Biological Monitoring

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K Jones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A human exposure study to investigate Biological Monitoring methods for 2-butoxyethanol
    Biomarkers, 2020
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker
    Abstract:

    2-Butoxyethanol is a glycol ether widely used in printing inks, varnishes and cleaning fluids. As skin absorption can be significant, Biological Monitoring is useful in Monitoring worker exposure. A number of analytes and matrices have been used previously, including 2-butoxyethanol in blood and free and total 2-butoxyacetic acid in urine. Using a combination of a volunteer study and samples from exposed workers, we compared the applicability of some of the Biological Monitoring markers available. We conclude that 2-butoxyethanol in blood is not a suitable marker for Biological Monitoring due to sampling problems. In view of the low-level exposures reported in occupational surveys, 2-butoxyethanol in breath is also unsuitable because of a lack of sensitivity. Measuring 2-butoxyacetic acid in blood is possible, although non-invasive urine samples are preferred. Free 2-butoxyacetic acid in urine has previously been widely used; however, we found that the extent of conjugation of 2-butoxyacetic acid in urine...

  • Biological Monitoring guidance values for chemical incidents
    Toxicology Letters, 2014
    Co-Authors: John Cocker, K Jones
    Abstract:

    Abstract Biological Monitoring is a useful tool to assess occupational and environmental exposure following a wide range of chemical incidents. Guidance values are available from international organisations to help interpret the result of Biological Monitoring. In addition, guidance values based on the 90th percentile of Biological Monitoring data obtained under conditions of good exposure control may help identify lapses in control and the need for remedial action to improve controls and reduce risk. In all cases interpretation of bioMonitoring results following incidents needs care and in particular reference to the time of sample collection and basis of the guidance values. BioMonitoring guidance values specifically derived for chemical incident scenarios are not available but would be of great help to interpret Biological Monitoring results.

  • isocyanate exposure control in motor vehicle paint spraying evidence from Biological Monitoring
    Chemical Hazards in Industry, 2013
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker, Mark Piney
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this work was to assess the changes in control of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate based paints used in vehicle spraying after a Health & Safety Executive (HSE) national project. Paint sprayers and managers from motor vehicle repair (MVR) bodyshops across the UK, were invited to one of 32 Safety and Health Awareness Days (SHADs) to increase their understanding of the hazards, and practical ways of controlling of exposure to isocyanate based paints. Exposure measurement based on Biological Monitoring was offered, free of charge, to each of the roughly 4000 participants and used to assess the effectiveness of controls and methods of working. Results are compared with pre and post SHAD measurements. Urine samples were received from 995 paint sprayers. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in urine, indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were significantly lower (Mann-Whitney, p<0.0001) than had been seen in a wider population from previous HSE inspections and routine sampling. Where a sprayer's urinary HDA was above the quantification limit they were asked to send another sample after reviewing and improving exposure control measures. The results from these repeat samples were significantly lower than the original results. There was no difference in the exposures of sprayers using air-fed half-mask face-pieces compared with visor type air-fed breathing apparatus, or between spray booths and rooms. The analysis of HDA in urine is a useful technique for assessing exposure to isocyanates in paint sprayers. The simplicity of this approach has allowed wide-scale use of Biological Monitoring in an industry dominated by small and micro businesses. Biological Monitoring of exposure has enabled individual companies, and sprayers, to check that their control measures are working.This study showed overall lower levels of HDA in paint sprayers following SHADs. These lower levels have been maintained across a wider population of UK paint sprayers over the succeeding years. Whilst there may be many reasons for the reduction in exposure, the weight of evidence suggests that the key messages about exposure control measures, delivered through the SHADs and other means, were influential.

  • isocyanate exposure control in motor vehicle paint spraying evidence from Biological Monitoring
    Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2013
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker, Mark Piney
    Abstract:

