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William B. Kristan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Leech Behavioral Choice
    Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, 2017
    Co-Authors: William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    New techniques for recording the activity of many neurons simultaneously have given insights into how neuronal circuits make the decision to perform one of many possible behaviors. A long-standing hypothesis for how Behavioral Choices are made in any animal is that “command neurons” are responsible for selecting individual behaviors, and that these same neurons inhibit the command neurons that elicit other behaviors. In fact, this mechanism has turned out to be just one of several ways that such decision-making is accomplished. In particular, for some Behavioral Choices, the circuits appear to overlap, sometimes extensively, to perform two or more behaviors. Making decisions using such “multifunctional neurons” has been proposed for large neural networks, but this strategy appears to be used in relatively small nervous systems, too. These simpler nervous systems can serve as useful test systems to test hypotheses about how the dynamics of networks of neurons can be used to select among different behaviors, similar to the mechanisms used by leeches deciding to swim, shorten, crawl, or feed.

  • Multiplexed modulation of Behavioral Choice
    Journal of Experimental Biology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Christopher Palmer, Megan N. Barnett, Saul Copado, Fred Gardezy, William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    Stimuli in the environment, as well as internal states, influence Behavioral Choice. Of course, animals are often exposed to multiple external and internal factors simultaneously, which makes the ultimate determinants of behavior quite complex. We observed the Behavioral responses of European leeches, Hirudo verbana, as we varied one external factor (surrounding water depth) with either another external factor (location of tactile stimulation along the body) or an internal factor (body distention following feeding). Stimulus location proved to be the primary indicator of Behavioral response. In general, anterior stimulation produced shortening behavior, midbody stimulation produced local bending, and posterior stimulation usually produced either swimming or crawling but sometimes a hybrid of the two. By producing a systematically measured map of Behavioral responses to body stimulation, we found wide areas of overlap between behaviors. When we varied the surrounding water depth, this map changed significantly, and a new feature – rotation of the body along its long axis prior to swimming – appeared. We found additional interactions between water depth and time since last feeding. A large blood meal initially made the animals crawl more and swim less, an effect that was attenuated as water depth increased. The Behavioral map returned to its pre-feeding form after approximately 3 weeks as the leeches digested their blood meal. In summary, we found multiplexed impacts on Behavioral Choice, with the map of responses to tactile stimulation modified by water depth, which itself modulated the impact that feeding had on the decision to swim or crawl.

  • Contextual modulation of Behavioral Choice.
    Current opinion in neurobiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Christopher Palmer, William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    We review the influence of context on Behavioral Choice. Context can refer to external (environmental) factors such as the season or presence of predators and it can also refer to the internal or Behavioral state of an animal. Usually, animals make decisions in the midst of other ongoing behaviors. We discuss recent findings on the impact of both types of contexts, focusing on how context gets encoded at the intersection between the sensory and motor systems, emphasizing the role of neuromodulators. We also review recent technological advances that have made feasible the exploration of neural correlates of decision making in freely moving, behaving animals.

  • Behavioral Choice by presynaptic inhibition of tactile sensory terminals
    Nature Neuroscience, 2009
    Co-Authors: Quentin Gaudry, William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    When presented with multiple stimuli, animals generally choose to respond only to one input. The neuronal mechanisms determining such Behavioral Choices are poorly understood. We found that the medicinal leech had greatly diminished responses to moderate mechanosensory input as it fed. Feeding dominated other responses by suppressing transmitter release from mechanosensory neurons onto all of their neuronal targets. The effects of feeding on synaptic transmission could be mimicked by serotonin. Furthermore, the serotonin antagonist mianserin blocked feeding-induced decreases in synaptic transmission. These results indicate that feeding predominates behaviors by using serotonin at an early stage of sensory processing, namely on presynaptic terminals of mechanosensory neurons. A feeding leech ignores incoming stimuli that would normally cause an avoidance response. This study found that synaptic transmission from mechanosensory neurons to postsynaptic partners was reduced in feeding leeches. This presynaptic depression by feeding could be mimicked by serotonin and was antagonized by a blocker of an unusual serotonin-gated chloride channel.

  • Behavioral Choice by presynaptic inhibition of tactile sensory terminals
    Nature Neuroscience, 2009
    Co-Authors: Quentin Gaudry, William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    A feeding leech ignores incoming stimuli that would normally cause an avoidance response. This study found that synaptic transmission from mechanosensory neurons to postsynaptic partners was reduced in feeding leeches. This presynaptic depression by feeding could be mimicked by serotonin and was antagonized by a blocker of an unusual serotonin-gated chloride channel.

