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Nickola C. Overall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Women's Attraction to Benevolent Sexism: Needing Relationship Security Predicts Greater Attraction to Men who Endorse Benevolent Sexism
    European Journal of Social Psychology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Emily J. Cross, Nickola C. Overall
    Abstract:

    Benevolent Sexism prescribes that men should cherish and protect women in intimate relationships. Despite the romantic tone of these attitudes, prior research indicates that Benevolent Sexism undermines women's competence, ambition and independence. Ambivalent Sexism theory proposes that Benevolent Sexism is able to incur these costs because the promise of a chivalrous protective partner offers women security in their intimate relationships. We tested this key proposition by examining whether women who intensely need relationship security—women higher in attachment anxiety—are more attracted to men who endorse Benevolent Sexism. Highly anxious women (N = 632) rated men described as endorsing Benevolent Sexism as relatively more attractive, and reported greater preferences for partners to hold Benevolently sexist attitudes. These results advance understanding regarding the underlying reasons women find Benevolent Sexism appealing and identify who will be most vulnerable to the potential costs of Benevolent Sexism.

  • Perceiving Partners to Endorse Benevolent Sexism Attenuates Highly Anxious Women’s Negative Reactions to Conflict
    Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2016
    Co-Authors: Emily J. Cross, Nickola C. Overall, Matthew D. Hammond
    Abstract:

    Benevolent Sexism prescribes that men are dependent on women in relationships and should cherish their partners. The current research examined whether perceiving male partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism attenuates highly anxious women’s negative reactions to relationship conflict. Greater attachment anxiety was associated with greater distress and insecurity during couples’ conflict discussions (Study 1), during daily conflict with intimate partners (Study 2), and when recalling experiences of relationship conflict (Study 3). However, this heightened distress and insecurity was attenuated when women (but not men) perceived their partner to strongly endorse Benevolent Sexism (Studies 1-3) and thus believed their partner could be relied upon to remain invested (Study 3B). These novel results illustrate that perceiving partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism alleviates anxious women’s insecure reactions to relationship threat by conveying partner’s continued reliability. Implications of these security-enhanc...

  • perceiving partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism attenuates highly anxious women s negative reactions to conflict
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2016
    Co-Authors: Emily J. Cross, Nickola C. Overall, Matthew D. Hammond
    Abstract:

    Benevolent Sexism prescribes that men are dependent on women in relationships and should cherish their partners. The current research examined whether perceiving male partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism attenuates highly anxious women’s negative reactions to relationship conflict. Greater attachment anxiety was associated with greater distress and insecurity during couples’ conflict discussions (Study 1), during daily conflict with intimate partners (Study 2), and when recalling experiences of relationship conflict (Study 3). However, this heightened distress and insecurity was attenuated when women (but not men) perceived their partner to strongly endorse Benevolent Sexism (Studies 1-3) and thus believed their partner could be relied upon to remain invested (Study 3B). These novel results illustrate that perceiving partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism alleviates anxious women’s insecure reactions to relationship threat by conveying partner’s continued reliability. Implications of these security-enhanc...

  • Internalizing Sexism within close relationships: Perceptions of intimate partners' Benevolent Sexism promote women's endorsement of Benevolent Sexism.
    Journal of personality and social psychology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall, Emily J. Cross
    Abstract:

    The current research demonstrated that women's adoption of Benevolent Sexism is influenced by their perceptions of their intimate partners' agreement with Benevolent Sexism. In 2 dyadic longitudinal studies, committed heterosexual couples reported on their own Sexism and perceptions of their partner's Sexism twice across 9 months (Study 1) and 5 times across 1 year (Study 2). Women who perceived that their male partner more strongly endorsed Benevolent Sexism held greater and more stable Benevolent Sexism across time, whereas lower perceptions of partners' Benevolent Sexism predicted declines in women's Benevolent Sexism across time. Changes in men's endorsement of Sexism were unrelated to perceptions of their partner's sexist attitudes. The naturalistic change in sexist attitudes shown in Studies 1 and 2 was supported by experimental evidence in Studies 3 and 4: Manipulations designed to increase perceptions of partner's Benevolent Sexism led women (but not men) to report greater Benevolent Sexism. Studies 3 and 4 also provided evidence that perceptions of partner's Benevolent Sexism fosters perceived regard and relationship security in women, but not men, and these relationship factors enhance attitude alignment. Discriminant analyses demonstrated that these effects were specific to women's perceptions of partner's, rather than societal, levels of Sexism. In sum, these studies illustrate that women endorse Benevolent Sexism when they perceive that the reverence and security that Benevolent Sexism promises women are accessible in their relationships.

