The Experts below are selected from a list of 1317 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Simcha Levyadun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mullerian and Batesian Mimicry out darwinian and wallacian Mimicry in for rewarding rewardless flowers
Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Simcha LevyadunAbstract:Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry were originally defined in defensive (anti-predetory) animal systems. Later these terms were adopted by botanists studying pollination that defined rewarding flowers as Mullerian mimics and rewardless flowers as Batesian mimics. The use of these terms concerning pollination predated our recent understanding of how common plant aposematism is and the related defensive Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry types. Being non-defensive, using the terms Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry for rewarding/rewardless flowers is, however, confusing if not misleading, and is also logically inappropriate. I suggest to first stop using the terms Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry concerning rewarding/rewardless flowers and pollination, and second, to define the guild of flowers that reward pollinatiors as Darwinian mimics and those that do not reward pollinators as Wallacian mimics.
Alison Davis R Rabosky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coral snakes predict the evolution of Mimicry across New World snakes.
Nature Communications, 2016Co-Authors: Alison Davis R Rabosky, Daniel L Rabosky, Christian L. Cox, Pascal O. Title, Iris A. Holmes, Anat Feldman, Jimmy A. McguireAbstract:Batesian Mimicry, in which harmless species (mimics) deter predators by deceitfully imitating the warning signals of noxious species (models), generates striking cases of phenotypic convergence that are classic examples of evolution by natural selection. However, Mimicry of venomous coral snakes has remained controversial because of unresolved conflict between the predictions of Mimicry theory and empirical patterns in the distribution and abundance of snakes. Here we integrate distributional, phenotypic and phylogenetic data across all New World snake species to demonstrate that shifts to mimetic coloration in nonvenomous snakes are highly correlated with coral snakes in both space and time, providing overwhelming support for Batesian Mimicry. We also find that bidirectional transitions between mimetic and cryptic coloration are unexpectedly frequent over both long- and short-time scales, challenging traditional views of Mimicry as a stable evolutionary 'end point' and suggesting that insect and snake Mimicry may have different evolutionary dynamics.
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unlinked mendelian inheritance of red and black pigmentation in snakes implications for Batesian Mimicry
Evolution, 2016Co-Authors: Alison Davis R Rabosky, Daniel L RaboskyAbstract:: Identifying the genetic basis of mimetic signals is critical to understanding both the origin and dynamics of Mimicry over time. For species not amenable to large laboratory breeding studies, widespread color polymorphism across natural populations offers a powerful way to assess the relative likelihood of different genetic systems given observed phenotypic frequencies. We classified color phenotype for 2175 ground snakes (Sonora semiannulata) across the continental United States to analyze morph ratios and test among competing hypotheses about the genetic architecture underlying red and black coloration in coral snake mimics. We found strong support for a two-locus model under simple Mendelian inheritance, with red and black pigmentation being controlled by separate loci. We found no evidence of either linkage disequilibrium between loci or sex linkage. In contrast to Batesian Mimicry systems such as butterflies in which all color signal components are linked into a single "supergene," our results suggest that the mimetic signal in colubrid snakes can be disrupted through simple recombination and that color evolution is likely to involve discrete gains and losses of each signal component. Both outcomes are likely to contribute to the exponential increase in rates of color evolution seen in snake Mimicry systems over insect systems.
Teiji Sota - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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do juvenile developmental and adult body characteristics differ among genotypes at the doublesex locus that controls female limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism in papilio memnon a test for the cost of Mimicry hypothesis
Journal of Insect Physiology, 2018Co-Authors: Shinya Komata, Teiji SotaAbstract:Abstract Female-limited Batesian Mimicry may have evolved because of stronger predation pressure on females than on males, but some physiological costs of Mimicry may also hinder the evolution of Mimicry in males. In Papilio memnon, which possesses a female-limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism, two alleles at the doublesex (dsx) locus strictly control female phenotypes. To examine whether there are physiological costs associated with mimetic genotypes in the juvenile stage, we compered mortality, juvenile growth and development, and the resultant adult characteristics among three dsx genotypes (HH, Hh, hh) at a constant temperature (25 °C) and two differing day lengths (LD 14:10 and LD 12:12; the latter might induce pupal diapause) by crossing individuals heterozygous (Hh) for the dsx allele. All pupae emerged directly without diapause irrespective of day length. The genotype frequencies of the emerged individuals were consistent with the expected 1:2:1 ratio of HH:Hh:hh. The sex ratio was significantly male-biased in one of two families, but not in the other. We found no effect of genotype on any developmental or adult characteristic, although there were sex differences in most traits. The larval development time was longer and growth rate higher in females than in males; pupal weight, forewing length, and total dry mass of the thorax and abdomen were greater in females, whereas the thoracic mass/abdominal mass ratio was greater in males. We also found that the growth rate was higher and pupal period longer with a short day than with a long day. Overall, we found no evidence for physiological costs associated with the mimetic genotypes. However, it is too early to conclude that no physiological cost of Mimicry affects the evolution and maintenance of this female-limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism because we have not studied the adults of different genotypes.