    Aims: The purpose of this work was to assess the changes in control of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate based paints used in vehicle spraying after a Health & safety Executive (HsE) national project. Methods: Paint sprayers and managers from motor vehicle repair (MVr) bodyshops across the UK, were invited to one of 32 safety and Health Awareness Days (sHADs) to increase their understanding of the hazards, and practical ways of controlling of exposure to isocyanate based paints. Exposure measurement based on Biological Monitoring was offered, free of charge, to each of the roughly 4000 participants and used to assess the effectiveness of controls and methods of working. results are compared with pre and post sHAD measurements. results: Urine samples were received from 995 paint sprayers. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in urine, indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were significantly lower (Mann-Whitney, p<0.0001) than had been seen in a wider population from previous HsE inspections and routine sampling. Where a sprayer’s urinary HDA was above the quantification limit they were asked to send another sample after reviewing and improving exposure control measures. The results from these repeat samples were significantly lower than the original results. There was no difference in the exposures of sprayers using air-fed half-mask face-pieces compared with visor type air-fed breathing apparatus, or between spray booths and rooms. Conclusions: The analysis of HDA in urine is a useful technique for assessing exposure to isocyanates in paint sprayers. The simplicity of this approach has allowed wide-scale use of Biological Monitoring in an industry dominated by small and micro businesses. Biological Monitoring of exposure has enabled individual companies, and sprayers, to check that their control measures are working. This study showed overall lower levels of HDA in paint sprayers following sHADs. These lower levels have been maintained across a wider population of UK paint sprayers over the succeeding years. Whilst there may be many reasons for the reduction in exposure, the weight of evidence suggests that the key messages about exposure control measures, delivered through the sHADs and other means, were influential.

  • Biological Monitoring of exposure to organophosphate pesticides
    Toxicology Letters, 2002
    Co-Authors: John Cocker, H J Mason, S J Garfitt, K Jones
    Abstract:

    Organophosphates (OPs) are readily absorbed through the skin and Biological Monitoring is an essential component of any comprehensive assessment of exposure. This paper presents a summary of our experience in a wide range of occupational studies. Additionally, we have conducted studies of non-occupational exposure and human volunteer studies looking at the kinetics of chlorpyrifos, propetamphos, diazinon and malathion. In non-occupationally exposed people, 95% of urinary alkyl phosphates do not exceed 72 μmol/mol creatinine. In occupationally exposed people, the corresponding 95th percentile of total urinary alkyl phosphates is 122 μmol/mol creatinine. In volunteer studies with 1 mg oral doses of chlorpyifos, diazinon and propetamphos the mean peak values were 160, 750 and 404 μmol/mol creatinine, respectively, and were not associated with any reduction in blood cholinesterase activity. The levels of OP metabolites seen in urine from workers potentially exposed to OPs are generally low and unlikely to cause significant reduction in blood cholinesterase activity.

John Cocker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A human exposure study to investigate Biological Monitoring methods for 2-butoxyethanol
    Biomarkers, 2020
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker
    Abstract:

    2-Butoxyethanol is a glycol ether widely used in printing inks, varnishes and cleaning fluids. As skin absorption can be significant, Biological Monitoring is useful in Monitoring worker exposure. A number of analytes and matrices have been used previously, including 2-butoxyethanol in blood and free and total 2-butoxyacetic acid in urine. Using a combination of a volunteer study and samples from exposed workers, we compared the applicability of some of the Biological Monitoring markers available. We conclude that 2-butoxyethanol in blood is not a suitable marker for Biological Monitoring due to sampling problems. In view of the low-level exposures reported in occupational surveys, 2-butoxyethanol in breath is also unsuitable because of a lack of sensitivity. Measuring 2-butoxyacetic acid in blood is possible, although non-invasive urine samples are preferred. Free 2-butoxyacetic acid in urine has previously been widely used; however, we found that the extent of conjugation of 2-butoxyacetic acid in urine...

  • A perspective on Biological Monitoring guidance values.
    Toxicology Letters, 2014
    Co-Authors: John Cocker
    Abstract:

    Abstract Biological Monitoring (BM) is a useful tool for exposure assessment of substances that can be absorbed through the skin or where control relies on respiratory protection. This commentary briefly describes the various types of Biological Monitoring guidance values (BMGVs) that are available to help interpret BM results. Population background, reference and Biological equivalent values are available to help interpret BM data in a public health context and occupational guidance values are available for common workplace substances to help interpret results in terms of exposure rather than health. There is a clear need for occupational hygiene and health professionals to understand the basis of the guidance values and not use them as simple ‘limits’. There is also a clear need for more peer-reviewed published studies of workplace exposure to help develop BMGVs.

  • Biological Monitoring guidance values for chemical incidents
    Toxicology Letters, 2014
    Co-Authors: John Cocker, K Jones
    Abstract:

    Abstract Biological Monitoring is a useful tool to assess occupational and environmental exposure following a wide range of chemical incidents. Guidance values are available from international organisations to help interpret the result of Biological Monitoring. In addition, guidance values based on the 90th percentile of Biological Monitoring data obtained under conditions of good exposure control may help identify lapses in control and the need for remedial action to improve controls and reduce risk. In all cases interpretation of bioMonitoring results following incidents needs care and in particular reference to the time of sample collection and basis of the guidance values. BioMonitoring guidance values specifically derived for chemical incident scenarios are not available but would be of great help to interpret Biological Monitoring results.