  • Benevolent Sexism and Support of Romantic Partner’s Goals: Undermining Women’s Competence While Fulfilling Men’s Intimacy Needs
    Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2015
    Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall
    Abstract:

    The current research demonstrates how Benevolent Sexism functions to undermine women’s competence while facilitating men’s access to heterosexual intimacy by prompting different support behaviors by men and women. Objective coders rated the support provision exhibited during heterosexual couples’ (N = 100) video-recorded discussions of each other’s personal goals. Men who endorsed Benevolent Sexism provided more dependency-oriented support, including directly providing plans and solutions and neglecting the recipient’s own abilities, which led to their female partners feeling less competent and less positively regarded. In contrast, women who endorsed Benevolent Sexism provided greater relationship-oriented support, characterized by affection and emphasizing the positive relationship outcomes associated with their partner’s goals, which led their male partners to perceive greater regard and intimacy in their relationship. This study is the first to investigate how Benevolent Sexism prompts naturalistic su...

Chris G Sibley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Sexuality and Sexism: Differences in ambivalent Sexism across gender and sexual identity
    Personality and Individual Differences, 2019
    Co-Authors: Lucy J. Cowie, Lara M. Greaves, Chris G Sibley
    Abstract:

    Abstract Heterosexual intimacy is theorised to play a key role in Ambivalent Sexism, yet gay, lesbian, and bisexual people's levels of Hostile and Benevolent Sexism have not been previously examined. This paper draws upon data from the national probability New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study (N = 18,266) to examine levels of Hostile and Benevolent Sexism across gender (men and women) and sexual identity (gay/lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual individuals). Overall, we found that men compared to women, and heterosexuals compared to lesbian/gay and bisexuals, had significantly higher Hostile and Benevolent Sexism than other groups. The interaction of gender and sexual identity was significant for Benevolent, but not Hostile, Sexism. Gay men had the lowest levels of Benevolent Sexism, with bisexual men scoring between gay and heterosexual men. Heterosexual women were higher in Benevolent Sexism than lesbian and bisexual women. These findings lend support to the notion that heterosexual intimacy is an important driver sustaining Benevolent Sexism.

  • Negotiating the hierarchy: Social dominance orientation among women is associated with the endorsement of Benevolent Sexism
    Australian Journal of Psychology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Helena R. M. Radke, Chris G Sibley, Matthew J. Hornsey, Fiona Kate Barlow
    Abstract:

    Objective We examine how women high in social dominance orientation reconcile supporting a social system that seemingly disadvantages them. We propose that women high in social dominance orientation are more likely to adopt a Benevolently sexist worldview. Method This paper contains data from two survey studies. Study 1 used data from the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Survey (N = 10,485) which is a study of social attitudes, personality, and health outcomes among New Zealanders. Measures of Social Dominance Orientation, as well as Hostile and Benevolent Sexism were included in Study 1. Study 2 consisted of data from a smaller sample of American females (N = 269). In addition to the variables described above, we also measured the extent to which participants perceived the gender hierarchy to be legitimate and their perceived personal need for protection from men. Control variables included hostile Sexism and demographic variables (participants’ age, race, and socioeconomic status). Results Results revealed that social dominance orientation was a stronger predictor of Benevolent Sexism among women compared to men. Serial mediation analysis was then conducted in Study 2. Study 2 confirmed the hypothesised mechanism: Higher social dominance orientation was associated with perceptions that women's low status is legitimate which, in turn, was associated with higher perceived personal need for protection from men. This was then associated with the endorsement of a Benevolently sexist worldview. Conclusion Our findings suggest that social dominance orientation might help to explain why some women endorse Benevolent Sexism.

