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Lars Bohlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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recruitment in the field of balanus improvisus and mytilus edulis in response to the antifouling cyclopeptides barettin and 8 9 dihydrobarettin from the marine sponge geodia barretti
Biofouling, 2004Co-Authors: Martin Sjogren, Mia Dahlstrom, Ulf Goransson, Per R Jonsson, Lars BohlinAbstract:In this field investigation the two cyclopeptides, isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti Bowerbank (Geodiidae, Astrophorida), are shown to be very efficient in preventing recruitment of t ...
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recruitment in the field of balanus improvisus and mytilus edulis in response to the antifouling cyclopeptides barettin and 8 9 dihydrobarettin from the marine sponge geodia barretti
Biofouling, 2004Co-Authors: Martin Sjogren, Mia Dahlstrom, Ulf Goransson, Per Jonsson, Lars BohlinAbstract:In this field investigation the two cyclopeptides, isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti Bowerbank (Geodiidae, Astrophorida), are shown to be very efficient in preventing recruitment of the barnacle Balanus improvisus (Cirripedia, Crustacea) and the blue mussel Mytilis edulis (Protobranchia, Lamellibranchia) when included in different marine paints. These brominated cyclopeptides, named barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin were incorporated in different non-toxic coatings. The substances were used in the concentrations 0.1 and 0.01% in all treatments. The most efficient paint was a SPC polymer. This paint, in combination with barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin, reduced the recruitment of B. improvisus by 89% (barettin, 0.1%) and by 67% (8,9-dihydrobarettin, 0.1%) as compared to control panels. For M. edulis, the reduction of recruitment was 81% with barettin (0.1%) and 72% with 8,9-dihydrobarettin (0.1%) included in the SPC paint. This indicates that the two compounds from G. barretti could provide non-toxic alternatives as additives in antifouling paints, since the heavy metal-based marine paints are to be replaced.
Hans Tore Rapp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species
2013Co-Authors: Paco Cardenas, Hans Tore RappAbstract:We report and describe new material of streptaster-bearing Astrophorida sponges collected in Norway: Characella pachastrelloides, Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov., Poecillastra compressa, Vulcanella cf. aberrans, Thenea abyssorum, Thenea levis, Thenea muricata and Thenea valdiviae. Because many of these species were described in the end of the 19 th century their original descriptions are often incomplete. The Norwegian specimens are the basis for a revision of the morphology, taxonomy and distribution of these species. These are the first records of C. pachastrelloides and V. cf. aberrans from the Norwegian coast. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. differs from Pachastrella monilifera by (i) its knobby surface and (ii) the absence of large oxeas, (iii) its amphiasters have on average less actines and are less spiny, finally (iv) microxeas are rare and with a distinct morphology (although there is some doubt concerning their origin). In the present study, Characella tuberosa (from South Africa), Pachastrella abyssi (from the North-West Atlantic) and Thenea schmidti (from the North-East Atlantic) are resurrected. To help their future identifications, all the Norwegian species described were associated with DNA barcodes: a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial fragment and/or a 28S ribosomal gene partial fragment (C1–D2 domains). Furthermore, a key to the streptaster-bearing Astrophorida of the North-East Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea is also given (lithistids not included). Abstract [French
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Molecular Phylogeny of the Astrophorida ([i]Porifera, Demospongiaep[/i]) Reveals an Unexpected High Level of Spicule Homoplasy
PLoS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Paco Cardenas, Joana R. Xavier, Christoffer Schander, Julie Reveillaud, Hans Tore RappAbstract:Background: The Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(rho)) is geographically and bathymetrically widely distributed. Systema Porifera currently includes five families in this order: Ancorinidae, Calthropellidae, Geodiidae, Pachastrellidae and Thrombidae. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies including Astrophorida species are scarce and offer limited sampling. Phylogenetic relationships within this order are therefore for the most part unknown and hypotheses based on morphology largely untested. Astrophorida taxa have very diverse spicule sets that make them a model of choice to investigate spicule evolution. Methodology/Principal Findings: With a sampling of 153 specimens (9 families, 29 genera, 89 species) covering the deep- and shallow-waters worldwide, this work presents the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial sequence and the 59 end terminal part of the 28S rDNA gene (C1-D2 domains). The resulting tree suggested that i) the Astrophorida included some lithistid families and some Alectonidae species, ii) the sub-orders EuAstrophorida and Streptosclerophorida were both polyphyletic, iii) the Geodiidae, the Ancorinidae and the Pachastrellidae were not monophyletic, iv) the Calthropellidae was part of the Geodiidae clade (Calthropella at least), and finally that v) many genera were polyphyletic (Ecionemia, Erylus, Poecillastra, Penares, Rhabdastrella, Stelletta and Vulcanella). Conclusion: The Astrophorida is a larger order than previously considered, comprising ca. 820 species. Based on these results, we propose new classifications for the Astrophorida using both the classical rank-based nomenclature (i.e., Linnaean classification) and the phylogenetic nomenclature following the PhyloCode, independent of taxonomic rank. A key to the Astrophorida families, sub-families and genera incertae sedis is also included. Incongruences between our molecular tree and the current classification can be explained by the banality of convergent evolution and secondary loss in spicule evolution. These processes have taken place many times, in all the major clades, for megascleres and microscleres.
