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Louise M Urke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evidence based supplements for the enhancement of Athletic Performance
International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 2018Co-Authors: Louise M Urke, Pete Peeling, Marty J Innie, Paul S R Goods, Marc SimAbstract:A strong foundation in physical conditioning and sport-specific experience, in addition to a bespoke and periodized training and nutrition program, are essential for athlete development. Once these underpinning factors are accounted for, and the athlete reaches a training maturity and competition level where marginal gains determine success, a role may exist for the use of evidence-based Performance supplements. However, it is important that any decisions surrounding Performance supplements are made in consideration of robust information that suggests the use of a product is safe, legal, and effective. The following review focuses on the current evidence-base for a number of common (and emerging) Performance supplements used in sport. The supplements discussed here are separated into three categories based on the level of evidence supporting their use for enhancing sports Performance: (1) established (caffeine, creatine, nitrate, beta-alanine, bicarbonate); (2) equivocal (citrate, phosphate, carnitine); a...
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american college of sports medicine joint position statement nutrition and Athletic Performance
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2016Co-Authors: D T Thomas, Kelly Anne Erdma, Louise M UrkeAbstract:It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine that the Performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and Performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada (DC), and American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence Athletic Performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian/nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD) is a registered dietitian/nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics dietitians of canada and the american college of sports medicine nutrition and Athletic Performance
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 2016Co-Authors: Travis D Thomas, Kelly Anne Erdma, Louise M UrkeAbstract:Abstract It is the position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (Academy), Dietitians of Canada (DC), and the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) that the Performance of, and recovery from, sporting activities are enhanced by well-chosen nutrition strategies. These organizations provide guidelines for the appropriate type, amount, and timing of intake of food, fluids, and supplements to promote optimal health and Performance across different scenarios of training and competitive sport. This position paper was prepared for members of the Academy, DC, and ACSM, other professional associations, government agencies, industry, and the public. It outlines the Academy's, DC's, and ACSM's stance on nutrition factors that have been determined to influence Athletic Performance and emerging trends in the field of sports nutrition. Athletes should be referred to a registered dietitian nutritionist for a personalized nutrition plan. In the United States and in Canada, the Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics is a registered dietitian nutritionist and a credentialed sports nutrition expert.
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precooling methods and their effects on Athletic Performance a systematic review and practical applications
Sports Medicine, 2013Co-Authors: Chris R Abbiss, Mega L Ross, Paul Laurse, David T Marti, Louise M UrkeAbstract:Background Precooling is a popular strategy used to combat the debilitating effects of heat-stress-induced fatigue and extend the period in which an individual can tolerate a heat-gaining environment. Interest in precooling prior to sporting activity has increased over the past three decades, with options including the application (external) and ingestion (internal) of cold modalities including air, water and/or ice, separately or in combination, immediately prior to exercise. Although many studies have observed improvements in exercise capacity or Performance following precooling, some strategies are more logistically challenging than others, and thus are often impractical for use in competition or field settings.
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fat adaptation for Athletic Performance the nail in the coffin
Journal of Applied Physiology, 2006Co-Authors: Louise M Urke, Ente KiensAbstract:endurance athletes have a high capacity for the oxidation of fat during exercise as a legacy of their training. Therefore, it is intriguing that this capacity can be easily upregulated by the chronic consumption of a low-carbohydrate (<2.5 g·kg−1·day−1), high-fat (∼65–70% of energy) diet.
