pigs, possums, primates, and rodents. Hosts infected with arteriviruses present with a wide variety of (sub) clinical symptoms, depending on the virus causing the infection and the host being infected. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequences of three variants of a previously unknown virus found in Olivier’s shrews ( Crocidura olivieri guineensis ) sampled in Guinea. On the nucleotide level, the three genomes of this new virus, named Olivier’s shrew virus 1 (OSV-1), are 88–89% similar. The genome organization of OSV-1 is characteristic of all known arteriviruses, yet phylogenetic analysis groups OSV-1 separately from all currently established arterivirus lineages. Therefore, we postulate that OSV-1 represents a member of a novel arterivirus genus. The virus described here represents the first discovery of an arterivirus in members of the order Eulipotyphla, thereby greatly expanding the known host spectrum of arteriviruses.
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expanding the arterivirus host spectrum olivier s shrew virus 1 a novel arterivirus discovered in african giant shrews
Scientific Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Bert Vanmechelen, Jens H. Kuhn, Valentijn Vergote, Lies Laenen, Fara Raymond Koundouno, Joseph Akoi Bore, Jiro Wada, Miles W. Carroll, Piet MaesAbstract:The family Arteriviridae harbors a rapidly expanding group of viruses known to infect a divergent group of mammals, including horses, pigs, possums, primates, and rodents. Hosts infected with arteriviruses present with a wide variety of (sub) clinical symptoms, depending on the virus causing the infection and the host being infected. In this study, we determined the complete genome sequences of three variants of a previously unknown virus found in Olivier’s shrews (Crocidura olivieri guineensis) sampled in Guinea. On the nucleotide level, the three genomes of this new virus, named Olivier’s shrew virus 1 (OSV-1), are 88–89% similar. The genome organization of OSV-1 is characteristic of all known arteriviruses, yet phylogenetic analysis groups OSV-1 separately from all currently established arterivirus lineages. Therefore, we postulate that OSV-1 represents a member of a novel arterivirus genus. The virus described here represents the first discovery of an arterivirus in members of the order Eulipotyphla, thereby greatly expanding the known host spectrum of arteriviruses.
Eric J Snijder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Virus Research - Antiviral activity of K22 against members of the order Nidovirales
Virus research, 2018Co-Authors: Julie C. F. Rappe, John Ziebuhr, Eric J Snijder, Adriaan H. De Wilde, Christin Müller, Hanspeter Stalder, Philip V'kovski, Margo A. Brinton, Nicolas RuggliAbstract:Recently, a novel antiviral compound (K22) that inhibits replication of a broad range of animal and human coronaviruses was reported to interfere with viral RNA synthesis by impairing double-membrane vesicle (DMV) formation (Lundin et al., 2014). Here we assessed potential antiviral activities of K22 against a range of viruses representing two (sub)families of the order Nidovirales, the Arteriviridae (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus [PRRSV], equine arteritis virus [EAV] and simian hemorrhagic fever virus [SHFV]), and the Torovirinae (equine torovirus [EToV] and White Bream virus [WBV]). Possible effects of K22 on nidovirus replication were studied in suitable cell lines. K22 concentrations significantly decreasing infectious titres of the viruses included in this study ranged from 25 to 50 μM. Reduction of double-stranded RNA intermediates of viral replication in nidovirus-infected cells treated with K22 confirmed the anti-viral potential of K22. Collectively, the data show that K22 has antiviral activity against diverse lineages of nidoviruses, suggesting that the inhibitor targets a critical and conserved step during nidovirus replication.
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Antiviral activity of K22 against members of the order Nidovirales
Virus Research, 2018Co-Authors: Julie C. F. Rappe, John Ziebuhr, Eric J Snijder, Adriaan H. De Wilde, Christin Müller, Hanspeter Stalder, Philip V'kovski, Margo A. Brinton, Nicolas RuggliAbstract:Abstract Recently, a novel antiviral compound (K22) that inhibits replication of a broad range of animal and human coronaviruses was reported to interfere with viral RNA synthesis by impairing double-membrane vesicle (DMV) formation (Lundin et al., 2014). Here we assessed potential antiviral activities of K22 against a range of viruses representing two (sub)families of the order Nidovirales, the Arteriviridae (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus [PRRSV], equine arteritis virus [EAV] and simian hemorrhagic fever virus [SHFV]), and the Torovirinae (equine torovirus [EToV] and White Bream virus [WBV]). Possible effects of K22 on nidovirus replication were studied in suitable cell lines. K22 concentrations significantly decreasing infectious titres of the viruses included in this study ranged from 25 to 50 μM. Reduction of double-stranded RNA intermediates of viral replication in nidovirus-infected cells treated with K22 confirmed the anti-viral potential of K22. Collectively, the data show that K22 has antiviral activity against diverse lineages of nidoviruses, suggesting that the inhibitor targets a critical and conserved step during nidovirus replication.
