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Jeanpierre Galy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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in vitro activities of position 2 substitution bearing 6 nitro and 6 amino Benzothiazoles and their corresponding anthranilic acid derivatives against leishmania infantum and trichomonas vaginalis
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2002Co-Authors: F Delmas, Carole Di Giorgio, Maxime Robin, Nadine Azas, M Gasquet, Claire Detang, Muriel Costa, P Timondavid, Jeanpierre GalyAbstract:6-Nitro- and 6-amino-Benzothiazoles bearing different chains in position 2 and their corresponding anthranilic acid derivatives were investigated for their in vitro antiparasitic properties against parasites of the species Leishmania infantum and Trichomonas vaginalis compared to their toxicity towards human monocytes. Biological investigations established that the antiprotozoal properties depended greatly on the chemical structure of the position 2 substitution-bearing group. Compound C1, 2-[(2-chloro-benzothiazol-6-yl) amino] benzoic acid, demonstrated an interesting antiproliferative activity towards parasites of the species T. vaginalis, while compound C11, 2-({2-[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino]-benzothiazol-6-yl} amino) benzoic acid, exhibited a promising activity against parasites of the species L. infantum in their intracellular amastigote form. Additional experiments established that compound C11, which was poorly toxic against the promastigote and the extracellular amastigote forms of the parasite, could improve host-protective mechanisms against Leishmania by preventing parasite internalization by macrophages and stimulating NO production, by means of a mechanism synergistically enhanced by the presence of gamma interferon. During the past decade, the expansion of developmental projects such as irrigation systems and deforestation has led to a dramatic incidence of infectious diseases in most developing countries (9). Among these infections, malaria remains the most prevalent parasitic disease worldwide. Nevertheless, leishmaniases are now prevalent in 88 countries on five continents and present a new and extremely serious epidemiological profile with the emerging incidence of Leishmania-human immunodeficiency virus coinfections in industrialized countries of southern Europe (9, 10; also see World Health Organization, Leishmaniasis [http://www.who.int/emc/diseases/leish/]). Leishmaniases are vector-borne parasitic diseases caused by the presence of protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which are obligate intracellular parasites that replicate into the parasitophorous vacuoles of macrophages and produce various lifethreatening clinical syndromes according to their localization in mammalian tissues, notably exemplified by visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal leishmaniasis (2). Since the 1940s, treatment with pentavalent antimonial agents has been the generally accepted therapy for all forms of leishmaniasis. However, during the past decade, antileishmanial therapy has become a bewildering subject, largely because of the complexity of the disease (10). Moreover, the continuous appearance of Glucantimeresistant Leishmania strains responsible for therapeutic failures in immunocompetent patients has focused on the urgent need for developing new and efficient antiparasitic molecules. Benzothiazoles comprise a novel class of therapeutic compounds shown to exert a wide range of biological activities. Initially employed as pigments in leather tanning, most of the compounds that exhibited both high levels of fluorescence properties and a capacity to bind with cellular structures were extensively used as fluorochromes. Since the 1990s, various pharmacological investigations of newly synthesized Benzothiazole derivatives demonstrated interesting pharmacological activities and led to the development of new medications for
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In Vitro Activities of Position 2 Substitution-Bearing 6-Nitro- and 6-Amino-Benzothiazoles and Their Corresponding Anthranilic Acid Derivatives against Leishmania infantum and Trichomonas vaginalis
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2002Co-Authors: F Delmas, Carole Di Giorgio, Maxime Robin, Nadine Azas, M Gasquet, Claire Detang, Muriel Costa, Pierre Timon-david, Jeanpierre GalyAbstract:6-Nitro- and 6-amino-Benzothiazoles bearing different chains in position 2 and their corresponding anthranilic acid derivatives were investigated for their in vitro antiparasitic properties against parasites of the species Leishmania infantum and Trichomonas vaginalis compared to their toxicity towards human monocytes. Biological investigations established that the antiprotozoal properties depended greatly on the chemical structure of the position 2 substitution-bearing group. Compound C1, 2-[(2-chloro-benzothiazol-6-yl) amino] benzoic acid, demonstrated an interesting antiproliferative activity towards parasites of the species T. vaginalis, while compound C11, 2-({2-[(2-hydroxyethyl) amino]-benzothiazol-6-yl} amino) benzoic acid, exhibited a promising activity against parasites of the species L. infantum in their intracellular amastigote form. Additional experiments established that compound C11, which was poorly toxic against the promastigote and the extracellular amastigote forms of the parasite, could improve host-protective mechanisms against Leishmania by preventing parasite internalization by macrophages and stimulating NO production, by means of a mechanism synergistically enhanced by the presence of gamma interferon.