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Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(p)) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2011Co-Authors: Paco Cardenas, Joana R. Xavier, Christoffer Schander, Julie Reveillaud, Hans Tore RappAbstract:The Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(p)) is geographically and bathymetrically widely distributed. Systema Porifera currently includes five families in this order: Ancorinidae, Calthropellidae, Geodiidae, Pachastrellidae and Thrombidae. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies including Astrophorida species are scarce and offer limited sampling. Phylogenetic relationships within this order are therefore for the most part unknown and hypotheses based on morphology largely untested. Astrophorida taxa have very diverse spicule sets that make them a model of choice to investigate spicule evolution.With a sampling of 153 specimens (9 families, 29 genera, 89 species) covering the deep- and shallow-waters worldwide, this work presents the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial sequence and the 5' end terminal part of the 28S rDNA gene (C1-D2 domains). The resulting tree suggested that i) the Astrophorida included some lithistid families and some Alectonidae species, ii) the sub-orders EuAstrophorida and Streptosclerophorida were both polyphyletic, iii) the Geodiidae, the Ancorinidae and the Pachastrellidae were not monophyletic, iv) the Calthropellidae was part of the Geodiidae clade (Calthropella at least), and finally that v) many genera were polyphyletic (Ecionemia, Erylus, Poecillastra, Penares, Rhabdastrella, Stelletta and Vulcanella).The Astrophorida is a larger order than previously considered, comprising ca. 820 species. Based on these results, we propose new classifications for the Astrophorida using both the classical rank-based nomenclature (i.e., Linnaean classification) and the phylogenetic nomenclature following the PhyloCode, independent of taxonomic rank. A key to the Astrophorida families, sub-families and genera incertae sedis is also included. Incongruences between our molecular tree and the current classification can be explained by the banality of convergent evolution and secondary loss in spicule evolution. These processes have taken place many times, in all the major clades, for megascleres and microscleres
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molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the geodiidae porifera demospongiae Astrophorida combining phylogenetic and linnaean classification
Zoologica Scripta, 2010Co-Authors: Paco Cairdenas, Hans Tore Rapp, Christoffer Schander, Ole Secher TendalAbstract:Cardenas, P., Rapp, H. T., Schander, C. & Tendal, O. S. (2009). Molecular taxonomy and phylogeny of the Geodiidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Astrophorida) – combining phylogenetic and Linnaean classification.—Zoologica Scripta, 39, 89–106. According to the fossil records, the Geodiidae represents one of the oldest families of demosponges (Phylum Porifera). There are approximately 220 described extant species, geographically and bathymetrically widely distributed around the world. Species of this family all share a two-layered cortex with ball-shaped spicules called ‘sterrasters’ in the endocortex. However, molecular studies have questioned the monophyly of the group. Moreover, the evolutionary history and the intrafamily relationships of the Geodiidae are not fully resolved. Using a partial sequence of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene and a partial sequence of the 28S rDNA gene (D1–D2 domains), we present the first molecular phylogeny focusing on this group. The congruent results from the two gene fragments suggest that (i) the Geodiidae is monophyletic, (ii) the Erylinae/Geodinae subdivision sensuSollas, 1888 is valid and that (iii) Isops and Sidonops are junior synonyms of Geodia. The synonymization of Isops and Sidonops implies that the oscule/pore morphology as a diagnostic character should be abandoned. Geodia hentscheli nom. nov. has been given for Geodia mesotriaena (Hentschel, 1929). This study served as the basis for a revised phylogenetic classification of the Geodiidae. Well-supported clades led to the establishment of clade names following the PhyloCode. The Geodinae clade is strongly supported and notably composed of Depressiogeodia, Cydonium and Geodia. A morphological synapomorphy of Geodinae is the presence of euasters in the ectocortex. The Erylinae (Erylus, Penares, Caminus and Pachymatisma) form a strongly supported monophyletic group with three morphological synapomorphies: (i) loss of anatriaenes and protriaenes, (ii) microrhabds (or spherules) in the ectocortex and (iii) short-shafted triaenes. The Erylus monophyly is ambiguous. Erylus species are distributed in three well-supported clades. Finally, spicule homology in the cortex of the Geodiidae is discussed.
