The Experts below are selected from a list of 6495 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
P. Shepherd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Today's Biopower
2000Co-Authors: P. ShepherdAbstract:Biomass is a proven option for electricity generation. A diverse range of Biopower producers includes electric utilities, independent power producers, and the pulp and paper industry. To help expand opportunities for biomass power production, the U.S. Department of Energy established the Biopower Program and is sponsoring efforts to increase the productivity of dedicated energy crops. The Program aims to double biomass conversion efficiencies, thus reducing biomass power generation costs. These efforts will promote industrial and agricultural growth, improve the environment, create jobs, increase U.S. energy security, and provide new export markets.
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Today's Biopower
2000Co-Authors: P. ShepherdAbstract:Biomass is a proven option for electricity generation. A diverse range of Biopower producers includes electric utilities, independent power producers, and the pulp and paper industry. To help expand opportunities for biomass power production, the U.S. Department of Energy established the Biopower Program and is sponsoring efforts to increase the productivity of dedicated energy crops. The Program aims to double biomass conversion efficiencies, thus reducing biomass power generation costs. These efforts will promote industrial and agricultural growth, improve the environment, create jobs, increase U.S. energy security, and provide new export markets.
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Pioneering energy crops in the Midwest, project update: Chariton Valley
2000Co-Authors: P. ShepherdAbstract:Biomass is a proven option for electricity generation. A diverse range of Biopower producers includes electric utilities, independent power producers, and the pulp and paper industry. To help expand opportunities for biomass power production, the U.S. Department of Energy established the Biopower Program and is sponsoring efforts to increase the productivity of dedicated energy crops. The Program aims to double biomass conversion efficiencies, thus reducing biomass power generation costs. These efforts will promote industrial and agricultural growth, improve the environment, create jobs, increase U.S. energy security, and provide new export markets.
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Biomass co-firing: A renewable alternative for utilities
2000Co-Authors: P. ShepherdAbstract:Biomass is a proven option for electricity generation. A diverse range of Biopower producers includes electric utilities, independent power producers, and the pulp and paper industry. To help expand opportunities for biomass power production, the U.S. Department of Energy established the Biopower Program and is sponsoring efforts to increase the productivity of dedicated energy crops. The Program aims to double biomass conversion efficiencies, thus reducing biomass power generation costs. These efforts will promote industrial and agricultural growth, improve the environment, create jobs, increase U.S. energy security, and provide new export markets.
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Project update: The Vermont gasifier
2000Co-Authors: P. ShepherdAbstract:Biomass is a proven option for electricity generation. A diverse range of Biopower producers includes electric utilities, independent power producers, and the pulp and paper industry. To help expand opportunities for biomass power production, the U.S. Department of Energy established the Biopower Program and is sponsoring efforts to increase the productivity of dedicated energy crops. The Program aims to double biomass conversion efficiencies, thus reducing biomass power generation costs. These efforts will promote industrial and agricultural growth, improve the environment, create jobs, increase U.S. energy security, and provide new export markets.
Thomas G Johnson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Organization of the current U.S. Biopower industry: A template for future bioenergy industries
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:The development of biomass based industries face many challenges. Technological and environmental questions are paramount. However, the organization of developing biomass based industries could be a key non-technical barrier. Given that industrial organization is not the focus of many research agendas, this article attempts to fill the void. Biomass sources could be a low cost feedstock for energy production such as cellulosic ethanol. This potential low cost hinges on effective and efficient methods of exchange. One way to address the need to understand the organization of future biomass based industries is to examine current related industries such as the United States Biopower industry. This article first examines the broad industrial structure of the current Biopower industry by briefly discussing inputs, technology, function and production trends. Then the discussion is narrowed to focus on the type of organizational form used to procure or transfer ownership of biomass materials in the current U.S. Biopower industry. Based on survey evidence the current Biopower industry is found to be highly vertically integrated with little use of spot markets. This result is found to be consistent across the type of biomass fuel used.
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Scale and Transaction Costs in the U.S. Biopower Industry.
Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, 2007Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Peter G. Klein, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:With increasing interest in renewable energy from agriculture, including Biopower and cellulose ethanol, there is a need for better understanding of the economic organization of this emerging industry. Study of the organization of the Biopower industry represents an under-researched area and a new application of transaction cost theory to an emerging industry. Refinement of the theory can also result from challenging applications. This article provides an application of transaction cost economics to the existing United States Biopower industry while challenging the empirical convention of excluding production cost variables from transaction cost analysis. Utilizing survey data from 53 Biopower generators we study the relationship between physical asset specificity, site specificity, and scale in explaining firms' decisions to procure inputs internally, externally, or to use both methods. Consistent with transaction cost theory, both site specificity and scale are good predictors of organizational form. Given this evidence, this article reconsiders the impact of scale and transaction costs on the choice of organizational from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Scale as a Transaction Cost Variable in the U.S. Biopower Industry
2006Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Peter G. Klein, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:With increasing interest in renewable energy from agriculture, including Biopower and cellulose ethanol, several aspects of the industry must be understood. Study of the organization of the Biopower industry represents an under researched area and a new application of transaction cost theory to an emerging industry. Refinement of the theory can also result from challenging applications. This article provides an application of transaction cost economics to the existing United States Biopower industry while challenging the empirical convention of excluding production cost variables from transaction cost analysis. Utilizing survey data from 53 Biopower generators, scale is modeled as a transaction cost variable in explaining the choice of organizational from. Consistent with transaction cost theory, the probability of observing internal organization is found to be negatively correlated to scale. Given this evidence, this article reconsiders the impact of scale and transaction costs on the choice of organizational from.