Urs Granache - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on physical fitness and Athletic Performance in youth a systematic review and meta analysis
Frontiers in Physiology, 2018Co-Authors: Martij Gable, Olaf Prieske, Tibo Hortobagyi, Urs GranacheAbstract:Combining training of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness within a training cycle could increase Athletic Performance more than single-mode training. However, the physiological effects produced by each training modality could also interfere with each other, improving Athletic Performance less than single-mode training. Because anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical differences between young and adult athletes can affect the responses to exercise training, young athletes might respond differently to concurrent training (CT) compared with adults. Thus, the aim of the present systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on selected physical fitness components and Athletic Performance in youth. A systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science identified 886 records. The studies included in the analyses examined children (girls age 6-11 years, boys age 6-13 years) or adolescents (girls age 12-18 years, boys age 14-18 years), compared CT with single-mode endurance (ET) or strength training (ST), and reported at least one strength/power-(e.g., jump height), endurance-(e.g., peak V°O2, exercise economy), or Performance-related (e.g., time trial) outcome. We calculated weighted standardized mean differences (SMDs). CT compared to ET produced small effects in favor of CT on Athletic Performance (n = 11 studies, SMD = 0.41, p = 0.04) and trivial effects on cardiorespiratory endurance (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.04, p = 0.86) and exercise economy (n = 5 studies, SMD = 0.16, p = 0.49) in young athletes. A sub-analysis of chronological age revealed a trend toward larger effects of CT vs. ET on Athletic Performance in adolescents (SMD = 0.52) compared with children (SMD = 0.17). CT compared with ST had small effects in favor of CT on muscle power (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.23, p = 0.04). In conclusion, CT is more effective than single-mode ET or ST in improving selected measures of physical fitness and Athletic Performance in youth. Specifically, CT compared with ET improved Athletic Performance in children and particularly adolescents. Finally, CT was more effective than ST in improving muscle power in youth.
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effects of resistance training in youth athletes on muscular fitness and Athletic Performance a conceptual model for long term athlete development
Frontiers in Physiology, 2016Co-Authors: Urs Granache, Olaf Prieske, Melanie Lesinski, Dirk H Usch, Thomas Muehlbaue, Christia Puta, Albe Gollhofe, David G EhmAbstract:During the stages of long-term athlete development (LTAD), resistance training (RT) is an important means for (i) stimulating Athletic development, (ii) tolerating the demands of long-term training and competition, and (iii) inducing long-term health promoting effects that are robust over time and track into adulthood. However, there is a gap in the literature with regards to optimal RT methods during LTAD and how RT is linked to biological age. Thus, the aims of this scoping review were (i) to describe and discuss the effects of RT on muscular fitness and Athletic Performance in youth athletes, (ii) to introduce a conceptual model on how to appropriately implement different types of RT within LTAD stages, and (iii) to identify research gaps from the existing literature by deducing implications for future research. In general, RT produced small-to-moderate effects on muscular fitness and Athletic Performance in youth athletes with muscular strength showing the largest improvement. Free weight, complex, and plyometric training appear to be well-suited to improve muscular fitness and Athletic Performance. In addition, balance training appears to be an important preparatory (facilitating) training program during all stages of LTAD but particularly during the early stages. As youth athletes become more mature, specificity, and intensity of RT methods increase. This scoping review identified research gaps that are summarized in the following and that should be addressed in future studies: (i) to elucidate the influence of gender and biological age on the adaptive potential following RT in youth athletes (especially in females), (ii) to describe RT protocols in more detail (i.e., always report stress and strain-based parameters), and (iii) to examine neuromuscular and tendomuscular adaptations following RT in youth athletes.
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neuromuscular and Athletic Performance following core strength training in elite youth soccer role of instability
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2016Co-Authors: Olaf Prieske, Thomas Muehlbaue, David G Ehm, Ro Orde, M Gube, Urs GranacheAbstract:Cross-sectional studies revealed that inclusion of unstable elements in core-strengthening exercises produced increases in trunk muscle activity and thus potential extra stimuli to induce more pronounced Performance enhancements in youth athletes. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate changes in neuromuscular and Athletic Performance following core strength training performed on unstable (CSTU) compared with stable surfaces (CSTS) in youth soccer players. Thirty-nine male elite soccer players (age: 17 ± 1 years) were assigned to two groups performing a progressive core strength-training program for 9 weeks (2–3 times/week) in addition to regular in-season soccer training. CSTS group conducted core exercises on stable (i.e., floor, bench) and CSTU group on unstable (e.g., Thera-Band® Stability Trainer, Togu© Swiss ball) surfaces. Measurements included tests for assessing trunk muscle strength/activation, countermovement jump height, sprint time, agility time, and kicking Performance. Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of test (pre vs post) for trunk extensor strength (5%, P < 0.05, d = 0.86), 10–20-m sprint time (3%, P < 0.05, d = 2.56), and kicking Performance (1%, P < 0.01, d = 1.28). No significant Group × test interactions were observed for any variable. In conclusion, trunk muscle strength, sprint, and kicking Performance improved following CSTU and CSTS when conducted in combination with regular soccer training.