Quentin Gaudry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Behavioral Choice by presynaptic inhibition of tactile sensory terminals
    Nature Neuroscience, 2009
    Co-Authors: Quentin Gaudry, William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    When presented with multiple stimuli, animals generally choose to respond only to one input. The neuronal mechanisms determining such Behavioral Choices are poorly understood. We found that the medicinal leech had greatly diminished responses to moderate mechanosensory input as it fed. Feeding dominated other responses by suppressing transmitter release from mechanosensory neurons onto all of their neuronal targets. The effects of feeding on synaptic transmission could be mimicked by serotonin. Furthermore, the serotonin antagonist mianserin blocked feeding-induced decreases in synaptic transmission. These results indicate that feeding predominates behaviors by using serotonin at an early stage of sensory processing, namely on presynaptic terminals of mechanosensory neurons. A feeding leech ignores incoming stimuli that would normally cause an avoidance response. This study found that synaptic transmission from mechanosensory neurons to postsynaptic partners was reduced in feeding leeches. This presynaptic depression by feeding could be mimicked by serotonin and was antagonized by a blocker of an unusual serotonin-gated chloride channel.

  • Behavioral Choice by presynaptic inhibition of tactile sensory terminals
    Nature Neuroscience, 2009
    Co-Authors: Quentin Gaudry, William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    A feeding leech ignores incoming stimuli that would normally cause an avoidance response. This study found that synaptic transmission from mechanosensory neurons to postsynaptic partners was reduced in feeding leeches. This presynaptic depression by feeding could be mimicked by serotonin and was antagonized by a blocker of an unusual serotonin-gated chloride channel.

  • Behavioral Choice by presynaptic inhibition of tactile sensory terminals
    Nature neuroscience, 2009
    Co-Authors: Quentin Gaudry, William B. Kristan
    Abstract:

    When presented with multiple stimuli, animals generally choose to respond only to one input. The neuronal mechanisms determining such Behavioral Choices are poorly understood. We found that the medicinal leech had greatly diminished responses to moderate mechanosensory input as it fed. Feeding dominated other responses by suppressing transmitter release from mechanosensory neurons onto all of their neuronal targets. The effects of feeding on synaptic transmission could be mimicked by serotonin. Furthermore, the serotonin antagonist mianserin blocked feeding-induced decreases in synaptic transmission. These results indicate that feeding predominates behaviors by using serotonin at an early stage of sensory processing, namely on presynaptic terminals of mechanosensory neurons.

Leonard H. Epstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Do Social Activities Substitute for Food in Youth?
    Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 2009
    Co-Authors: Sarah-jeanne Salvy, Lauren A. Nitecki, Leonard H. Epstein
    Abstract:

    BackgroundBehavioral economics offers a framework to understand Choice among alternatives. There is no research on the interrelationship between food and social activity in overweight and non-overweight children.PurposeThe purpose of this study is to test the substitutability of food and social interactions using Behavioral economic methods in overweight and non-overweight youth.MethodsFifty-four (24 males and 30 females) overweight and non-overweight youth aged 9 to 11 years old were tested using a Behavioral Choice paradigm which involved participants responding to earn points exchangeable for food and/or social activity.ResultsYouth substituted food for social activities when the cost of social time with an unfamiliar peer increased ( p  

  • food reinforcement and eating a multilevel analysis
    Psychological Bulletin, 2007
    Co-Authors: Leonard H. Epstein, John J Leddy, Jennifer L Temple, Myles S Faith
    Abstract:

    Eating represents a Choice among many alternative behaviors. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of how food reinforcement and Behavioral Choice theory are related to eating and to show how this theoretical approach may help organize research on eating from molecular genetics through treatment and prevention of obesity. Special emphasis is placed on how food reinforcement and Behavioral Choice theory are relevant to understanding excess energy intake and obesity and how they provide a framework for examining factors that may influence eating and are outside of those that may regulate energy homeostasis. Methods to measure food reinforcement are reviewed, along with factors that influence the reinforcing value of eating. Contributions of neuroscience and genetics to the study of food reinforcement are illustrated by using the example of dopamine. Implications of food reinforcement for obesity and positive energy balance are explored, with suggestions for novel approaches to obesity treatment based on the synthesis of Behavioral and pharmacological approaches to food reinforcement.