Ira J. Altman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Organization of the current U.S. Biopower industry: A template for future bioenergy industries
Biomass and Bioenergy, 2009Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:The development of biomass based industries face many challenges. Technological and environmental questions are paramount. However, the organization of developing biomass based industries could be a key non-technical barrier. Given that industrial organization is not the focus of many research agendas, this article attempts to fill the void. Biomass sources could be a low cost feedstock for energy production such as cellulosic ethanol. This potential low cost hinges on effective and efficient methods of exchange. One way to address the need to understand the organization of future biomass based industries is to examine current related industries such as the United States Biopower industry. This article first examines the broad industrial structure of the current Biopower industry by briefly discussing inputs, technology, function and production trends. Then the discussion is narrowed to focus on the type of organizational form used to procure or transfer ownership of biomass materials in the current U.S. Biopower industry. Based on survey evidence the current Biopower industry is found to be highly vertically integrated with little use of spot markets. This result is found to be consistent across the type of biomass fuel used.
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Scale and Transaction Costs in the U.S. Biopower Industry.
Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, 2007Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Peter G. Klein, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:With increasing interest in renewable energy from agriculture, including Biopower and cellulose ethanol, there is a need for better understanding of the economic organization of this emerging industry. Study of the organization of the Biopower industry represents an under-researched area and a new application of transaction cost theory to an emerging industry. Refinement of the theory can also result from challenging applications. This article provides an application of transaction cost economics to the existing United States Biopower industry while challenging the empirical convention of excluding production cost variables from transaction cost analysis. Utilizing survey data from 53 Biopower generators we study the relationship between physical asset specificity, site specificity, and scale in explaining firms' decisions to procure inputs internally, externally, or to use both methods. Consistent with transaction cost theory, both site specificity and scale are good predictors of organizational form. Given this evidence, this article reconsiders the impact of scale and transaction costs on the choice of organizational from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Scale as a Transaction Cost Variable in the U.S. Biopower Industry
2006Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Peter G. Klein, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:With increasing interest in renewable energy from agriculture, including Biopower and cellulose ethanol, several aspects of the industry must be understood. Study of the organization of the Biopower industry represents an under researched area and a new application of transaction cost theory to an emerging industry. Refinement of the theory can also result from challenging applications. This article provides an application of transaction cost economics to the existing United States Biopower industry while challenging the empirical convention of excluding production cost variables from transaction cost analysis. Utilizing survey data from 53 Biopower generators, scale is modeled as a transaction cost variable in explaining the choice of organizational from. Consistent with transaction cost theory, the probability of observing internal organization is found to be negatively correlated to scale. Given this evidence, this article reconsiders the impact of scale and transaction costs on the choice of organizational from.
Arshad Javaid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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EFFECT OF Biopower APPLICATION ON WEED GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE
Planta Daninha, 2017Co-Authors: Nighat Sana, Arshad Javaid, Rukhsana Bajwa, Amna ShoaibAbstract:ABSTRACT Biopower is a commercial rice biofertilizer comprised of various associative nitrogen fixers. In this present study, a field trial was carried out to assess the effects of Biopower application on the growth of some rice weeds and yield of rice (Oryza sativa). Four common rice weeds namely Cyperus rotundus, Echinochloa colonum, Marsilea minuta, Paspalum paspaloides, and mixed weeds were sown in 1:1 weed crop ratio in soil amended with i) ½ dose of N (nitrogen) + recommended doses of PK (phosphorus, potassium) fertilizers, ii) recommended doses of NPK fertilizers, and iii) farmyard manure (FYM) + ¼NPK fertilizers, with and without Biopower application. Biopower application variably reduced weed biomass in different soil amendment systems. The effect of Biopower on weed biomass was most pronounced in NPK, followed by FYM amendment, resulting in up to 50% and 36% reduction in weed biomass, respectively. Biopower application enhanced shoot N content of rice in all the treatments. The effect of Biopower application on shoot N content was most pronounced in ½N-PK and least in NPK applied plots. The four weeds planted with rice reduced rice grain yield by 12-75% in different soil amendments. Biopower application enhanced grain yield in rice, in weed free control, and in different weeds infested plots by 38-90% in ½N-PK, 6-13% in NPK and 12-150% in FYM applied plots. The present study has come to the conclusion that adverse effect of weeds on grain yield of rice can be managed by the application of Biopower in combination with either ½N-PK or FYM amendment.
