The Experts below are selected from a list of 4119 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Vincent Di Lollo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Attentional Blink is not affected by backward masking of t2 t2 mask soa or level of t2 impoverishment
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2012Co-Authors: Ali Jannati, Thomas M Spalek, Hayley E P Lagroix, Vincent Di LolloAbstract:Identification of the second of two targets (T2) is impaired when presented shortly after the first (T1). This Attentional Blink (AB) is thought to arise from a delay in T2 processing during which T2 is vulnerable to masking. Conventional studies have measured T2 accuracy which is constrained by the 100% ceiling. We avoided this problem by using a dynamic threshold-tracking procedure that is inherently free from ceiling constraints. In two experiments we examined how AB magnitude is affected by three masking-related factors: (a) presence/absence of T2 mask, (b) T2-mask stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), and (c) level of T2 impoverishment (signal-to-noise ratio [SNR]). In Experiment 1, overall accuracy decreased with T2-mask SOA. The magnitude of the AB, however, was invariant with SOA and with mask presence/absence. Experiment 2 further showed that the AB was invariant with T2 SNR. The relationship among mask presence/absence, SOA, and T2 SNR and the AB is encompassed in a qualitative model.
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neither backward masking of t2 nor task switching is necessary for the Attentional Blink
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2011Co-Authors: Ali Jannati, Thomas M Spalek, Vincent Di LolloAbstract:Identification of the second of two targets (T1, T2, inserted in a stream of distractors) is impaired when presented within 500 ms after the first (Attentional Blink, AB). Barring a T1-T2 task-switch, it is thought that T2 must be backward-masked to obtain an AB (Giesbrecht & Di Lollo, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 24, 1454-1466, 1998). We tested the hypothesis that Giesbrecht & Di Lollo's findings were vitiated by ceiling constraints arising from either response scale (experiment 1) or data limitations (experiment 2). In experiment 1, digit-distractors were replaced with pseudoletters to increase task difficulty, bringing performance below ceiling. An AB occurred without backward masking of T2. In experiment 2, a ceiling-free procedure estimated the number of noise dots needed for 80% T2 identification. An AB was revealed: fewer noise dots were required during the AB period than outside it. Both outcomes confirm that an AB can be obtained without either masking of T2 or task switching.
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beyond the Attentional Blink visual masking by object substitution
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1998Co-Authors: Barry Giesbrecht, Vincent Di LolloAbstract:If 2 targets are to be identified among distractors displayed in rapid sequence, correct identification of the 1st target hinders identification of the 2nd. To obtain this Attentional Blink (AB), the 1st target must be masked with a simultaneous (integration) or a delayed (interruption) mask indifferently. In 3 experiments, it was shown that the 2nd target must also be masked, but that the precise form of masking is important: An AB occurs with interruption but not with integration masking. This nonequivalence of masking paradigms parallels that found in studies of masked priming, a phenomenon arguably related to the AB. The results are explained by a revised 2-stage model (M. M. Chun & M. C. Potter, 1995).
E A Boonstra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conscious perception and the modulatory role of dopamine no effect of the dopamine d2 agonist cabergoline on visual masking the Attentional Blink and probabilistic discrimination
Psychopharmacology, 2020Co-Authors: E A Boonstra, M R Van Schouwenburg, Anil K Seth, Markus Bauer, J B Zantvoord, E M Kemper, C S Lansink, Heleen A. SlagterAbstract:Conscious perception is thought to depend on global amplification of sensory input. In recent years, striatal dopamine has been proposed to be involved in gating information and conscious access, due to its modulatory influence on thalamocortical connectivity. Since much of the evidence that implicates striatal dopamine is correlational, we conducted a double-blind crossover pharmacological study in which we administered cabergoline—a dopamine D2 agonist—and placebo to 30 healthy participants. Under both conditions, we subjected participants to several well-established experimental conscious-perception paradigms, such as backward masking and the Attentional Blink task. We found no evidence in support of an effect of cabergoline on conscious perception: key behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) findings associated with each of these tasks were unaffected by cabergoline. Our results cast doubt on a causal role for dopamine in visual perception. It remains an open possibility that dopamine has causal effects in other tasks, perhaps where perceptual uncertainty is more prominent.
Barry Giesbrecht - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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seeing the light adapting luminance reveals low level visual processes in the Attentional Blink
Brain and Cognition, 2004Co-Authors: Barry Giesbrecht, Walter F Bischof, Alan KingstoneAbstract:It is widely assumed that high-level visual processes subserve the Attentional Blink (AB). Recent evidence from studies of visual masking during the AB that were designed to directly test the contributions of high-level masking effects, however, have failed to provide empirical support for this position. The implication is that low-level visual processes are crucial to the AB. We tested this idea by manipulating adapting luminance in a standard AB paradigm. Consistent with the involvement of low-level neural mechanisms, the AB effect interacted with adapting luminance such that an AB was revealed only under photopic (light adapted) viewing conditions.