  • Benevolent Sexism, Attitudes Toward Motherhood, and Reproductive Rights A Multi-Study Longitudinal Examination of Abortion Attitudes
    Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2016
    Co-Authors: Yanshu Huang, Chris G Sibley, Paul G. Davies, Danny Osborne
    Abstract:

    Although Benevolent Sexism (BS)-an ideology that highly reveres women who conform to traditional gender roles-is cloaked in a superficially positive tone, being placed upon a pedestal is inherently restrictive. Accordingly, because the paternalistic beliefs associated with BS are based on the idealization of traditional gender roles (which include motherhood), BS should predict people's attitudes toward women's reproductive rights. Using data from a nationwide longitudinal panel study (N = 12,299), Study 1 showed that BS (but not Hostile Sexism) had cross-lagged effects on opposition to both elective and traumatic abortion. Study 2 (N = 309) extended these findings by showing that the relationship between BS and support for abortion was fully mediated by attitudes toward motherhood. These results highlight the pernicious nature of BS by demonstrating that the idealization of women-and motherhood, in particular-comes at a substantial cost (namely, the restriction of women's reproductive rights).

  • The Precious Vessel: Ambivalent Sexism and Opposition to Elective and Traumatic Abortion
    Sex Roles, 2014
    Co-Authors: Yanshu Huang, Chris G Sibley, Danny Osborne, Paul G. Davies
    Abstract:

    Ambivalent Sexism theory highlights the pernicious effects of Benevolent Sexism on women’s freedoms in society. Because the ideology idealizes women as nurturing mothers, Benevolent Sexism should be negatively associated with support for women’s reproductive rights. The current study examined this possibility by assessing the relationship between Benevolent Sexism and support for (a) elective abortion (i.e., abortions pursued, regardless of the reason) and (b) traumatic abortion (i.e., abortions pursued when the woman’s life is endangered) in a national probability sample of New Zealand adults (N = 6,132). As predicted, Benevolent Sexism was negatively associated with support for both elective and traumatic abortion. In contrast, hostile Sexism—the punitive component of ambivalent Sexism—was only negatively associated with support for traumatic abortion. These results demonstrate that ambivalent Sexism—and particularly Benevolent Sexism—restricts women’s reproductive rights even in extreme cases where a woman’s life is in danger.

  • the allure of Sexism psychological entitlement fosters women s endorsement of Benevolent Sexism over time
    Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2014
    Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. Overall
    Abstract:

    Benevolent Sexism functions to uphold gender inequality by expressing caring and reverent attitudes exclusively toward women. Do these subjective benefits lure women to endorse Benevolent Sexism? We tested this by examining whether women’s psychological entitlement was associated with concurrent levels of Benevolent Sexism and longitudinal changes in Benevolent Sexism over 1 year in a national panel sample (N = 4421 New Zealanders). As predicted, latent variable interaction analyses indicated that women higher in psychological entitlement more strongly endorsed Benevolent Sexism and increasingly endorsed Benevolent Sexism over the year. Men’s psychological entitlement was more weakly associated with Benevolent Sexism concurrently and unrelated to changes in Benevolent Sexism across time. These findings provide the first evidence that the benefits of Benevolent Sexism are central to women’s adoption and endorsement of sexist attitudes toward their own gender—attitudes which contribute more broadly to the m...

Matthew D. Hammond - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Perceiving Partners to Endorse Benevolent Sexism Attenuates Highly Anxious Women’s Negative Reactions to Conflict
    Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2016
    Co-Authors: Emily J. Cross, Nickola C. Overall, Matthew D. Hammond
    Abstract:

    Benevolent Sexism prescribes that men are dependent on women in relationships and should cherish their partners. The current research examined whether perceiving male partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism attenuates highly anxious women’s negative reactions to relationship conflict. Greater attachment anxiety was associated with greater distress and insecurity during couples’ conflict discussions (Study 1), during daily conflict with intimate partners (Study 2), and when recalling experiences of relationship conflict (Study 3). However, this heightened distress and insecurity was attenuated when women (but not men) perceived their partner to strongly endorse Benevolent Sexism (Studies 1-3) and thus believed their partner could be relied upon to remain invested (Study 3B). These novel results illustrate that perceiving partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism alleviates anxious women’s insecure reactions to relationship threat by conveying partner’s continued reliability. Implications of these security-enhanc...