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EFFECT OF SOIL AMENDMENTS, WEEDS AND Biopower APPLICATION ON MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION IN RICE
Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 2014Co-Authors: Nighat Sana, Arshad Javaid, Amna Shoaib, Rukhsana BajwaAbstract:A field study was undertaken to investigate the effect of weeds, soil amendments and Biopower (a commercial biofertilizer) on vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) colonization in rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. Basmati Super. i)- Field soil was amended with recommended doses of NPK fertilizers, ii)- half N and recommended doses of P and K fertilizers, and iii)- farmyard manure. Four common rice weeds namely Cyperus rotundus L. , Echinochloa colonum (L.) Link , Paspalum paspaloides (Michx.) Scribn. and Marsilea minuta L. were planted as 1:1 weed rice plant ratios in all the three soil amendments . All the treatments were with or without Biopower application. Mycorrhizal colonization was studied after 50, 80 and 110 days of rice transplantation corresponding to various growth stages viz. vegetative, flowering/panicle and maturity, respectively. The highest mycorrhizal colonization in rice was recorded at panicle stage i.e. 80 days after transplantation. Mycorrhizal colonization in rice varied with weed species, soil amendment and growth stage of rice. Generally, weeds stimulated mycelial, arbuscular and vesicular colonization in rice roots. The highest stimulatory effect on mycorrhizal colonization was due to mixed weeds in all the three soil amendments at various growth stages of the crop. Biopower application significantly enhanced mycorrhizal colonization in weed free treatment or rice plants co-cultivated with P. paspaloides and M. minuta in one or the other soil amendment.
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effects of biofertilizers combined with different soil amendments on potted rice plants
Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 2011Co-Authors: Arshad JavaidAbstract:This pot study investigated the effect of the combined application of two commercial biofertilizers viz. Biopower and EM (Effective Microorganisms) on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and yield in soils amended with farmyard manure, green manure, and NPK fertilizers. Biopower is a product of the Nuclear Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan, which contains species of associative and endophytic diazotrophs. EM (effective microorganisms), a product developed by Japanese scientists, consists of co-existing beneficial microorganisms, mainly species of photosynthetic and lactic acid bacteria, as well as yeast. Applying Biopower adversely affected plant growth and yield in NPK fertilizer amendment. Conversely, this biofertilizer markedly enhanced plant growth and yield in green manure amended soil while its effect was not significant in farmyard manure amendment. In green manure amendment, applying EM enhanced grain yield by 46%. Co-inoculation of Biopower and EM evidently improved root and shoot growth in farmyard manure amended soil. This study concludes that the two biofertilizers clearly enhanced shoot biomass and grain yield in green manure amended soils.
Peter G. Klein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Scale and Transaction Costs in the U.S. Biopower Industry.
Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization, 2007Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Peter G. Klein, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:With increasing interest in renewable energy from agriculture, including Biopower and cellulose ethanol, there is a need for better understanding of the economic organization of this emerging industry. Study of the organization of the Biopower industry represents an under-researched area and a new application of transaction cost theory to an emerging industry. Refinement of the theory can also result from challenging applications. This article provides an application of transaction cost economics to the existing United States Biopower industry while challenging the empirical convention of excluding production cost variables from transaction cost analysis. Utilizing survey data from 53 Biopower generators we study the relationship between physical asset specificity, site specificity, and scale in explaining firms' decisions to procure inputs internally, externally, or to use both methods. Consistent with transaction cost theory, both site specificity and scale are good predictors of organizational form. Given this evidence, this article reconsiders the impact of scale and transaction costs on the choice of organizational from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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Scale as a Transaction Cost Variable in the U.S. Biopower Industry
2006Co-Authors: Ira J. Altman, Peter G. Klein, Thomas G JohnsonAbstract:With increasing interest in renewable energy from agriculture, including Biopower and cellulose ethanol, several aspects of the industry must be understood. Study of the organization of the Biopower industry represents an under researched area and a new application of transaction cost theory to an emerging industry. Refinement of the theory can also result from challenging applications. This article provides an application of transaction cost economics to the existing United States Biopower industry while challenging the empirical convention of excluding production cost variables from transaction cost analysis. Utilizing survey data from 53 Biopower generators, scale is modeled as a transaction cost variable in explaining the choice of organizational from. Consistent with transaction cost theory, the probability of observing internal organization is found to be negatively correlated to scale. Given this evidence, this article reconsiders the impact of scale and transaction costs on the choice of organizational from.