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sexual reproduction of geodia barretti bowerbank 1858 porifera Astrophorida in two scandinavian fjords
2007Co-Authors: F Spetland, Friederike Hoffmann, Hans Tore Rapp, Ole Secher TendalAbstract:The gametogenesis in the common cold-water sponge Geodia barretti is described from two Scandinavian fjords through a year cycle: in Korsfjorden, western Norway, and in Kosterfjorden on the Swedish west-coast. The reproductive cycle is annual for both populations, with one or two periods of gamete release per year. Individuals within the same local population reproduce simultaneously within a restricted period of time. Geodia barretti is a dioecious and oviparous sponge, with oocytes (up to 100 µm in diameter) and spermatic cysts (up to 125 µm in diameter) organised in clusters within the mesohyl. The sponge has asynchronous spermatogenesis and synchronous oogenesis. Asexual reproduction has not been observed. The onset of the reproduction coincides with the phytoplankton blooms in both fjords: Gametes are released in early summer, just after the phytoplankton spring bloom is over. In Kosterfjorden, however, an additional release of gametes occurs in October, just after the autumn phytoplankton bloom. In both fjord systems reproduction of G. barretti thus matches the peaks in sedimentation of organic matter that follow after phytoplankton blooms.
Cárdenas Paco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species
2019Co-Authors: Kelly Michelle, Cárdenas Paco, Rush Nicola, Sim-smith Carina, Macpherson Diana, Page Mike, Bell, Lori J.Abstract:Due to the possession of huge contort strongyles, and a lack of triaenes in an otherwise 'astrophorine' spicule complement, the phylogenetic position of the endemic, monospecific New Zealand sponge genus, Lamellomorpha Bergquist, 1968, has remained enigmatic. The genus was established within Jaspidae de Laubenfels, 1968 (in the abandoned order Epipolasida Sollas, 1888), but it was not until 2002 that the genus was transferred formally to Astrophorina Sollas, 1887, albeit incertae sedis, by Hooper & Maldonado (2002). In this study, we recognise specimens of Lamellomorpha from the Subantarctic New Zealand region and Chatham Rise, considered by Bergquist to be conspecific with the type species, L. strongylata Bergquist, 1968, first described from the Three Kings-Spirits Bay region of Northland, as the new species, L. australis Kelly & Cárdenas sp. nov. These two species of Lamellomorpha have differences in external morphology and colour, skeletal architecture and spicules, natural products, geographical distribution, and depth ranges. Sequencing of the COI Folmer barcode/mini-barcode and of 28S (C1–C2 domains) of these two species suggests phylogenetic affinities of Lamellomorpha with the tetractinellid suborder Astrophorina and the family Vulcanellidae Cárdenas et al., 2011. Two Subantarctic New Zealand species of the vulcanellid genus Poecillastra Sollas, 1888, P. ducitriaena Kelly & Cárdenas sp. nov. and P. macquariensis Kelly & Cárdenas sp. nov., provide further support for the close relationship of Lamellomorpha and Poecillastra
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Molecular study supports the position of the New Zealand endemic genus Lamellomorpha in the family Vulcanellidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida), with the description of three new species
'Museum National D''Histoire Naturelle', 2019Co-Authors: Kelly Michelle, Cárdenas Paco, Rush Nicola, Sim-smith Carina, Macpherson Diana, Page Mike, Bell, Lori J.Abstract:Due to the possession of huge contort strongyles, and a lack of triaenes in an otherwise 'astrophorine' spicule complement, the phylogenetic position of the endemic, monospecific New Zealand sponge genus, Lamellomorpha Bergquist, 1968, has remained enigmatic. The genus was established within Jaspidae de Laubenfels, 1968 (in the abandoned order Epipolasida Sollas, 1888), but it was not until 2002 that the genus was transferred formally to Astrophorina Sollas, 1887, albeit incertae sedis, by Hooper & Maldonado (2002). In this study, we recognise specimens of Lamellomorpha from the Subantarctic New Zealand region and Chatham Rise, considered by Bergquist to be conspecific with the type species, L. strongylata Bergquist, 1968, first described from the Three Kings-Spirits Bay region of Northland, as the new species, L. australis Kelly & Cardenas sp. nov. These two species of Lamellomorpha have differences in external morphology and colour, skeletal architecture and spicules, natural products, geographical distribution, and depth ranges. Sequencing of the COI Folmer barcode/mini-barcode and of 28S (C1-C2 domains) of these two species suggests phylogenetic affinities of Lamellomorpha with the tetractinellid suborder Astrophorina and the family Vulcanellidae Cardenas et al., 2011. Two Subantarctic New Zealand species of the vulcanellid genus Poecillastra Sollas, 1888, P. ducitriaena Kelly & Cardenas sp. nov. and P. macquariensis Kelly & Cardenas sp. nov., provide further support for the close relationship of Lamellomorpha and Poecillastra