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parallel evolution of Batesian Mimicry supergene in two papilio butterflies p polytes and p memnon
Science Advances, 2018Co-Authors: Takuro Iijima, Rei Kajitani, Takehiko Itoh, Shinya Komata, Teiji Sota, Haruhiko FujiwaraAbstract:Batesian Mimicry protects animals from predators when mimics resemble distasteful models. The female-limited Batesian Mimicry in Papilio butterflies is controlled by a supergene locus switching mimetic and nonmimetic forms. In Papilio polytes, recent studies revealed that a highly diversified region (HDR) containing doublesex (dsx-HDR) constitutes the supergene with dimorphic alleles and is likely maintained by a chromosomal inversion. In the closely related Papilio memnon, which exhibits a similar Mimicry polymorphism, we performed whole-genome sequence analyses in 11 butterflies, which revealed a nearly identical dsx-HDR containing three genes (dsx, Nach-like, and UXT) with dimorphic sequences strictly associated with the mimetic/nonmimetic phenotypes. In addition, expression of these genes, except that of Nach-like in female hind wings, showed differences correlated with phenotype. The dimorphic dsx-HDR in P. memnon is maintained without a chromosomal inversion, suggesting that a separate mechanism causes and maintains allelic divergence in these genes. More abundant accumulation of transposable elements and repetitive sequences in the dsx-HDR than in other genomic regions may contribute to the suppression of chromosomal recombination. Gene trees for Dsx, Nach-like, and UXT indicated that mimetic alleles evolved independently in the two Papilio species. These results suggest that the genomic region involving the above three genes has repeatedly diverged so that two allelic sequences of this region function as developmental switches for Mimicry polymorphism in the two Papilio species. The supergene structures revealed here suggest that independent evolutionary processes with different genetic mechanisms have led to parallel evolution of similar female-limited polymorphisms underlying Batesian Mimicry in Papilio butterflies.
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temporal dynamics of the mimetic allele frequency at the doublesex locus which controls polymorphic Batesian Mimicry in papilio memnon butterflies
Scientific Reports, 2017Co-Authors: Shinya Komata, Teiji SotaAbstract:Tracking allele frequencies is essential for understanding how polymorphisms of adaptive traits are maintained. In Papilio memnon butterflies, which exhibit a female-limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism (wing-pattern polymorphism), two alleles at the doublesex (dsx) locus correspond to mimetic and non-mimetic forms in females; males carry both dsx alleles but display only the non-mimetic form. This polymorphism is thought to be maintained by a negative frequency-dependent selection. By tracking dsx allele frequencies in both sexes at a Taiwanese site over four years, we found that the mimetic allele persists at intermediate frequencies even when the unpalatable model papilionid butterflies (Pachliopta and Atrophaneura species) were very rare or absent. The rates of male mate choice did not differ between the two female forms; neither did insemination number nor age composition, suggesting equivalent reproductive performance of the two forms over time. Our results characterised the temporal dynamics of the mimetic allele frequency in the field for the first time and give insights into underlying processes involved in the persistence of the female-limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism.
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identification of doublesex alleles associated with the female limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism in papilio memnon
Scientific Reports, 2016Co-Authors: Shinya Komata, Takuro Iijima, Haruhiko Fujiwara, Teiji SotaAbstract:The female-limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism in Papilio butterflies is an intriguing system for investigating the mechanism of maintenance of genetic polymorphisms. In Papilio polytes, an autosomal region encompassing the sex-determinant gene doublesex controls female-limited Mimicry polymorphism. In the closely related species P. memnon, which also exhibits female-limited Batesian Mimicry polymorphism, we identified two allelic sequences of the doublesex gene that corresponded exactly with the mimetic and non-mimetic female phenotypes. Thus, the genetic basis of the Mimicry polymorphism in P. memnon is similar to that in P. polytes. However, the mimetic and non-mimetic alleles of the two species were not identical, and the divergence of alleles occurred independently in P. memnon and P. polytes. Different mutation-selection processes may have resulted in the convergent patterns of Mimicry polymorphism in these Papilio butterflies.