Kurunthachalam Kannan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in human urine from several countries a perspective on occurrence biotransformation and human exposure
Environment International, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Lei Wang, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Benzotriazole (BTR) and Benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are high-production-volume chemicals that are mainly used as corrosion inhibitors, and are widely distributed in the environment. BTR derivatives are found in plastics, dishwasher detergents, dry cleaning equipment, and de-icing/anti-icing fluids. BTH derivatives are found in rubber materials, herbicides, slimicides, algicides, fungicides, photosensitizers, azo dyes, drugs, de-icing/anti-icing fluids, and food flavors. However, exposure of humans to BTRs and BTHs is still not known. In this study, six BTRs (1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole [mixture of two isomers], tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole [or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole], and 5-chloro-benzotriazole) and six BTHs (Benzothiazole, 2-morpholin-4-yl-Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, 2-amino-Benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-Benzothiazole) were determined in human urine collected from general populations in seven countries (the U.S., Greece, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, China, and India). The median urinary concentration of the sum of five BTRs (Σ5BTRs; 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole were not included) ranged from 0.2 (Korea) to 2.8 (India) ng/mL among the countries studied, with the highest concentration of 24.5 ng/mL found in a sample from China. Xylyltriazole was found more frequently in urine from all five Asian countries than in urine from the U.S. and Greece. The median concentration of the sum of the six BTHs (Σ6BTHs) ranged from 3.6 (U.S.) to 10.9 (Japan) ng/mL among the countries studied, with a maximum detection rate of 100% in urine samples from Vietnam; BTH was the predominant derivative, accounting for, on average, 43% of the Σ6BTH concentration. Based on the concentrations and detection rates of several BTR and BTH derivatives in urine, possible metabolic transformation pathways of these compounds were presented and human exposure doses calculated. The estimated daily intake doses of BTRs and BTHs were on the order of a few to few tens of micrograms per day.
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Occurrence and removal efficiencies of benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece
Science of The Total Environment, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Akinranti S. Ajibola, Nikolaos S. ThomaidisAbstract:Abstract Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles and the occurrence of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), no earlier study has comprehensively examined their fate in WWTPs. In this study, an integrated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI(+)MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four benzotriazoles and four Benzothiazoles in dissolved and particulate phases of wastewater (raw and treated), and in dewatered sewage sludge. The target benzotriazoles (BTRs) were 1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, and xylyltriazole (or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole), and the target Benzothiazoles (BTHs) were Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, and 2-amino-Benzothiazole. The limits of detection ranged from 0.08 (2-methylthio-Benzothiazole) to 17 ng/L (Benzothiazole) for dissolved phase samples, and from 0.04 (2-methylthio-Benzothiazole) to 13 ng/g dry weight (dw) (Benzothiazole) for particular matter and sludge samples. The method was applied in the analysis of wastewater and sludge samples from the WWTP in Athens, Greece. All target chemicals were detected in wastewater samples, and in some cases the concentrations were significant, on the order of a few μg/L. In sludge samples, Benzothiazole and tolyltriazole were present at the highest concentrations (174 and 116 ng/g dw, respectively). For benzotriazole and tolyltriazole, the removal efficiency was below 68%, and for Benzothiazoles, the removal efficiency was greater than 64% in the activated sludge treatment process. Both BTRs and BTHs showed low solid–liquid distribution coefficients.
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Determination of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Anna A. Bletsou, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Benzotriazole (BTR) and Benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products and have been reported to occur in the environment. Owing to a lack of analytical methods, human exposure to BTR and BTH is still unknown. In this study, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI(+)MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of five 1,2,3-benzotriazoles and five 1,3-Benzothiazoles in human urine. The target benzotriazoles were 1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole (or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole), and 5-chloro-benzotriazole, and the target Benzothiazoles were Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, 2-amino-Benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-Benzothiazole. Urine specimens were enzymatically deconjugated with β-glucuronidase and extracted by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure for the measurement of total concentrations (i.e., free + conjugated fo...