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Molecular and morphological data from Thoosidae in favour of the creation of a new suborder of Tetractinellida
'Informa UK Limited', 2018Co-Authors: Luis Carballo Jose, Cárdenas Paco, Bautista-guerrero Eric, Cruz-barraza, Jose Antonio, Aguilar-camacho, Jose MariaAbstract:The Thoosidae (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) currently includes the genera Thoosa, Alectona, and Delectona. To this date, molecular data are only available for Alectona. In this study, the phylogenetic affinities of the genera Thoosa and Alectona have been investigated with the species T. mismalolli, T. calpulli, and T. purpurea from the Mexican Pacific using morphology and three molecular loci: the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1 mtDNA), 28S rRNA (fragment D2), and 18S rRNA. Morphology and embryology showed that these genera are quite different from the rest of the tetractinellids because larvae of Alectona and Thoosa have unique features in sponges, such as the presence of monaxonic discs in Thoosa and tetraxonic discs in Alectona which disappear in the adult stages. A phylogenetic analysis using selected species from the order Tetractinellida revealed that Thoosa groups with Alectona thus confirming morphological studies. The peculiarities in spiculation and embryology of the Thoosa and Alectona larvae, which are markedly different from species belonging to the suborders Astrophorina and Spirophorina and their distant phylogenetic position (based on three molecular loci), suggest that Thoosidae could be placed in the new suborder Thoosina
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Reconstruction of Family-Level Phylogenetic Relationships within Demospongiae (Porifera) Using Nuclear Encoded Housekeeping Genes
Public Library of Science, 2013Co-Authors: Hill Malcolm S., Hill April L., Lopez Jose, Peterson Kevin J., Pomponi Shirley, Diaz Maria C., Thacker Robert W., Adamska Maja, Boury-esnault Nicole, Cárdenas PacoAbstract:Demosponges are challenging for phylogenetic systematics because of their plastic and relatively simple morphologies and many deep divergences between major clades. To improve understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within Demospongiae, we sequenced and analyzed seven nuclear housekeeping genes involved in a variety of cellular functions from a diverse group of sponges., we did not recover monophyletic Astrophorina or Spirophorina. Our results also reaffirmed the monophyly of order Poecilosclerida (excluding Desmacellidae and Raspailiidae), and polyphyly of Hadromerida and Halichondrida.These results, using an independent nuclear gene set, confirmed many hypotheses based on ribosomal and/or mitochondrial genes, and they also identified clades with low statistical support or clades that conflicted with traditional morphological classification. Our results will serve as a basis for future exploration of these outstanding questions using more taxon- and gene-rich datasets
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A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species
2012Co-Authors: Cárdenas Paco, Rapp, Hans ToreAbstract:Cárdenas, Paco, Rapp, Hans Tore (2012): A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species. Zootaxa 3253: 1-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28059
Martin Sjogren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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recruitment in the field of balanus improvisus and mytilus edulis in response to the antifouling cyclopeptides barettin and 8 9 dihydrobarettin from the marine sponge geodia barretti
Biofouling, 2004Co-Authors: Martin Sjogren, Mia Dahlstrom, Ulf Goransson, Per R Jonsson, Lars BohlinAbstract:In this field investigation the two cyclopeptides, isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti Bowerbank (Geodiidae, Astrophorida), are shown to be very efficient in preventing recruitment of t ...