  • isocyanate exposure control in motor vehicle paint spraying evidence from Biological Monitoring
    Chemical Hazards in Industry, 2013
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker, Mark Piney
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this work was to assess the changes in control of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate based paints used in vehicle spraying after a Health & Safety Executive (HSE) national project. Paint sprayers and managers from motor vehicle repair (MVR) bodyshops across the UK, were invited to one of 32 Safety and Health Awareness Days (SHADs) to increase their understanding of the hazards, and practical ways of controlling of exposure to isocyanate based paints. Exposure measurement based on Biological Monitoring was offered, free of charge, to each of the roughly 4000 participants and used to assess the effectiveness of controls and methods of working. Results are compared with pre and post SHAD measurements. Urine samples were received from 995 paint sprayers. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in urine, indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were significantly lower (Mann-Whitney, p<0.0001) than had been seen in a wider population from previous HSE inspections and routine sampling. Where a sprayer's urinary HDA was above the quantification limit they were asked to send another sample after reviewing and improving exposure control measures. The results from these repeat samples were significantly lower than the original results. There was no difference in the exposures of sprayers using air-fed half-mask face-pieces compared with visor type air-fed breathing apparatus, or between spray booths and rooms. The analysis of HDA in urine is a useful technique for assessing exposure to isocyanates in paint sprayers. The simplicity of this approach has allowed wide-scale use of Biological Monitoring in an industry dominated by small and micro businesses. Biological Monitoring of exposure has enabled individual companies, and sprayers, to check that their control measures are working.This study showed overall lower levels of HDA in paint sprayers following SHADs. These lower levels have been maintained across a wider population of UK paint sprayers over the succeeding years. Whilst there may be many reasons for the reduction in exposure, the weight of evidence suggests that the key messages about exposure control measures, delivered through the SHADs and other means, were influential.

  • isocyanate exposure control in motor vehicle paint spraying evidence from Biological Monitoring
    Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2013
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker, Mark Piney
    Abstract:

    Aims: The purpose of this work was to assess the changes in control of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate based paints used in vehicle spraying after a Health & safety Executive (HsE) national project. Methods: Paint sprayers and managers from motor vehicle repair (MVr) bodyshops across the UK, were invited to one of 32 safety and Health Awareness Days (sHADs) to increase their understanding of the hazards, and practical ways of controlling of exposure to isocyanate based paints. Exposure measurement based on Biological Monitoring was offered, free of charge, to each of the roughly 4000 participants and used to assess the effectiveness of controls and methods of working. results are compared with pre and post sHAD measurements. results: Urine samples were received from 995 paint sprayers. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in urine, indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were significantly lower (Mann-Whitney, p<0.0001) than had been seen in a wider population from previous HsE inspections and routine sampling. Where a sprayer’s urinary HDA was above the quantification limit they were asked to send another sample after reviewing and improving exposure control measures. The results from these repeat samples were significantly lower than the original results. There was no difference in the exposures of sprayers using air-fed half-mask face-pieces compared with visor type air-fed breathing apparatus, or between spray booths and rooms. Conclusions: The analysis of HDA in urine is a useful technique for assessing exposure to isocyanates in paint sprayers. The simplicity of this approach has allowed wide-scale use of Biological Monitoring in an industry dominated by small and micro businesses. Biological Monitoring of exposure has enabled individual companies, and sprayers, to check that their control measures are working. This study showed overall lower levels of HDA in paint sprayers following sHADs. These lower levels have been maintained across a wider population of UK paint sprayers over the succeeding years. Whilst there may be many reasons for the reduction in exposure, the weight of evidence suggests that the key messages about exposure control measures, delivered through the sHADs and other means, were influential.

Mark Piney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • isocyanate exposure control in motor vehicle paint spraying evidence from Biological Monitoring
    Chemical Hazards in Industry, 2013
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker, Mark Piney
    Abstract:

    The purpose of this work was to assess the changes in control of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate based paints used in vehicle spraying after a Health & Safety Executive (HSE) national project. Paint sprayers and managers from motor vehicle repair (MVR) bodyshops across the UK, were invited to one of 32 Safety and Health Awareness Days (SHADs) to increase their understanding of the hazards, and practical ways of controlling of exposure to isocyanate based paints. Exposure measurement based on Biological Monitoring was offered, free of charge, to each of the roughly 4000 participants and used to assess the effectiveness of controls and methods of working. Results are compared with pre and post SHAD measurements. Urine samples were received from 995 paint sprayers. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in urine, indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were significantly lower (Mann-Whitney, p<0.0001) than had been seen in a wider population from previous HSE inspections and routine sampling. Where a sprayer's urinary HDA was above the quantification limit they were asked to send another sample after reviewing and improving exposure control measures. The results from these repeat samples were significantly lower than the original results. There was no difference in the exposures of sprayers using air-fed half-mask face-pieces compared with visor type air-fed breathing apparatus, or between spray booths and rooms. The analysis of HDA in urine is a useful technique for assessing exposure to isocyanates in paint sprayers. The simplicity of this approach has allowed wide-scale use of Biological Monitoring in an industry dominated by small and micro businesses. Biological Monitoring of exposure has enabled individual companies, and sprayers, to check that their control measures are working.This study showed overall lower levels of HDA in paint sprayers following SHADs. These lower levels have been maintained across a wider population of UK paint sprayers over the succeeding years. Whilst there may be many reasons for the reduction in exposure, the weight of evidence suggests that the key messages about exposure control measures, delivered through the SHADs and other means, were influential.

  • isocyanate exposure control in motor vehicle paint spraying evidence from Biological Monitoring
    Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2013
    Co-Authors: K Jones, John Cocker, Mark Piney
    Abstract:

    Aims: The purpose of this work was to assess the changes in control of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate based paints used in vehicle spraying after a Health & safety Executive (HsE) national project. Methods: Paint sprayers and managers from motor vehicle repair (MVr) bodyshops across the UK, were invited to one of 32 safety and Health Awareness Days (sHADs) to increase their understanding of the hazards, and practical ways of controlling of exposure to isocyanate based paints. Exposure measurement based on Biological Monitoring was offered, free of charge, to each of the roughly 4000 participants and used to assess the effectiveness of controls and methods of working. results are compared with pre and post sHAD measurements. results: Urine samples were received from 995 paint sprayers. Hexamethylene diamine (HDA) levels in urine, indicative of exposure to hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), were significantly lower (Mann-Whitney, p<0.0001) than had been seen in a wider population from previous HsE inspections and routine sampling. Where a sprayer’s urinary HDA was above the quantification limit they were asked to send another sample after reviewing and improving exposure control measures. The results from these repeat samples were significantly lower than the original results. There was no difference in the exposures of sprayers using air-fed half-mask face-pieces compared with visor type air-fed breathing apparatus, or between spray booths and rooms. Conclusions: The analysis of HDA in urine is a useful technique for assessing exposure to isocyanates in paint sprayers. The simplicity of this approach has allowed wide-scale use of Biological Monitoring in an industry dominated by small and micro businesses. Biological Monitoring of exposure has enabled individual companies, and sprayers, to check that their control measures are working. This study showed overall lower levels of HDA in paint sprayers following sHADs. These lower levels have been maintained across a wider population of UK paint sprayers over the succeeding years. Whilst there may be many reasons for the reduction in exposure, the weight of evidence suggests that the key messages about exposure control measures, delivered through the sHADs and other means, were influential.

Antonella Fait - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Biological Monitoring of pesticide exposure a review introduction
    Toxicology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Marco Maroni, C Colosio, A Ferioli, Antonella Fait
    Abstract:

    : Pesticides are used worldwide in agriculture, industry, public health and for domestic applications: as a consequence, a great part of the population may be exposed to these compounds. In spite of this extensive use, knowledge on the health risks associated with prolonged exposure is rather poor, and major uncertainties still exist. Epidemiological observations in man have so far produced little conclusive information, mainly because of weaknesses in exposure assessment. Therefore, information on the type and levels of exposure is fundamental in order to better understand and characterize risk to human health. Exposure assessment can be carried out via measurement of environmental concentrations, as well as via determination of the chemical or its metabolites in body tissues (Biological Monitoring). Besides indices of internal dose, Biological Monitoring also includes measurements of early effects attributable to interaction between the chemical agent and the human body. Biological Monitoring has the advantage, over environmental Monitoring, of determining the dose actually absorbed via any possible route: differences in absorption can be taken into account. whether they are due to Biological variability or to use of protective equipment. When, in some cases, a combination of occupational and non-occupational exposure occurs, this also can be taken into consideration by Biological Monitoring. Few reference documents have been published on Biological Monitoring of pesticides. For this reason, the Office of Occupational Health of the World Health Organization gave ICPS a mandate to prepare a monograph specifically addressed to reviewing methods for Biological Monitoring of pesticide exposure. This review is based on more than 300 studies published over the period 1980-1999. For the most representative chemical classes, the available Biological exposure indices are reported. Both indices of internal dose and. when available, of early effects are discussed. The reported tests were used to monitor exposure of pesticide applicators in agriculture and public health, manufacturing and formulating workers. subjects poisoned after accidental exposure or attempted suicide, volunteers involved in pharmacokinetic studies, as well as sub-groups of the general population exposed to environmentally persistent pesticides. Single chapters deal with organophosphorus insecticides, carbamate pesticides, dithiocarbamates, phenoxyacids, quaternary ammonium compounds. coumarin rodenticides, synthetic pyrethroids, organochlorine pesticides, chlorotriazines, and pentachlorophenol.