Daniel L Rabosky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coral snakes predict the evolution of Mimicry across New World snakes.
Nature Communications, 2016Co-Authors: Alison Davis R Rabosky, Daniel L Rabosky, Christian L. Cox, Pascal O. Title, Iris A. Holmes, Anat Feldman, Jimmy A. McguireAbstract:Batesian Mimicry, in which harmless species (mimics) deter predators by deceitfully imitating the warning signals of noxious species (models), generates striking cases of phenotypic convergence that are classic examples of evolution by natural selection. However, Mimicry of venomous coral snakes has remained controversial because of unresolved conflict between the predictions of Mimicry theory and empirical patterns in the distribution and abundance of snakes. Here we integrate distributional, phenotypic and phylogenetic data across all New World snake species to demonstrate that shifts to mimetic coloration in nonvenomous snakes are highly correlated with coral snakes in both space and time, providing overwhelming support for Batesian Mimicry. We also find that bidirectional transitions between mimetic and cryptic coloration are unexpectedly frequent over both long- and short-time scales, challenging traditional views of Mimicry as a stable evolutionary 'end point' and suggesting that insect and snake Mimicry may have different evolutionary dynamics.
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unlinked mendelian inheritance of red and black pigmentation in snakes implications for Batesian Mimicry
Evolution, 2016Co-Authors: Alison Davis R Rabosky, Daniel L RaboskyAbstract:: Identifying the genetic basis of mimetic signals is critical to understanding both the origin and dynamics of Mimicry over time. For species not amenable to large laboratory breeding studies, widespread color polymorphism across natural populations offers a powerful way to assess the relative likelihood of different genetic systems given observed phenotypic frequencies. We classified color phenotype for 2175 ground snakes (Sonora semiannulata) across the continental United States to analyze morph ratios and test among competing hypotheses about the genetic architecture underlying red and black coloration in coral snake mimics. We found strong support for a two-locus model under simple Mendelian inheritance, with red and black pigmentation being controlled by separate loci. We found no evidence of either linkage disequilibrium between loci or sex linkage. In contrast to Batesian Mimicry systems such as butterflies in which all color signal components are linked into a single "supergene," our results suggest that the mimetic signal in colubrid snakes can be disrupted through simple recombination and that color evolution is likely to involve discrete gains and losses of each signal component. Both outcomes are likely to contribute to the exponential increase in rates of color evolution seen in snake Mimicry systems over insect systems.
Simcha Lev-yadun - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Defensive (anti-herbivory) Batesian Mimicry in plants
Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 2019Co-Authors: Simcha Lev-yadunAbstract:Several types of defensive Batesian Mimicry seem to be much more common in plants than was historically and is currently considered. It is based either on visual aspects (shape, coloration, and even movement), on odors, and on combinations of both these sensing modalities. Various characters that seem to function as defensive Batesian Mimicry, may also simultaneously take part in pollination, physiological functions, or in other defensive mechanisms. The defended models for the visual Batesian mimics in plants belong to several categories: (1) spiny, thorny and prickly plant species, (2) mechanically or chemically defended parts of the same individual plant, or other members of the same species (auto Mimicry), (3) colorful and chemically defended plants, (4) dangerous animals (aggressive, toxic), (5) fungal attacks, (6) animal action and animal damage cues, and (7) oozing defensive white latex. Olfactory defended models include: (1) toxic plants, (2) animal alarm pheromones, and (3) animal carrion and feces odors. Many more descriptive, genetic, phylogenetic and experimental studies have to be done in order to better understand the role of defensive Batesian Mimicry in plant biology.
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Müllerian and Batesian Mimicry out, Darwinian and Wallacian Mimicry in, for rewarding/rewardless flowers
Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Simcha Lev-yadunAbstract:Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry were originally defined in defensive (anti-predetory) animal systems. Later these terms were adopted by botanists studying pollination that defined rewarding flowers as Mullerian mimics and rewardless flowers as Batesian mimics. The use of these terms concerning pollination predated our recent understanding of how common plant aposematism is and the related defensive Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry types. Being non-defensive, using the terms Mullerian and Batesian Mimicry for rewarding/rewardless flowers is, however, confusing if not misleading, and is also logically inappropriate. I suggest to first stop using the terms Batesian and Mullerian Mimicry concerning rewarding/rewardless flowers and pollination, and second, to define the guild of flowers that reward pollinatiors as Darwinian mimics and those that do not reward pollinators as Wallacian mimics.