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recruitment in the field of balanus improvisus and mytilus edulis in response to the antifouling cyclopeptides barettin and 8 9 dihydrobarettin from the marine sponge geodia barretti
Biofouling, 2004Co-Authors: Martin Sjogren, Mia Dahlstrom, Ulf Goransson, Per Jonsson, Lars BohlinAbstract:In this field investigation the two cyclopeptides, isolated from the marine sponge Geodia barretti Bowerbank (Geodiidae, Astrophorida), are shown to be very efficient in preventing recruitment of the barnacle Balanus improvisus (Cirripedia, Crustacea) and the blue mussel Mytilis edulis (Protobranchia, Lamellibranchia) when included in different marine paints. These brominated cyclopeptides, named barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin were incorporated in different non-toxic coatings. The substances were used in the concentrations 0.1 and 0.01% in all treatments. The most efficient paint was a SPC polymer. This paint, in combination with barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin, reduced the recruitment of B. improvisus by 89% (barettin, 0.1%) and by 67% (8,9-dihydrobarettin, 0.1%) as compared to control panels. For M. edulis, the reduction of recruitment was 81% with barettin (0.1%) and 72% with 8,9-dihydrobarettin (0.1%) included in the SPC paint. This indicates that the two compounds from G. barretti could provide non-toxic alternatives as additives in antifouling paints, since the heavy metal-based marine paints are to be replaced.
Paco Cardenas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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phylogeny and systematics of demospongiae in light of new small subunit ribosomal dna 18s sequences
Integrative and Comparative Biology, 2013Co-Authors: Niamh E Redmond, Paco Cardenas, Robert W Thacker, Christine Morrow, Bernard Picton, Nicole Bouryesnault, Eduardo Hajdu, M C Diaz, Gisele Lobohajdu, Shirley A. PomponiAbstract:The most diverse and species-rich class of the phylum Porifera is Demospongiae. In recent years, the systematics of this clade, which contains more than 7000 species, has developed rapidly in light of new studies combining molecular and morphological observations. We add more than 500 new, nearly complete 18S sequences (an increase of more than 200%) in an attempt to further enhance understanding of the phylogeny of Demospongiae. Our study specifically targets representation of type species and genera that have never been sampled for any molecular data in an effort to accelerate progress in classifying this diverse lineage. Our analyses recover four highly supported subclasses of Demospongiae: Keratosa, Myxospongiae, Haploscleromorpha, and Heteroscleromorpha. Within Keratosa, neither Dendroceratida, nor its two families, Darwinellidae and Dictyodendrillidae, are monophyletic and Dictyoceratida is divided into two lineages, one predominantly composed of Dysideidae and the second containing the remaining families (Irciniidae, Spongiidae, Thorectidae, and Verticillitidae). Within Myxospongiae, we find Chondrosida to be paraphyletic with respect to the Verongida. We amend the latter to include species of the genus Chondrosia and erect a new order Chondrillida to contain remaining taxa from Chondrosida, which we now discard. Even with increased taxon sampling of Haploscleromorpha, our analyses are consistent with previous studies; however, Haliclona species are interspersed in even more clades. Haploscleromorpha contains five highly supported clades, each more diverse than previously recognized, and current families are mostly polyphyletic. In addition, we reassign Janulum spinispiculum to Haploscleromorpha and resurrect Reniera filholi as Janulum filholi comb. nov. Within the large clade Heteroscleromorpha, we confirmed 12 recently identified clades based on alternative data, as well as a sister-group relationship between the freshwater Spongillida and the family Vetulinidae. We transfer Stylissa flabelliformis to the genus Scopalina within the family Scopalinidae, which is of uncertain position. Our analyses uncover a large, strongly supported clade containing all heteroscleromorphs other than Spongillida, Vetulinidae, and Scopalinidae. Within this clade, there is a major division separating Axinellidae, Biemnida, Tetractinellida, Bubaridae, Stelligeridae, Raspailiidae, and some species of Petromica, Topsentia, and Axinyssa from Agelasida, Polymastiidae, Placospongiidae, Clionaidae, Spirastrellidae, Tethyidae, Poecilosclerida, Halichondriidae, Suberitidae, and Trachycladus. Among numerous results: (1) Spirophorina and its family Tetillidae are paraphyletic with respect to a strongly supported Astrophorina within Tetractinellida; (2) Agelasida is the earliest diverging lineage within the second clade listed above; and (3) Merlia and Desmacella appear to be the earliest diverging lineages of Poecilosclerida.