Olaf Prieske - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on physical fitness and Athletic Performance in youth a systematic review and meta analysis
Frontiers in Physiology, 2018Co-Authors: Martij Gable, Olaf Prieske, Tibo Hortobagyi, Urs GranacheAbstract:Combining training of muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness within a training cycle could increase Athletic Performance more than single-mode training. However, the physiological effects produced by each training modality could also interfere with each other, improving Athletic Performance less than single-mode training. Because anthropometric, physiological, and biomechanical differences between young and adult athletes can affect the responses to exercise training, young athletes might respond differently to concurrent training (CT) compared with adults. Thus, the aim of the present systematic review with meta-analysis was to determine the effects of concurrent strength and endurance training on selected physical fitness components and Athletic Performance in youth. A systematic literature search of PubMed and Web of Science identified 886 records. The studies included in the analyses examined children (girls age 6-11 years, boys age 6-13 years) or adolescents (girls age 12-18 years, boys age 14-18 years), compared CT with single-mode endurance (ET) or strength training (ST), and reported at least one strength/power-(e.g., jump height), endurance-(e.g., peak V°O2, exercise economy), or Performance-related (e.g., time trial) outcome. We calculated weighted standardized mean differences (SMDs). CT compared to ET produced small effects in favor of CT on Athletic Performance (n = 11 studies, SMD = 0.41, p = 0.04) and trivial effects on cardiorespiratory endurance (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.04, p = 0.86) and exercise economy (n = 5 studies, SMD = 0.16, p = 0.49) in young athletes. A sub-analysis of chronological age revealed a trend toward larger effects of CT vs. ET on Athletic Performance in adolescents (SMD = 0.52) compared with children (SMD = 0.17). CT compared with ST had small effects in favor of CT on muscle power (n = 4 studies, SMD = 0.23, p = 0.04). In conclusion, CT is more effective than single-mode ET or ST in improving selected measures of physical fitness and Athletic Performance in youth. Specifically, CT compared with ET improved Athletic Performance in children and particularly adolescents. Finally, CT was more effective than ST in improving muscle power in youth.
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effects of resistance training in youth athletes on muscular fitness and Athletic Performance a conceptual model for long term athlete development
Frontiers in Physiology, 2016Co-Authors: Urs Granache, Olaf Prieske, Melanie Lesinski, Dirk H Usch, Thomas Muehlbaue, Christia Puta, Albe Gollhofe, David G EhmAbstract:During the stages of long-term athlete development (LTAD), resistance training (RT) is an important means for (i) stimulating Athletic development, (ii) tolerating the demands of long-term training and competition, and (iii) inducing long-term health promoting effects that are robust over time and track into adulthood. However, there is a gap in the literature with regards to optimal RT methods during LTAD and how RT is linked to biological age. Thus, the aims of this scoping review were (i) to describe and discuss the effects of RT on muscular fitness and Athletic Performance in youth athletes, (ii) to introduce a conceptual model on how to appropriately implement different types of RT within LTAD stages, and (iii) to identify research gaps from the existing literature by deducing implications for future research. In general, RT produced small-to-moderate effects on muscular fitness and Athletic Performance in youth athletes with muscular strength showing the largest improvement. Free weight, complex, and plyometric training appear to be well-suited to improve muscular fitness and Athletic Performance. In addition, balance training appears to be an important preparatory (facilitating) training program during all stages of LTAD but particularly during the early stages. As youth athletes become more mature, specificity, and intensity of RT methods increase. This scoping review identified research gaps that are summarized in the following and that should be addressed in future studies: (i) to elucidate the influence of gender and biological age on the adaptive potential following RT in youth athletes (especially in females), (ii) to describe RT protocols in more detail (i.e., always report stress and strain-based parameters), and (iii) to examine neuromuscular and tendomuscular adaptations following RT in youth athletes.