  • Can fruits and vegetables and activities substitute for snack foods
    Health Psychology, 2002
    Co-Authors: Gary S. Goldfield, Leonard H. Epstein
    Abstract:

    This study investigated the Choice of snack foods versus fruits and vegetables and enjoyable sedentary behaviors using a computerized Behavioral Choice task. Thirty-nine participants were provided the Choice of earning points for snack foods or fruits and vegetables (Condition 1) or snack foods or enjoyable sedentary behaviors (Condition 2). The Behavioral cost to gain access to snacks increased across trials, whereas the Behavioral costs to obtain alternatives to snack foods remained constant across trials. Results showed that when costs for snack foods and alternatives were equal, participants chose snack foods, but as the Behavioral costs increased, participants shifted Choice to the alternatives. The switch point for both alternatives was equal. Results suggest that fruits and vegetables and sedentary activities can substitute for snack foods when the Behavioral cost for snack foods is increased.

Peter Dayan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Uncertainty-based competition between prefrontal and dorsolateral striatal systems for Behavioral control
    Nature Neuroscience, 2005
    Co-Authors: Peter Dayan
    Abstract:

    A broad range of neural and Behavioral data suggests that the brain contains multiple systems for Behavioral Choice, including one associated with prefrontal cortex and another with dorsolateral striatum. However, such a surfeit of control raises an additional Choice problem: how to arbitrate between the systems when they disagree. Here, we consider dual-action Choice systems from a normative perspective, using the computational theory of reinforcement learning. We identify a key trade-off pitting computational simplicity against the flexible and statistically efficient use of experience. The trade-off is realized in a competition between the dorsolateral striatal and prefrontal systems. We suggest a Bayesian principle of arbitration between them according to uncertainty, so each controller is deployed when it should be most accurate. This provides a unifying account of a wealth of experimental evidence about the factors favoring dominance by either system.

David J Margolis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • opposing influence of sensory and motor cortical input on striatal circuitry and Choice behavior
    Current Biology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Alex J Yonk, Joost Wiskerke, Kenneth G Paradiso, James M Tepper, David J Margolis
    Abstract:

    Summary The striatum is the main input nucleus of the basal ganglia and is a key site of sensorimotor integration. While the striatum receives extensive excitatory afferents from the cerebral cortex, the influence of different cortical areas on striatal circuitry and behavior is unknown. Here, we find that corticostriatal inputs from whisker-related primary somatosensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortex differentially innervate projection neurons and interneurons in the dorsal striatum and exert opposing effects on sensory-guided behavior. Optogenetic stimulation of S1-corticostriatal afferents in ex vivo recordings produced larger postsynaptic potentials in striatal parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons than D1- or D2-expressing spiny projection neurons (SPNs), an effect not observed for M1-corticostriatal afferents. Critically, in vivo optogenetic stimulation of S1-corticostriatal afferents produced task-specific Behavioral inhibition, which was bidirectionally modulated by striatal PV interneurons. Optogenetic stimulation of M1 afferents produced the opposite Behavioral effect. Thus, our results suggest opposing roles for sensory and motor cortex in Behavioral Choice via distinct influences on striatal circuitry.

  • Pupil Dynamics Reflect Behavioral Choice and Learning in a Go/NoGo Tactile Decision-Making Task in Mice.
    Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience, 2016
    Co-Authors: Christian R. Lee, David J Margolis
    Abstract:

    The eye’s pupil undergoes dynamic changes in diameter associated with cognitive effort, motor activity, and emotional state, and can be used to index brain state across mammalian species. Recent studies in head-fixed mice have linked arousal-related pupil dynamics with global neural activity as well as the activity of specific neuronal populations. However, it has remained unclear how pupil dynamics in mice report trial-by-trial performance of Behavioral tasks, and change on a longer time scale with learning. We measured pupil dynamics longitudinally as mice learned to perform a Go/NoGo tactile decision-making task. Mice learned to discriminate between two textures presented to the whiskers by licking in response to the Go texture (Hit trial) or withholding licking in response to the NoGo texture (correct reject trial, CR). Characteristic pupil dynamics were associated with Behavioral Choices: large-amplitude pupil dilation prior to and during licking accompanied Hit and False Alarm (FA) responses, while smaller amplitude dilation followed by constriction accompanied CR responses. With learning, the Choice-dependent pupil dynamics became more pronounced, including larger amplitude dilations in both Hit and FA trials and earlier onset dilations in Hit and CR trials. A more pronounced constriction was also present in CR trials. Furthermore, pupil dynamics predicted Behavioral Choice increasingly with learning to greater than 80% accuracy. Our results indicate that pupil dynamics reflect Behavioral Choice and learning in head-fixed mice, and have implications for understanding decision- and learning-related neuronal activity in pupil-linked neural circuits.