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A review of Norwegian streptaster-bearing Astrophorida (Porifera: Demospongiae: Tetractinellida), new records and a new species
2013Co-Authors: Paco Cardenas, Hans Tore RappAbstract:We report and describe new material of streptaster-bearing Astrophorida sponges collected in Norway: Characella pachastrelloides, Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov., Poecillastra compressa, Vulcanella cf. aberrans, Thenea abyssorum, Thenea levis, Thenea muricata and Thenea valdiviae. Because many of these species were described in the end of the 19 th century their original descriptions are often incomplete. The Norwegian specimens are the basis for a revision of the morphology, taxonomy and distribution of these species. These are the first records of C. pachastrelloides and V. cf. aberrans from the Norwegian coast. Pachastrella nodulosa sp. nov. differs from Pachastrella monilifera by (i) its knobby surface and (ii) the absence of large oxeas, (iii) its amphiasters have on average less actines and are less spiny, finally (iv) microxeas are rare and with a distinct morphology (although there is some doubt concerning their origin). In the present study, Characella tuberosa (from South Africa), Pachastrella abyssi (from the North-West Atlantic) and Thenea schmidti (from the North-East Atlantic) are resurrected. To help their future identifications, all the Norwegian species described were associated with DNA barcodes: a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial fragment and/or a 28S ribosomal gene partial fragment (C1–D2 domains). Furthermore, a key to the streptaster-bearing Astrophorida of the North-East Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea is also given (lithistids not included). Abstract [French
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Reconstruction of Family-Level Phylogenetic Relationships within Demospongiae (Porifera) Using Nuclear Encoded Housekeeping Genes
PLOS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Malcolm Hill, April Hill, María Díaz, Robert W Thacker, Jose V. Lopez, Shirley A. Pomponi, Kevin J Peterson, Nicole Boury-esnault, Maja Adamska, Paco CardenasAbstract:Background: Demosponges are challenging for phylogenetic systematics because of their plastic and relatively simple morphologies and many deep divergences between major clades. To improve understanding of the phylogenetic relationships within Demospongiae, we sequenced and analyzed seven nuclear housekeeping genes involved in a variety of cellular functions from a diverse group of sponges. Methodology/Principal Findings: We generated data from each of the four sponge classes (i.e., Calcarea, Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha), but focused on family-level relationships within demosponges. With data for 21 newly sampled families, our Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian-based approaches recovered previously phylogenetically defined taxa: Keratosa p , Myxospongiae p , Spongillida p , Haploscleromorpha p (the marine haplosclerids) and Democlavia p .W e found conflicting results concerning the relationships of Keratosa p and Myxospongiae p to the remaining demosponges, but our results strongly supported a clade of Haploscleromorpha p +Spongillida p +Democlavia p . In contrast to hypotheses based on mitochondrial genome and ribosomal data, nuclear housekeeping gene data suggested that freshwater sponges (Spongillida p ) are sister to Haploscleromorpha p rather than part of Democlavia p . Within Keratosa p , we found equivocal results as to the monophyly of Dictyoceratida. Within Myxospongiae p , Chondrosida and Verongida were monophyletic. A wellsupported clade within Democlavia p , Tetractinellida p , composed of all sampled members of Astrophorina and Spirophorina (including the only lithistid in our analysis), was consistently revealed as the sister group to all other members of Democlavia p . Within Tetractinellida p , we did not recover monophyletic Astrophorina or Spirophorina. Our results also reaffirmed the monophyly of order Poecilosclerida (excluding Desmacellidae and Raspailiidae), and polyphyly of Hadromerida and Halichondrida. Conclusions/Significance: These results, using an independent nuclear gene set, confirmed many hypotheses based on ribosomal and/or mitochondrial genes, and they also identified clades with low statistical support or clades that conflicted with traditional morphological classification. Our results will serve as a basis for future exploration of these outstanding questions using more taxon- and gene-rich datasets.