  • perceiving partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism attenuates highly anxious women s negative reactions to conflict
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2016
    Co-Authors: Emily J. Cross, Nickola C. Overall, Matthew D. Hammond
    Abstract:

    Benevolent Sexism prescribes that men are dependent on women in relationships and should cherish their partners. The current research examined whether perceiving male partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism attenuates highly anxious women’s negative reactions to relationship conflict. Greater attachment anxiety was associated with greater distress and insecurity during couples’ conflict discussions (Study 1), during daily conflict with intimate partners (Study 2), and when recalling experiences of relationship conflict (Study 3). However, this heightened distress and insecurity was attenuated when women (but not men) perceived their partner to strongly endorse Benevolent Sexism (Studies 1-3) and thus believed their partner could be relied upon to remain invested (Study 3B). These novel results illustrate that perceiving partners to endorse Benevolent Sexism alleviates anxious women’s insecure reactions to relationship threat by conveying partner’s continued reliability. Implications of these security-enhanc...

  • Internalizing Sexism within close relationships: Perceptions of intimate partners' Benevolent Sexism promote women's endorsement of Benevolent Sexism.
    Journal of personality and social psychology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall, Emily J. Cross
    Abstract:

    The current research demonstrated that women's adoption of Benevolent Sexism is influenced by their perceptions of their intimate partners' agreement with Benevolent Sexism. In 2 dyadic longitudinal studies, committed heterosexual couples reported on their own Sexism and perceptions of their partner's Sexism twice across 9 months (Study 1) and 5 times across 1 year (Study 2). Women who perceived that their male partner more strongly endorsed Benevolent Sexism held greater and more stable Benevolent Sexism across time, whereas lower perceptions of partners' Benevolent Sexism predicted declines in women's Benevolent Sexism across time. Changes in men's endorsement of Sexism were unrelated to perceptions of their partner's sexist attitudes. The naturalistic change in sexist attitudes shown in Studies 1 and 2 was supported by experimental evidence in Studies 3 and 4: Manipulations designed to increase perceptions of partner's Benevolent Sexism led women (but not men) to report greater Benevolent Sexism. Studies 3 and 4 also provided evidence that perceptions of partner's Benevolent Sexism fosters perceived regard and relationship security in women, but not men, and these relationship factors enhance attitude alignment. Discriminant analyses demonstrated that these effects were specific to women's perceptions of partner's, rather than societal, levels of Sexism. In sum, these studies illustrate that women endorse Benevolent Sexism when they perceive that the reverence and security that Benevolent Sexism promises women are accessible in their relationships.

  • Benevolent Sexism and Support of Romantic Partner’s Goals: Undermining Women’s Competence While Fulfilling Men’s Intimacy Needs
    Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2015
    Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall
    Abstract:

    The current research demonstrates how Benevolent Sexism functions to undermine women’s competence while facilitating men’s access to heterosexual intimacy by prompting different support behaviors by men and women. Objective coders rated the support provision exhibited during heterosexual couples’ (N = 100) video-recorded discussions of each other’s personal goals. Men who endorsed Benevolent Sexism provided more dependency-oriented support, including directly providing plans and solutions and neglecting the recipient’s own abilities, which led to their female partners feeling less competent and less positively regarded. In contrast, women who endorsed Benevolent Sexism provided greater relationship-oriented support, characterized by affection and emphasizing the positive relationship outcomes associated with their partner’s goals, which led their male partners to perceive greater regard and intimacy in their relationship. This study is the first to investigate how Benevolent Sexism prompts naturalistic su...

  • Benevolent Sexism and support of romantic partner s goals undermining women s competence while fulfilling men s intimacy needs
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2015
    Co-Authors: Matthew D. Hammond, Nickola C. Overall
    Abstract:

    The current research demonstrates how Benevolent Sexism functions to undermine women’s competence while facilitating men’s access to heterosexual intimacy by prompting different support behaviors by men and women. Objective coders rated the support provision exhibited during heterosexual couples’ (N = 100) video-recorded discussions of each other’s personal goals. Men who endorsed Benevolent Sexism provided more dependency-oriented support, including directly providing plans and solutions and neglecting the recipient’s own abilities, which led to their female partners feeling less competent and less positively regarded. In contrast, women who endorsed Benevolent Sexism provided greater relationship-oriented support, characterized by affection and emphasizing the positive relationship outcomes associated with their partner’s goals, which led their male partners to perceive greater regard and intimacy in their relationship. This study is the first to investigate how Benevolent Sexism prompts naturalistic su...