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visual masking during the Attentional Blink tests of the object substitution hypothesis
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2003Co-Authors: Barry Giesbrecht, Walter F Bischof, Alan KingstoneAbstract:When 2 masked targets are presented in a rapid sequence, correct identification of the 1st hinders identification of the 2nd. Visual masking of the 2nd target plays a critical role during this 2nd-target deficit, or "Attentional Blink" (AB). The object substitution hypothesis (B. Giesbrecht & V. Di Lollo, 1998) predicts that late-stage visual processes involved in object substitution mediate masking of the 2nd target during AB, whereby stronger masking should produce a more severe deficit. Six experiments are presented, together testing this hypothesis. Although masking by object substitution was observed, it did not interact with the AB. An alternative hypothesis is proposed stating that mostly early-stage visual processes mediate the masking effects that are critical to the AB.
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beyond the Attentional Blink visual masking by object substitution
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1998Co-Authors: Barry Giesbrecht, Vincent Di LolloAbstract:If 2 targets are to be identified among distractors displayed in rapid sequence, correct identification of the 1st target hinders identification of the 2nd. To obtain this Attentional Blink (AB), the 1st target must be masked with a simultaneous (integration) or a delayed (interruption) mask indifferently. In 3 experiments, it was shown that the 2nd target must also be masked, but that the precise form of masking is important: An AB occurs with interruption but not with integration masking. This nonequivalence of masking paradigms parallels that found in studies of masked priming, a phenomenon arguably related to the AB. The results are explained by a revised 2-stage model (M. M. Chun & M. C. Potter, 1995).
Heleen A. Slagter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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conscious perception and the modulatory role of dopamine no effect of the dopamine d2 agonist cabergoline on visual masking the Attentional Blink and probabilistic discrimination
Psychopharmacology, 2020Co-Authors: E A Boonstra, M R Van Schouwenburg, Anil K Seth, Markus Bauer, J B Zantvoord, E M Kemper, C S Lansink, Heleen A. SlagterAbstract:Conscious perception is thought to depend on global amplification of sensory input. In recent years, striatal dopamine has been proposed to be involved in gating information and conscious access, due to its modulatory influence on thalamocortical connectivity. Since much of the evidence that implicates striatal dopamine is correlational, we conducted a double-blind crossover pharmacological study in which we administered cabergoline—a dopamine D2 agonist—and placebo to 30 healthy participants. Under both conditions, we subjected participants to several well-established experimental conscious-perception paradigms, such as backward masking and the Attentional Blink task. We found no evidence in support of an effect of cabergoline on conscious perception: key behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) findings associated with each of these tasks were unaffected by cabergoline. Our results cast doubt on a causal role for dopamine in visual perception. It remains an open possibility that dopamine has causal effects in other tasks, perhaps where perceptual uncertainty is more prominent.
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Contributions of the ventral striatum to conscious perception : An intracranial EEG study of the Attentional Blink
The Journal of Neuroscience, 2016Co-Authors: Heleen A. Slagter, Ali Mazaheri, Leon C. Reteig, Ruud Smolders, P. Richard Schuurman, Mariska Mantione, Martijn Figee, Damiaan DenysAbstract:The brain is limited in its capacity to consciously process information, necessitating gating of information. While conscious perception is robustly associated with sustained, recurrent interactions between widespread cortical regions, subcortical regions, including the striatum, influence cortical activity. Here, we examined if the ventral striatum, given its ability to modulate cortical information flow, contributes to conscious perception. Using intracranial EEG, we recorded ventral striatum activity while 7 patients performed an Attentional Blink task in which they had to detect two targets (T1 and T2) in a stream of distractors. Typically, when T2 follows T1 within 100-500ms, it is often not perceived (i.e., the Attentional Blink). We found that conscious T2 perception was influenced and signaled by ventral striatal activity. Specifically, the failure to perceive T2 was foreshadowed by a T1-induced increase in alpha and low beta oscillatory activity as early as 80ms post-T1, indicating that the Attentional Blink to T2 may be due to very early T1-driven Attentional capture. Moreover, only consciously perceived targets were associated with an increase in theta activity between 200-400ms. These unique findings shed new light on the mechanisms that give rise to the Attentional Blink by revealing that conscious target perception may be determined by T1 processing at a much earlier processing stage than traditionally believed. More generally, they indicate that ventral striatum activity may contribute to conscious perception, presumably by gating cortical information flow. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: What determines whether we become aware of a piece of information or not? Conscious access has been robustly associated with activity within a distributed network of cortical regions. Using intracranial electrophysiological recordings during an Attentional Blink task, we tested the idea that the ventral striatum, because of its ability to modulate cortical information flow, may contribute to conscious perception. We find that conscious perception is influenced, and signaled by ventral striatal activity; Short-latency (80-140ms) striatal responses to a first target determined conscious perception of a second target. Moreover, conscious perception of the second target was signaled by longer-latency (200-400ms) striatal activity. These results suggest that the ventral striatum may be part of a subcortical network that influences conscious experience.