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Molecular Phylogeny of the Astrophorida ([i]Porifera, Demospongiaep[/i]) Reveals an Unexpected High Level of Spicule Homoplasy
PLoS ONE, 2011Co-Authors: Paco Cardenas, Joana R. Xavier, Christoffer Schander, Julie Reveillaud, Hans Tore RappAbstract:Background: The Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(rho)) is geographically and bathymetrically widely distributed. Systema Porifera currently includes five families in this order: Ancorinidae, Calthropellidae, Geodiidae, Pachastrellidae and Thrombidae. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies including Astrophorida species are scarce and offer limited sampling. Phylogenetic relationships within this order are therefore for the most part unknown and hypotheses based on morphology largely untested. Astrophorida taxa have very diverse spicule sets that make them a model of choice to investigate spicule evolution. Methodology/Principal Findings: With a sampling of 153 specimens (9 families, 29 genera, 89 species) covering the deep- and shallow-waters worldwide, this work presents the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial sequence and the 59 end terminal part of the 28S rDNA gene (C1-D2 domains). The resulting tree suggested that i) the Astrophorida included some lithistid families and some Alectonidae species, ii) the sub-orders EuAstrophorida and Streptosclerophorida were both polyphyletic, iii) the Geodiidae, the Ancorinidae and the Pachastrellidae were not monophyletic, iv) the Calthropellidae was part of the Geodiidae clade (Calthropella at least), and finally that v) many genera were polyphyletic (Ecionemia, Erylus, Poecillastra, Penares, Rhabdastrella, Stelletta and Vulcanella). Conclusion: The Astrophorida is a larger order than previously considered, comprising ca. 820 species. Based on these results, we propose new classifications for the Astrophorida using both the classical rank-based nomenclature (i.e., Linnaean classification) and the phylogenetic nomenclature following the PhyloCode, independent of taxonomic rank. A key to the Astrophorida families, sub-families and genera incertae sedis is also included. Incongruences between our molecular tree and the current classification can be explained by the banality of convergent evolution and secondary loss in spicule evolution. These processes have taken place many times, in all the major clades, for megascleres and microscleres.
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Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(p)) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy.
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2011Co-Authors: Paco Cardenas, Joana R. Xavier, Christoffer Schander, Julie Reveillaud, Hans Tore RappAbstract:The Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae(p)) is geographically and bathymetrically widely distributed. Systema Porifera currently includes five families in this order: Ancorinidae, Calthropellidae, Geodiidae, Pachastrellidae and Thrombidae. To date, molecular phylogenetic studies including Astrophorida species are scarce and offer limited sampling. Phylogenetic relationships within this order are therefore for the most part unknown and hypotheses based on morphology largely untested. Astrophorida taxa have very diverse spicule sets that make them a model of choice to investigate spicule evolution.With a sampling of 153 specimens (9 families, 29 genera, 89 species) covering the deep- and shallow-waters worldwide, this work presents the first comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida, using a cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene partial sequence and the 5' end terminal part of the 28S rDNA gene (C1-D2 domains). The resulting tree suggested that i) the Astrophorida included some lithistid families and some Alectonidae species, ii) the sub-orders EuAstrophorida and Streptosclerophorida were both polyphyletic, iii) the Geodiidae, the Ancorinidae and the Pachastrellidae were not monophyletic, iv) the Calthropellidae was part of the Geodiidae clade (Calthropella at least), and finally that v) many genera were polyphyletic (Ecionemia, Erylus, Poecillastra, Penares, Rhabdastrella, Stelletta and Vulcanella).The Astrophorida is a larger order than previously considered, comprising ca. 820 species. Based on these results, we propose new classifications for the Astrophorida using both the classical rank-based nomenclature (i.e., Linnaean classification) and the phylogenetic nomenclature following the PhyloCode, independent of taxonomic rank. A key to the Astrophorida families, sub-families and genera incertae sedis is also included. Incongruences between our molecular tree and the current classification can be explained by the banality of convergent evolution and secondary loss in spicule evolution. These processes have taken place many times, in all the major clades, for megascleres and microscleres