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nucleocapsid protein of equine arteritis virus
2016Co-Authors: Marieke A. Tijms, Yvonne Van Der Meer, Eric J SnijderAbstract:RNA synthesis (genome replication and subgenomic mRNA transcription) directed by equine arteritis virus (EAV; family Arteriviridae, order Nidovirales) occurs on modified cytoplasmic membranes to which most viral replicase subunits localize. Re-markably, a fraction of non-structural protein 1 (nsp1), a protein essential for transcription but dis-pensable for genome replication, is present in the host cell nucleus, in particular during the earlier stagesof infection.ExpressionofGFP-tagged fusion proteins revealed that nsp1 is actively imported into the nucleus. Although the signals responsible for nsp1 transport could not be identified, our studies revealed that another EAV protein with a partially nuclear localization, the nucleocapsid (N
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Nidovirus papain-like proteases antagonize the host innate immune response
Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances, 2014Co-Authors: Ben A. Bailey-elkin, Eric J Snijder, P. Van Kasteren, Marjolein Kikkert, Brian Leonard MarkAbstract:Protein ubiquitination regulates important innate immune responses. Ubiquitin (Ub) can be attached to lysine residues on cellular proteins to promote, among other activities, the innate immune responses of the cell. These pathways can in turn be downregulated by the removal of Ub from cellular proteins by deubiquitinases (DUBs). Viruses of the order Nidovirales have positive-sense, single stranded RNA genomes. Within this order are the families Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae, which include viruses known to cause severe disease in humans and animals, respectively. Members of the families Coronaviridae and Arteriviridae share a common mechanism of gene expression, whereby the viral nonstructural proteins (nsps) are initially expressed as a single polyprotein, which is then cleaved into functional units by papain-like protease (PLP) domains encoded within. Interestingly, while also being necessary for viral replication, a number of Nidovirus PLPs have been shown to remove Ub from host proteins, in order to down-regulate the host innate immune response. Here we present the crystal structure of a Nidovirus PLP in complex with Ub. The structure allowed for the characterization of a Ub-binding interface, and identification of specific residues involved in Ub recognition that are distant from the enzyme active site. The selective inactivation of DUB activity of viral PLP enzymes verses their polyprotein cleavage activity by site directed mutagenesis is allowing us to understand the role of DUB activity in evading innate immune responses of the host, and opens the door for the development of improved live attenuated vaccines against Nidoviruses and other viruses encoding similar dual specificity proteases.
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Mesoniviridae: a proposed new family in the order Nidovirales formed by a single species of mosquito-borne viruses
Archives of virology, 2012Co-Authors: Chris Lauber, John Ziebuhr, Phan Thi Nga, Florian Zirkel, Christian Drosten, Kouichi Morita, Eric J Snijder, Sandra Junglen, Alexander E GorbalenyaAbstract:Recently, two independent surveillance studies in Cote d’Ivoire and Vietnam, respectively, led to the discovery of two mosquito-borne viruses, Cavally virus and Nam Dinh virus, with genome and proteome properties typical for viruses of the order Nidovirales. Using a state-of-the-art approach, we show that the two insect nidoviruses are (i) sufficiently different from other nidoviruses to represent a new virus family, and (ii) related to each other closely enough to be placed in the same virus species. We propose to name this new family Mesoniviridae. Meso is derived from the Greek word “mesos” (in English “in the middle”) and refers to the distinctive genome size of these insect nidoviruses, which is intermediate between that of the families Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae, while ni is an abbreviation for “nido”. A taxonomic proposal to establish the new family Mesoniviridae, genus Alphamesonivirus, and species Alphamesonivirus 1 has been approved for consideration by the Executive Committee of the ICTV.