John Duckitt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • When Women Become More Hostilely Sexist toward their Gender: The System-Justifying Effect of Benevolent Sexism
    Sex Roles, 2007
    Co-Authors: Chris G Sibley, Nickola C. Overall, John Duckitt
    Abstract:

    Two longitudinal studies examined the system-justifying effect of women’s Benevolent sexist ideology in New Zealand female undergraduate samples. Women’s endorsement of Benevolent Sexism predicted longitudinal changes in hostile sexist attitudes toward their gender over 6-month (study 1; n = 117) and 12-month (study 2; n = 76) periods. Consistent with Ambivalent Sexism Theory, these findings indicate that women’s endorsement of Benevolent Sexism disarms resistance to, and increases their endorsement of, more hostile forms of Sexism directed toward their gender. However, the disarming effect of Benevolent Sexism occurred only for women high in Right-Wing Authoritarianism (study 2), suggesting that threat-driven authoritarian motivations for collective security and social cohesion cause women to actively participate in an ideological system that perpetuates gender inequality.

  • antecedents of men s hostile and Benevolent Sexism the dual roles of social dominance orientation and right wing authoritarianism
    Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2007
    Co-Authors: Chris G Sibley, Marc S. Wilson, John Duckitt
    Abstract:

    The authors argue that individual differences in men’s Benevolent Sexism (BS) stem from a threat-driven security-cohesion motivation, indexed by Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), whereas Hostile Sexism (HS) stems from a competitively driven motivation for intergroup dominance, indexed by Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). In Study 1, meta-analysis indicated that men’s SDO (controlling for RWA) was moderately positively associated with HS (r = .35) but not BS (r = .05), whereas men’s RWA (controlling for SDO) was moderately associated with BS (r = .36) but only weakly associated with HS (r = .16). Study 2 replicated and extended these results by also modeling the dual personality traits and world-views underlying HS and BS. In Study 3, longitudinal analyses demonstrated that SDO predicted increases in HS (but not BS) and RWA predicted increases in BS (but not HS) throughout a 5-month period. Relations between the sociostructural and individual difference bases of men’s ambivalent Sexism are discussed.

  • Antecedents of Men’s Hostile and Benevolent Sexism: The Dual Roles of Social Dominance Orientation and Right-Wing Authoritarianism
    Personality & social psychology bulletin, 2007
    Co-Authors: Chris G Sibley, Marc S. Wilson, John Duckitt
    Abstract:

    The authors argue that individual differences in men’s Benevolent Sexism (BS) stem from a threat-driven security-cohesion motivation, indexed by Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA), whereas Hostile Sexism (HS) stems from a competitively driven motivation for intergroup dominance, indexed by Social Dominance Orientation (SDO). In Study 1, meta-analysis indicated that men’s SDO (controlling for RWA) was moderately positively associated with HS (r = .35) but not BS (r = .05), whereas men’s RWA (controlling for SDO) was moderately associated with BS (r = .36) but only weakly associated with HS (r = .16). Study 2 replicated and extended these results by also modeling the dual personality traits and world-views underlying HS and BS. In Study 3, longitudinal analyses demonstrated that SDO predicted increases in HS (but not BS) and RWA predicted increases in BS (but not HS) throughout a 5-month period. Relations between the sociostructural and individual difference bases of men’s ambivalent Sexism are discussed.

Miguel Moya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • what hostile and Benevolent Sexism communicate about men s and women s warmth and competence
    Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2018
    Co-Authors: Miguel Moya, Manuela Barreto, Naomi Ellemers, Miguel R. Ramos, Lúcia Ferreira
    Abstract:

    Ambivalent Sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) distinguishes between two interrelated forms of Sexism: Hostile and Benevolent. Although this theory motivated a large body of work examining how endorsement of these views impacts on social interactions and women’s performance, no research has yet examined what these forms of Sexism are seen to communicate about men and women. We report three studies examining the image that Benevolent and hostile sexist messages are seen to describe (Studies 1 and 2) and prescribe for men and women (Study 3). Results show that both Benevolent and hostile Sexism were seen to convey that women are and should be less competent than men. Additionally, Benevolent Sexism was seen as describing and prescribing women to be warmer than did hostile Sexism. Across all studies men and women agreed about what the messages communicate about men and women. We discuss the implications of these results for the understanding of how stereotypical beliefs are perpetuated.