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neuromuscular and Athletic Performance following core strength training in elite youth soccer role of instability
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2016Co-Authors: Olaf Prieske, Thomas Muehlbaue, David G Ehm, Ro Orde, M Gube, Urs GranacheAbstract:Cross-sectional studies revealed that inclusion of unstable elements in core-strengthening exercises produced increases in trunk muscle activity and thus potential extra stimuli to induce more pronounced Performance enhancements in youth athletes. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate changes in neuromuscular and Athletic Performance following core strength training performed on unstable (CSTU) compared with stable surfaces (CSTS) in youth soccer players. Thirty-nine male elite soccer players (age: 17 ± 1 years) were assigned to two groups performing a progressive core strength-training program for 9 weeks (2–3 times/week) in addition to regular in-season soccer training. CSTS group conducted core exercises on stable (i.e., floor, bench) and CSTU group on unstable (e.g., Thera-Band® Stability Trainer, Togu© Swiss ball) surfaces. Measurements included tests for assessing trunk muscle strength/activation, countermovement jump height, sprint time, agility time, and kicking Performance. Statistical analysis revealed significant main effects of test (pre vs post) for trunk extensor strength (5%, P < 0.05, d = 0.86), 10–20-m sprint time (3%, P < 0.05, d = 2.56), and kicking Performance (1%, P < 0.01, d = 1.28). No significant Group × test interactions were observed for any variable. In conclusion, trunk muscle strength, sprint, and kicking Performance improved following CSTU and CSTS when conducted in combination with regular soccer training.
Kathryn N North - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is evolutionary loss our gain the role of actn3 p arg577ter r577x genotype in Athletic Performance ageing and disease
Human Mutation, 2018Co-Authors: Peter J Houweling, Jane T Seto, Juan Del Coso, Laura M Perez, Ioannis Papadimitriou, Alejandro Lucia, Kathryn N North, Nir EynonAbstract:: A common null polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene (rs1815739:C>T) results in replacement of an arginine (R) with a premature stop codon (X) at amino acid 577 in the fast muscle protein α-actinin-3. The ACTN3 p.Arg577Ter allele (aka p.R577* or R577X) has undergone positive selection, with an increase in the X allele frequency as modern humans migrated out of Africa into the colder, less species-rich Eurasian climates suggesting that the absence of α-actinin-3 may be beneficial in these conditions. Approximately 1.5 billion people worldwide are completely deficient in α-actinin-3. While the absence of α-actinin-3 influences skeletal muscle function and metabolism this does not result in overt muscle disease. α-Actinin-3 deficiency (ACTN3 XX genotype) is constantly underrepresented in sprint/power Performance athletes. However, recent findings from our group and others suggest that the ACTN3 R577X genotype plays a role beyond Athletic Performance with effects observed in ageing, bone health, and inherited muscle disorders such as McArdle disease and Duchenne muscle dystrophy. In this review, we provide an update on the current knowledge regarding the influence of ACTN3 R577X on skeletal muscle function and its potential biological and clinical implications. We also outline future research directions to explore the role of α-actinin-3 in healthy and diseased populations.
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actn3 a genetic influence on muscle function and Athletic Performance
Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 2007Co-Authors: Daniel G Macarthur, Kathryn N NorthAbstract:A common variant of the ACTN3 gene, R577X, results in complete deficiency of the [alpha]-actinin-3 protein in the fast skeletal muscle fibers of more than a billion humans worldwide. We review the evidence that this genetic variant is strongly associated with elite athlete status and with normal variation in human muscle strength and sprinting speed.