Marco Maroni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Biological Monitoring of pesticide exposure a review of analytical methods
    Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, 2002
    Co-Authors: C Aprea, C Colosio, Teresa Mammone, C Minoia, Marco Maroni
    Abstract:

    A wide range of studies concerned with analytical methods for Biological Monitoring of exposure to pesticides is reviewed. All phases of analytical procedures are assessed, including sampling and storage, sample preparation and analysis, and validation of methods. Most of the studies aimed at measuring metabolites or unchanged compounds in urine andlor blood as Biological indicators of exposure or dose. Biological indicators of effect, such as cholinesterase, are also evaluated. The principal groups of pesticides are considered: organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, organochlorine pesticides, pyrethroid pesticides, herbicides, fungicides and other compounds. Choice of the method for Biological Monitoring of exposure depends on the study population: a detection limit of 1 μg/l or less is required for the general population; higher values are adequate for occupationally exposed subjects. Interpretation of results is also discussed. Since Biological indices of exposure are only available for a few compounds, Biological reference values, established for the general population, may be used for comparison with levels of professionally exposed subjects.

  • Biological Monitoring of pesticide exposure a review introduction
    Toxicology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Marco Maroni, C Colosio, A Ferioli, Antonella Fait
    Abstract:

    : Pesticides are used worldwide in agriculture, industry, public health and for domestic applications: as a consequence, a great part of the population may be exposed to these compounds. In spite of this extensive use, knowledge on the health risks associated with prolonged exposure is rather poor, and major uncertainties still exist. Epidemiological observations in man have so far produced little conclusive information, mainly because of weaknesses in exposure assessment. Therefore, information on the type and levels of exposure is fundamental in order to better understand and characterize risk to human health. Exposure assessment can be carried out via measurement of environmental concentrations, as well as via determination of the chemical or its metabolites in body tissues (Biological Monitoring). Besides indices of internal dose, Biological Monitoring also includes measurements of early effects attributable to interaction between the chemical agent and the human body. Biological Monitoring has the advantage, over environmental Monitoring, of determining the dose actually absorbed via any possible route: differences in absorption can be taken into account. whether they are due to Biological variability or to use of protective equipment. When, in some cases, a combination of occupational and non-occupational exposure occurs, this also can be taken into consideration by Biological Monitoring. Few reference documents have been published on Biological Monitoring of pesticides. For this reason, the Office of Occupational Health of the World Health Organization gave ICPS a mandate to prepare a monograph specifically addressed to reviewing methods for Biological Monitoring of pesticide exposure. This review is based on more than 300 studies published over the period 1980-1999. For the most representative chemical classes, the available Biological exposure indices are reported. Both indices of internal dose and. when available, of early effects are discussed. The reported tests were used to monitor exposure of pesticide applicators in agriculture and public health, manufacturing and formulating workers. subjects poisoned after accidental exposure or attempted suicide, volunteers involved in pharmacokinetic studies, as well as sub-groups of the general population exposed to environmentally persistent pesticides. Single chapters deal with organophosphorus insecticides, carbamate pesticides, dithiocarbamates, phenoxyacids, quaternary ammonium compounds. coumarin rodenticides, synthetic pyrethroids, organochlorine pesticides, chlorotriazines, and pentachlorophenol.

  • Biological Monitoring of human exposure to atrazine
    Toxicology Letters, 1993
    Co-Authors: Catenacci G, Franco Barbieri, Maurizio Bersani, Adalberto Fereoli, Danilo Cottica, Marco Maroni
    Abstract:

    Abstract Atrazine exposure was evaluated in six manufacturing workers by personal and Biological Monitoring. Total atrazine exposure varied from 10 to 700 μmol per workshift and total urinary atrazine excretion accounted for 1–2% of the external dose. The spectrum of the urinary atrazine metabolites comprises bi-dealkylated (80%), deisopropylated (10%), deethylated (8%) and unmodified atrazine (2%). The metabolites are eliminated in urine in slightly longer than 24 h: 50% of the amount is excreted in the first 8 h following the workshift.