  • What hostile and Benevolent Sexism communicate about men’s and women’s warmth and competence
    Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2016
    Co-Authors: Miguel R. Ramos, Miguel Moya, Manuela Barreto, Naomi Ellemers, Lúcia Ferreira
    Abstract:

    Ambivalent Sexism theory (Glick & Fiske, 1996) distinguishes between two interrelated forms of Sexism: Hostile and Benevolent. Although this theory motivated a large body of work examining how endorsement of these views impacts on social interactions and women’s performance, no research has yet examined what these forms of Sexism are seen to communicate about men and women. We report three studies examining the image that Benevolent and hostile sexist messages are seen to describe (Studies 1 and 2) and prescribe for men and women (Study 3). Results show that both Benevolent and hostile Sexism were seen to convey that women are and should be less competent than men. Additionally, Benevolent Sexism was seen as describing and prescribing women to be warmer than did hostile Sexism. Across all studies men and women agreed about what the messages communicate about men and women. We discuss the implications of these results for the understanding of how stereotypical beliefs are perpetuated.

  • It's his right, it's her duty: Benevolent Sexism and the justification of traditional sexual roles.
    Journal of sex research, 2010
    Co-Authors: Mercedes Durán, Miguel Moya, Jesús L. Megías
    Abstract:

    This study tested the effects on social perceptions of sexual marital rights and duties of ambivalent sexist ideology and information about the Benevolent sexist ideology of a husband, portrayed in a hypothetical marital vignette. In addition, the perception of whether hypothetical forced sex between husband and wife is considered rape was explored. For one half of the participants (college students), the husband was presented as high in Benevolent Sexism (BS); and for the other half, no information about his ideology was given. Results showed that participants in the first group ranked sexual marital rights (for him) and duties (for her) more highly, and regarded forced sex as rape to a lesser extent. Positive relationships were also found between participants' BS and these ratings. Moreover, participants' perceptions of marital rights and duties played a mediating role in the relationship between their BS and their perception of forced penetration as rape. Finally, an interaction was found between participants' and husbands' BS in the perception of marital rights and duties: The influence of participants' BS was higher when the husband was presented as a Benevolent sexist man. Results highlight the role of sexist attitudes in the interpretation of marital rape.

  • When Contact Correlates with Prejudice: Adolescents’ Romantic Relationship Experience Predicts Greater Benevolent Sexism in Boys and Hostile Sexism in Girls
    Sex Roles, 2010
    Co-Authors: Soledad De Lemus, Miguel Moya, Peter Glick
    Abstract:

    The present research examines how romantic relationship experience and age predict ambivalent Sexism in adolescents. We measured sexist beliefs and romantic relationship experience in a large sample of Spanish adolescents ( N  = 1447), ranging from 12 to 19 years of age. Consistent with prior research, age predicted less sexist beliefs. Controlling for the effects of age, relationship experience predicted increased hostile Sexism in girls and increased Benevolent Sexism in boys. Additionally, younger boys (12–14 years) with greater relationship experience tended to endorse hostile Sexism more strongly. The general decline in Sexism over the course of adolescence masks a contrasting effect of romantic experience, which suggests that heterosexual adolescents’ desire to attract romantic partners may foster, rather than reduce, Sexism.

  • how nice of us and how dumb of me the effect of exposure to Benevolent Sexism on women s task and relational self descriptions
    Sex Roles, 2010
    Co-Authors: Manuela Barreto, Naomi Ellemers, Laura Piebinga, Miguel Moya
    Abstract:

    This research demonstrates how women assimilate to Benevolent Sexism by emphasizing their relational qualities and de-emphasizing their task-related characteristics when exposed to Benevolent Sexism. Studies 1 (N = 62) and 2 (N = 100) show, with slightly different paradigms and measures, that compared to exposure to hostile Sexism, exposure to Benevolent Sexism increases the extent to which female Dutch college students define themselves in relational terms and decreases the extent to which they emphasize their task-related characteristics. Study 3 (N = 79) demonstrates that Benevolent Sexism has more pernicious effects when it is expressed by someone with whom women expect to collaborate than when no collaboration is expected with the source of Sexism. The implications of these results are discussed.