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Genes and human elite Athletic Performance
Human Genetics, 2005Co-Authors: Daniel G Macarthur, Kathryn N NorthAbstract:Physical fitness is a complex phenotype influenced by a myriad of environmental and genetic factors, and variation in human physical Performance and Athletic ability has long been recognised as having a strong heritable component. Recently, the development of technology for rapid DNA sequencing and genotyping has allowed the identification of some of the individual genetic variations that contribute to Athletic Performance. This review will examine the evidence that has accumulated over the last three decades for a strong genetic influence on human physical Performance, with an emphasis on two sets of physical traits, viz. cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle function, which are particularly important for Performance in a variety of sports. We will then review recent studies that have identified individual genetic variants associated with variation in these traits and the polymorphisms that have been directly associated with elite athlete status. Finally, we explore the scientific implications of our rapidly growing understanding of the genetic basis of variation in Performance.
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actn3 genotype is associated with human elite Athletic Performance
American Journal of Human Genetics, 2003Co-Authors: Nan Yang, Jason P Gulbin, Allan G Hahn, Simon Easteal, Daniel G Macarthur, Kathryn N North, Alan H BeggsAbstract:There is increasing evidence for strong genetic influences on Athletic Performance and for an evolutionary “trade-off” between Performance traits for speed and endurance activities. We have recently demonstrated that the skeletal-muscle actin-binding protein α-actinin-3 is absent in 18% of healthy white individuals because of homozygosity for a common stop-codon polymorphism in the ACTN3 gene, R577X. α-Actinin-3 is specifically expressed in fast-twitch myofibers responsible for generating force at high velocity. The absence of a disease phenotype secondary to α-actinin-3 deficiency is likely due to compensation by the homologous protein, α-actinin-2. However, the high degree of evolutionary conservation of ACTN3 suggests function(s) independent of ACTN2. Here, we demonstrate highly significant associations between ACTN3 genotype and Athletic Performance. Both male and female elite sprint athletes have significantly higher frequencies of the 577R allele than do controls. This suggests that the presence of α-actinin-3 has a beneficial effect on the function of skeletal muscle in generating forceful contractions at high velocity, and provides an evolutionary advantage because of increased sprint Performance. There is also a genotype effect in female sprint and endurance athletes, with higher than expected numbers of 577RX heterozygotes among sprint athletes and lower than expected numbers among endurance athletes. The lack of a similar effect in males suggests that the ACTN3 genotype affects Athletic Performance differently in males and females. The differential effects in sprint and endurance athletes suggests that the R577X polymorphism may have been maintained in the human population by balancing natural selection.
Sue Ly Lau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of vitamin d in skeletal muscle falls strength Athletic Performance and insulin sensitivity
Clinical Endocrinology, 2014Co-Authors: Christia M Girgis, Roderick J Cliftonbligh, Nigel Turne, Sue Ly Lau, Jenny E GuntoAbstract:Accompanying the high rates of vitamin D deficiency observed in many countries, there is increasing interest in the physiological functions of vitamin D. Vitamin D is recognized to exert extra-skeletal actions in addition to its classic roles in bone and mineral homeostasis. Here, we review the evidence for vitamin D's actions in muscle on the basis of observational studies, clinical trials and basic research. Numerous observational studies link vitamin D deficiency with muscle weakness and sarcopaenia. Randomized trials predominantly support an effect of vitamin D supplementation and the prevention of falls in older or institutionalized patients. Studies have also examined the effect of vitamin D in Athletic Performance, both inferentially by UV radiation and directly by vitamin D supplementation. Effects of vitamin D in muscle metabolic function, specifically insulin sensitivity, are also addressed in this review. At a mechanistic level, animal studies have evaluated the roles of vitamin D and associated minerals, calcium and phosphate, in muscle function. In vitro studies have identified molecular pathways by which vitamin D regulates muscle cell signalling and gene expression. This review evaluates evidence for the various roles of vitamin D in skeletal muscle and discusses controversies that have made this a dynamic field of research.