Nikolaos S. Thomaidis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in human urine from several countries a perspective on occurrence biotransformation and human exposure
Environment International, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Lei Wang, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Benzotriazole (BTR) and Benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are high-production-volume chemicals that are mainly used as corrosion inhibitors, and are widely distributed in the environment. BTR derivatives are found in plastics, dishwasher detergents, dry cleaning equipment, and de-icing/anti-icing fluids. BTH derivatives are found in rubber materials, herbicides, slimicides, algicides, fungicides, photosensitizers, azo dyes, drugs, de-icing/anti-icing fluids, and food flavors. However, exposure of humans to BTRs and BTHs is still not known. In this study, six BTRs (1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole [mixture of two isomers], tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole [or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole], and 5-chloro-benzotriazole) and six BTHs (Benzothiazole, 2-morpholin-4-yl-Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, 2-amino-Benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-Benzothiazole) were determined in human urine collected from general populations in seven countries (the U.S., Greece, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, China, and India). The median urinary concentration of the sum of five BTRs (Σ5BTRs; 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole were not included) ranged from 0.2 (Korea) to 2.8 (India) ng/mL among the countries studied, with the highest concentration of 24.5 ng/mL found in a sample from China. Xylyltriazole was found more frequently in urine from all five Asian countries than in urine from the U.S. and Greece. The median concentration of the sum of the six BTHs (Σ6BTHs) ranged from 3.6 (U.S.) to 10.9 (Japan) ng/mL among the countries studied, with a maximum detection rate of 100% in urine samples from Vietnam; BTH was the predominant derivative, accounting for, on average, 43% of the Σ6BTH concentration. Based on the concentrations and detection rates of several BTR and BTH derivatives in urine, possible metabolic transformation pathways of these compounds were presented and human exposure doses calculated. The estimated daily intake doses of BTRs and BTHs were on the order of a few to few tens of micrograms per day.
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Occurrence and removal efficiencies of benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece
Science of The Total Environment, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Akinranti S. Ajibola, Nikolaos S. ThomaidisAbstract:Abstract Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles and the occurrence of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), no earlier study has comprehensively examined their fate in WWTPs. In this study, an integrated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI(+)MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four benzotriazoles and four Benzothiazoles in dissolved and particulate phases of wastewater (raw and treated), and in dewatered sewage sludge. The target benzotriazoles (BTRs) were 1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, and xylyltriazole (or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole), and the target Benzothiazoles (BTHs) were Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, and 2-amino-Benzothiazole. The limits of detection ranged from 0.08 (2-methylthio-Benzothiazole) to 17 ng/L (Benzothiazole) for dissolved phase samples, and from 0.04 (2-methylthio-Benzothiazole) to 13 ng/g dry weight (dw) (Benzothiazole) for particular matter and sludge samples. The method was applied in the analysis of wastewater and sludge samples from the WWTP in Athens, Greece. All target chemicals were detected in wastewater samples, and in some cases the concentrations were significant, on the order of a few μg/L. In sludge samples, Benzothiazole and tolyltriazole were present at the highest concentrations (174 and 116 ng/g dw, respectively). For benzotriazole and tolyltriazole, the removal efficiency was below 68%, and for Benzothiazoles, the removal efficiency was greater than 64% in the activated sludge treatment process. Both BTRs and BTHs showed low solid–liquid distribution coefficients.
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Determination of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Anna A. Bletsou, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Benzotriazole (BTR) and Benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products and have been reported to occur in the environment. Owing to a lack of analytical methods, human exposure to BTR and BTH is still unknown. In this study, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI(+)MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of five 1,2,3-benzotriazoles and five 1,3-Benzothiazoles in human urine. The target benzotriazoles were 1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole (or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole), and 5-chloro-benzotriazole, and the target Benzothiazoles were Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, 2-amino-Benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-Benzothiazole. Urine specimens were enzymatically deconjugated with β-glucuronidase and extracted by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure for the measurement of total concentrations (i.e., free + conjugated fo...
Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in human urine from several countries a perspective on occurrence biotransformation and human exposure
Environment International, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Lei Wang, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Benzotriazole (BTR) and Benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are high-production-volume chemicals that are mainly used as corrosion inhibitors, and are widely distributed in the environment. BTR derivatives are found in plastics, dishwasher detergents, dry cleaning equipment, and de-icing/anti-icing fluids. BTH derivatives are found in rubber materials, herbicides, slimicides, algicides, fungicides, photosensitizers, azo dyes, drugs, de-icing/anti-icing fluids, and food flavors. However, exposure of humans to BTRs and BTHs is still not known. In this study, six BTRs (1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole [mixture of two isomers], tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole [or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole], and 5-chloro-benzotriazole) and six BTHs (Benzothiazole, 2-morpholin-4-yl-Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, 2-amino-Benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-Benzothiazole) were determined in human urine collected from general populations in seven countries (the U.S., Greece, Vietnam, Korea, Japan, China, and India). The median urinary concentration of the sum of five BTRs (Σ5BTRs; 4- and 5-hydroxy-benzotriazole were not included) ranged from 0.2 (Korea) to 2.8 (India) ng/mL among the countries studied, with the highest concentration of 24.5 ng/mL found in a sample from China. Xylyltriazole was found more frequently in urine from all five Asian countries than in urine from the U.S. and Greece. The median concentration of the sum of the six BTHs (Σ6BTHs) ranged from 3.6 (U.S.) to 10.9 (Japan) ng/mL among the countries studied, with a maximum detection rate of 100% in urine samples from Vietnam; BTH was the predominant derivative, accounting for, on average, 43% of the Σ6BTH concentration. Based on the concentrations and detection rates of several BTR and BTH derivatives in urine, possible metabolic transformation pathways of these compounds were presented and human exposure doses calculated. The estimated daily intake doses of BTRs and BTHs were on the order of a few to few tens of micrograms per day.