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1 Control over experience? Magnitude of the Attentional Blink depends on meditative state
2016Co-Authors: Marieke K. Van Vugt, Heleen A. SlagterAbstract:The information processing capacity of the human mind is limited, as is evidenced by the so-called ‘Attentional-Blink ’ deficit. This deficit is believed to result from competition between stimuli for limited Attentional resources. We examined to what extent advanced meditators can manipulate their Attentional state and control performance on an Attentional Blink task. We compared the magnitude of the Attentional Blink between states of focused attention meditation (in which one focuses tightly on an object) and states of open monitoring meditation (in which one is simply aware of whatever comes into experience) in a sample of experienced meditators. We found a smaller Attentional Blink during open monitoring compared to focused attention meditation due to reduced T1 capture. Of note, this effect was only found for very experienced meditators (on average 10,704 hours of experience). These data may suggest that very advanced practitioners can exert some control over their conscious experience.
Kimron L Shapiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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alpha beta the rhythm of the Attentional Blink
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2017Co-Authors: Kimron L Shapiro, James T Enns, Simon Hanslmayr, Alejandro LlerasAbstract:Extant theories of the Attentional Blink propose that the most critical factor in determining second target accuracy is the time that elapses between the first and second targets. We report that this conclusion has overlooked an equally important determinant, namely, the frequency of the entraining stream in which these targets are embedded. Specifically, we show in two experiments that the signature of the Attentional Blink—second target accuracy that increases with intertarget lag—is significantly larger for entraining streams that are in the alpha-beta frequency range, relative to streams that are slower (theta) or faster (gamma). This finding ties the Attentional Blink critically, for the first time, to these two prominent oscillation frequencies that are known to be involved in the control of human attention and consciousness.
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the Attentional Blink reflects retrieval competition among multiple rapid serial visual presentation items tests of an interference model
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999Co-Authors: Matthew I Isaak, Kimron L Shapiro, Jesse MartinAbstract:When people respond to a target (T1) in a rapid serial visual presentation stream, their perception of a subsequent target (T2) is impaired if the intertarget stimulus onset asynchrony is between about 100 and 500 ms. Three experiments supported the interference model's (K. L. Shapiro, J. E. Raymond, & K. M. Arnell, 1994) claim that this Attentional Blink reflects competition for retrieval among multiple items in visual short-term memory. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that items appearing during the Blink are named as T2 on an above-chance proportion of trials when T2 must be identified. Experiment 3 demonstrated that both the size of the Blink and sensitivity to T2 reflected the number of items competing for retrieval as T2; such competition, moreover, occurred at a conceptual or categorical level rather than at a purely visual one. The relationship between the interference and alternative models of the Attentional Blink is discussed.
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personal names and the Attentional Blink a visual cocktail party effect
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1997Co-Authors: Kimron L Shapiro, Judy Caldwell, Robyn E SorensenAbstract:: Four experiments were carried out to investigate an early- versus late-selection explanation for the Attentional Blink (AB). In both Experiments 1 and 2, 3 groups of participants were required to identify a noun (Experiment 1) or a name (Experiment 2) target (experimental conditions) and then to identify the presence or absence of a 2nd target (probe), which was their own name, another name, or a specified noun from among a noun distractor stream (Experiment 1) or a name distractor stream (Experiment 2). The conclusions drawn are that individuals do not experience an AB for their own names but do for either other names or nouns. In Experiments 3 and 4, either the participant's own name or another name was presented, as the target and as the item that immediately followed the target, respectively. An AB effect was revealed in both experimental conditions. The results of these experiments are interpreted as support for a late-selection interference account of the AB.
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personal names and the Attentional Blink a visual cocktail party effect
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1997Co-Authors: Kimron L Shapiro, Judy Caldwell, Robyn E SorensenAbstract:: Four experiments were carried out to investigate an early- versus late-selection explanation for the Attentional Blink (AB). In both Experiments 1 and 2, 3 groups of participants were required to identify a noun (Experiment 1) or a name (Experiment 2) target (experimental conditions) and then to identify the presence or absence of a 2nd target (probe), which was their own name, another name, or a specified noun from among a noun distractor stream (Experiment 1) or a name distractor stream (Experiment 2). The conclusions drawn are that individuals do not experience an AB for their own names but do for either other names or nouns. In Experiments 3 and 4, either the participant's own name or another name was presented, as the target and as the item that immediately followed the target, respectively. An AB effect was revealed in both experimental conditions. The results of these experiments are interpreted as support for a late-selection interference account of the AB.