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Defensive (anti-herbivory) Batesian Mimicry in plants: Supplementary material
2018Co-Authors: Simcha Lev-yadunAbstract:Several types of defensive Batesian Mimicry seem to be much more common in plants than was historically and is currently considered. It is based either on visual aspects (shape, coloration, and even movement), on odors, and on combinations of both these sensing modalities. Various characters that seem to function as defensive Batesian Mimicry, may also simultaneously take part in pollination, physiological functions, or in other defensive mechanisms. The defended models for the visual Batesian mimics in plants belong to several categories: (1) spiny, thorny and prickly plant species, (2) mechanically or chemically defended parts of the same individual plant, or other members of the same species (auto Mimicry), (3) colorful and chemically defended plants, (4) dangerous animals (aggressive, toxic), (5) fungal attacks, (6) animal action and animal damage cues, and (7) oozing defensive white latex. Olfactory defended models include: (1) toxic plants, (2) animal alarm pheromones, and (3) animal carrion and feces odors. Many more descriptive, genetic, phylogenetic and experimental studies have to be done in order to better understand the role of defensive Batesian Mimicry in plant biology
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Additional Cases of Defensive Visual Batesian Mimicry Among Plants
Defensive (anti-herbivory) Coloration in Land Plants, 2016Co-Authors: Simcha Lev-yadunAbstract:Leaf shape is known to partly explain herbivorous insect richness on various plant taxa (Jones and Lawton 1991), and this is probably related to more than one mechanism. The little known, and even less tested visual Batesian leaf Mimicry will be briefly discussed in this short chapter. Shimshi (1979/1980) proposed that the hill ecotype of Iris atrofusca from the heavily grazed desert/steppe transition zone in Israel with its erect (ensiform) leaves that differ from the regular curved (falcate) leaves of the common type in other ecosystems is a mimic of the poisonous common geophyte Asphodelus ramosus (= A. microcarpus) of the Liliaceae that grows in the same habitat, which is not grazed in the winter and spring because of toxicity (Seligman et al. 1959). Brown and Lawton (1991) postulated that the two non-spiny species Celmisia lyalli and C. petriei (Asteraceae) growing in New Zealand look rather like spiny members of the genus Aciphylla (Apiaceae). Brown and Lawton (1991) also described the close resemblance of general plant morphology and leaf shape of the European white dead-nettle (Lamium album) to the well-defended stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) as a case of Batesian Mimicry. This nettle mimic and other species that visually mimic nettle (Lamium purpureum, Lamiastrum galeobdolon, Ballota nigra, Galeopsis tetrahit and other Galeopsis species) are named dead nettles because they lack the stings of stinging nettle (Wheeler 2004). Interestingly, in November 2015, a group of my first-year biology students wrongly identified a Ballota saxatilis plant growing on Mount Carmel, Israel as nettle during a field class when they had to collect and identify several plant species. Recently, morphological Batesian Mimicry was proposed to exist between the chemically defended leaves of the model Pseudowintera colorata by the leaves of the non-defended Alseuosmia pusilla, two species from New Zealand (Yager et al. 2016). Yager et al. (2016) showed that these two species had leaves that were morphologically distinct from all neighboring species, and that A. pusilla individuals were more similar to neighboring than to distant P. colorata plants. Moreover, 90 % of the leaf shape variation in these two species varied similarly across an altitudinal gradient. These authors used a quantitative geometric morphometric approach that allows for comparisons based on actual values and not only on general visual similarity. This is expected to allow better quantitative critera for Mimicry and for comparative studies on the strength of evolution in cases of visual Mimicry. These few examples probably reflect a much broader phenomenon, partly discussed above, for instance when Mimicry of host leaf shape by mistletoes was described. These few examples probably reflect a much broader phenomenon, partly discussed above, for instance when Mimicry of host leaf shape by mistletoes was described.
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Müllerian and Batesian Mimicry rings of white-variegated aposematic spiny and thorny plants: a hypothesis.
Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 2009Co-Authors: Simcha Lev-yadunAbstract:Twenty-one wild spiny or thorny plant species growing in Israel have been found so far that are conspicuous because of white stripes and spots found on their leaves. Twenty of these species occupy open habitats, and only one is a climber (Smilax aspera) that is found in both shady and open habitats. I propose that these spiny, thorny, or prickly conspicuous plants form a defensive Mullerian Mimicry ring. The genus Launaea (Asteraceae) includes several species that are both white variegated and spiny or thorny (a defended Mullerian Mimicry ring), and four non-thorny but variegated plants (a Batesian Mimicry ring). I propose that these four species that form a non-defended Batesian Mimicry ring enjoy the indirect protection of both their co-generic spiny and thorny species and also of defended plants from other taxa. The long history of the considerable impact of grazing in this arid region seems to have selected for this character.