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Occurrence and removal efficiencies of benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece
Science of The Total Environment, 2013Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Akinranti S. Ajibola, Nikolaos S. ThomaidisAbstract:Abstract Despite the widespread use of benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles and the occurrence of these compounds in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), no earlier study has comprehensively examined their fate in WWTPs. In this study, an integrated liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI(+)MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of four benzotriazoles and four Benzothiazoles in dissolved and particulate phases of wastewater (raw and treated), and in dewatered sewage sludge. The target benzotriazoles (BTRs) were 1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, and xylyltriazole (or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole), and the target Benzothiazoles (BTHs) were Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, and 2-amino-Benzothiazole. The limits of detection ranged from 0.08 (2-methylthio-Benzothiazole) to 17 ng/L (Benzothiazole) for dissolved phase samples, and from 0.04 (2-methylthio-Benzothiazole) to 13 ng/g dry weight (dw) (Benzothiazole) for particular matter and sludge samples. The method was applied in the analysis of wastewater and sludge samples from the WWTP in Athens, Greece. All target chemicals were detected in wastewater samples, and in some cases the concentrations were significant, on the order of a few μg/L. In sludge samples, Benzothiazole and tolyltriazole were present at the highest concentrations (174 and 116 ng/g dw, respectively). For benzotriazole and tolyltriazole, the removal efficiency was below 68%, and for Benzothiazoles, the removal efficiency was greater than 64% in the activated sludge treatment process. Both BTRs and BTHs showed low solid–liquid distribution coefficients.
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Determination of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Analytical Chemistry, 2012Co-Authors: Alexandros G. Asimakopoulos, Anna A. Bletsou, Nikolaos S. Thomaidis, Kurunthachalam KannanAbstract:Benzotriazole (BTR) and Benzothiazole (BTH) derivatives are used in a wide variety of industrial and consumer products and have been reported to occur in the environment. Owing to a lack of analytical methods, human exposure to BTR and BTH is still unknown. In this study, a liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC–ESI(+)MS/MS) method was developed for simultaneous determination of five 1,2,3-benzotriazoles and five 1,3-Benzothiazoles in human urine. The target benzotriazoles were 1H-benzotriazole, 1-hydroxy-benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, xylyltriazole (or 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole), and 5-chloro-benzotriazole, and the target Benzothiazoles were Benzothiazole, 2-hydroxy-Benzothiazole, 2-methylthio-Benzothiazole, 2-amino-Benzothiazole, and 2-thiocyanomethylthio-Benzothiazole. Urine specimens were enzymatically deconjugated with β-glucuronidase and extracted by a solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure for the measurement of total concentrations (i.e., free + conjugated fo...
Rozanna Avagyan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Benzothiazole, benzotriazole, and their derivates in clothing textiles—a potential source of environmental pollutants and human exposure
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015Co-Authors: Rozanna Avagyan, Giovanna Luongo, Gunnar Thorsén, Conny ÖstmanAbstract:Textiles play an important role in our daily life, and textile production is one of the oldest industries. In the manufacturing chain from natural and/or synthetic fibers to the final clothing products, the use of many different chemicals is ubiquitous. A lot of research has focused on chemicals in textile wastewater, but the knowledge of the actual content of harmful chemicals in clothes sold on the retail market is limited. In this paper, we have focused on eight Benzothiazole and benzotriazole derivatives, compounds rated as high production volume chemicals. Twenty-six clothing samples of various textile materials and colors manufactured in 14 different countries were analyzed in textile clothing using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Among the investigated textile products, 11 clothes were for babies, toddlers, and children. Eight of the 11 compounds included in the investigation were detected in the textiles. Benzothiazole was present in 23 of 26 investigated garments in concentrations ranging from 0.45 to 51 μg/g textile. The garment with the highest concentration of Benzothiazole contained a total amount of 8.3 mg of the chemical. The third highest concentration of Benzothiazole (22 μg/g) was detected in a baby body made from “organic cotton” equipped with the “Nordic Ecolabel” (“Svanenmärkt”). It was also found that concentrations of Benzothiazoles in general were much higher than those for benzotriazoles. This study implicates that clothing textiles can be a possible route for human exposure to harmful chemicals by skin contact, as well as being a potential source of environmental pollutants via laundering and release to household wastewater.
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Benzothiazole benzotriazole and their derivates in clothing textiles a potential source of environmental pollutants and human exposure
Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015Co-Authors: Rozanna Avagyan, Giovanna Luongo, Gunnar Thorsén, Conny ÖstmanAbstract:Textiles play an important role in our daily life, and textile production is one of the oldest industries. In the manufacturing chain from natural and/or synthetic fibers to the final clothing products, the use of many different chemicals is ubiquitous. A lot of research has focused on chemicals in textile wastewater, but the knowledge of the actual content of harmful chemicals in clothes sold on the retail market is limited. In this paper, we have focused on eight Benzothiazole and benzotriazole derivatives, compounds rated as high production volume chemicals. Twenty-six clothing samples of various textile materials and colors manufactured in 14 different countries were analyzed in textile clothing using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Among the investigated textile products, 11 clothes were for babies, toddlers, and children. Eight of the 11 compounds included in the investigation were detected in the textiles. Benzothiazole was present in 23 of 26 investigated garments in concentrations ranging from 0.45 to 51 μg/g textile. The garment with the highest concentration of Benzothiazole contained a total amount of 8.3 mg of the chemical. The third highest concentration of Benzothiazole (22 μg/g) was detected in a baby body made from "organic cotton" equipped with the "Nordic Ecolabel" ("Svanenmarkt"). It was also found that concentrations of Benzothiazoles in general were much higher than those for benzotriazoles. This study implicates that clothing textiles can be a possible route for human exposure to harmful chemicals by skin contact, as well as being a potential source of environmental pollutants via laundering and release to household wastewater.
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Tire tread wear particles in ambient air--a previously unknown source of human exposure to the biocide 2-mercaptoBenzothiazole.
Environmental science and pollution research international, 2014Co-Authors: Rozanna Avagyan, Ioannis Sadiktsis, Christoffer Bergvall, Roger WesterholmAbstract:Urban particulate matter (PM), asphalt, and tire samples were investigated for their content of Benzothiazole and Benzothiazole derivates. The purpose of this study was to examine whether wear particles, i.e., tire tread wear or road surface wear, could contribute to atmospheric concentrations of Benzothiazole derivatives. Airborne particulate matter (PM10) sampled at a busy street in Stockholm, Sweden, contained on average 17 pg/m3 Benzothiazole and 64 pg/m3 2-mercaptoBenzothiazole, and the total suspended particulate-associated Benzothiazole and 2-mercaptoBenzothiazole concentrations were 199 and 591 pg/m3, respectively. This indicates that tire tread wear may be a major source of these Benzothiazoles to urban air PM in Stockholm. Furthermore, 2-mercaptoBenzothiazole was determined in urban air particulates for the first time in this study, and its presence in inhalable PM10 implies that the human exposure to this biocide is underestimated. This calls for a revision of the risk assessments of 2-mercaptoBenzothiazole exposure to humans which currently is limited to occupational exposure.
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determination of Benzothiazole and benzotriazole derivates in tire and clothing textile samples by high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Journal of Chromatography A, 2013Co-Authors: Rozanna Avagyan, Gunnar Thorsén, Conny Östman, Ioannis Sadiktsis, Roger WesterholmAbstract:A high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method utilizing electrospray ionization in positive and negative mode has been developed for the separation and detection of Benzothiazole and benzotriazole derivates. Ultra-sonication assisted solvent extraction of these compounds has also been developed and the overall method demonstrated on a selected clothing textile and an automobile tire sample. Matrix effects and extraction recoveries, as well as linearity and limits of detection have been evaluated. The calibration curves spanned over more than two orders of magnitude with coefficients of correlation R2 > 0.99 and the limits of detection and the limits of quantification were in the range 1.7–58 pg injected and 18–140 pg/g, respectively. The extraction recoveries ranged between 69% and 102% and the matrix effects between 75% and 101%. Benzothiazole and benzotriazole derivates were determined in the textile sample and Benzothiazole derivatives determined in the tire sample with good analytical performance.