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Jean-marc Elalouf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Descent of Bison
    Evolutionary Biology: Self Nonself Evolution Species and Complex Traits Evolution Methods and Concepts, 2017
    Co-Authors: Marie-claude Marsolier-kergoat, Jean-marc Elalouf
    Abstract:

    Two Bison species roamed the Eurasian continent during the Middle and Upper Pleistocene, the steppe Bison, Bison priscus, and the woodland Bison, Bison schoetensacki. Despite the wealth of fossil remains for these species, especially for the steppe Bison, their genomic characterization started only a few years ago. Even now, when complete mitochondrial genomes are available for several specimens, information about nuclear genomes is still very fragmentary, limited to a few thousands positions at best. We present here our contribution to the characterization of these ancient Bison genomes and to the clarification of their phylogeny.

  • Genome data on the extinct Bison schoetensacki establish it as a sister species of the extant European Bison ( Bison bonasus )
    BMC evolutionary biology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Pauline Palacio, Véronique Berthonaud, Claude Guérin, Josie Lambourdière, Frédéric Maksud, Michel Philippe, Delphine Plaire, Thomas W. Stafford, Marie-claude Marsolier-kergoat, Jean-marc Elalouf
    Abstract:

    The European Bison (Bison bonasus), now found in Europe and the Caucasus, has been proposed to originate either from the extinct steppe/extant American Bison lineage or from the extinct Bison schoetensacki lineage. Bison schoetensacki remains are documented in Eurasian Middle Pleistocene sites, but their presence in Upper Pleistocene sites has been questioned. Despite extensive genetic studies carried out on the steppe and European Bison, no remains from the fossil record morphologically identified as Bison schoetensacki has been analyzed up to now. In this paper, we analyzed a 36,000-year-old Bison schoetensaki bone sample from the Sirejol cave (France) and a cave hyena coprolite (fossilized feces) found in a nearby cave and containing large amounts of Bovinae DNA. We show that the Bovinae mitochondrial DNA sequences from both samples, including a complete mitochondrial genome sequence, belong to a clade recently reported in the literature. This clade only includes ancient Bison specimens without taxonomic identification and displays a sister relationship with the extant European Bison. The genetic proximity of Bison schoetensacki with specimens from this clade is corroborated by the analysis of nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms. This work provides genetic evidence supporting the continuing presence of Bison schoetensacki up to the Upper Pleistocene. Bison schoetensacki turns out to be a sister species of Bison bonasus, excluding the steppe Bison Bison priscus as a direct ancestor of the European Bison.

  • Genome data on the extinct Bison schoetensacki establish it as a sister species of the extant European Bison (Bison bonasus)
    BMC Evolutionary Biology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Pauline Palacio, Véronique Berthonaud, Claude Guérin, Josie Lambourdière, Frédéric Maksud, Michel Philippe, Delphine Plaire, Marie-claude Marsolier-kergoat, Thomas Stafford, Jean-marc Elalouf
    Abstract:

    Background: The European Bison (Bison bonasus), now found in Europe and the Caucasus, has been proposed to originate either from the extinct steppe/extant American Bison lineage or from the extinct Bison schoetensacki lineage. Bison schoetensacki remains are documented in Eurasian Middle Pleistocene sites, but their presence in Upper Pleistocene sites has been questioned. Despite extensive genetic studies carried out on the steppe and European Bison, no remains from the fossil record morphologically identified as Bison schoetensacki has been analyzed up to now. Results: In this paper, we analyzed a 36,000-year-old Bison schoetensaki bone sample from the Sirejol cave ( France) and a cave hyena coprolite (fossilized feces) found in a nearby cave and containing large amounts of Bovinae DNA. We show that the Bovinae mitochondrial DNA sequences from both samples, including a complete mitochondrial genome sequence, belong to a clade recently reported in the literature. This clade only includes ancient Bison specimens without taxonomic identification and displays a sister relationship with the extant European Bison. The genetic proximity of Bison schoetensacki with specimens from this clade is corroborated by the analysis of nuclear DNA single nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusions: This work provides genetic evidence supporting the continuing presence of Bison schoetensacki up to the Upper Pleistocene. Bison schoetensacki turns out to be a sister species of Bison bonasus, excluding the steppe Bison Bison priscus as a direct ancestor of the European Bison.

Kate Jirik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

James N. Derr - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Genetic Variation and Differentiation of Bison (Bison Bison) Subspecies and Cattle (Bos taurus) Breeds and Subspecies
    The Journal of heredity, 2013
    Co-Authors: Matthew A. Cronin, Michael D. Macneil, Vicki Leesburg, Harvey D. Blackburn, James N. Derr
    Abstract:

    The genetic relationship of American plains Bison (Bison Bison Bison) and wood Bison (Bison Bison athabascae) was quantified and compared with that among breeds and subspecies of cattle. Plains Bison from 9 herds (N = 136), wood Bison from 3 herds (N = 65), taurine cattle (Bos taurus taurus) from 14 breeds (N = 244), and indicine cattle (Bos taurus indicus) from 2 breeds (N = 53) were genotyped for 29 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Bayesian cluster analyses indicate 3 groups, 2 of which are plains Bison and 1 of which is wood Bison with some admixture, and genetic distances do not show plains Bison and wood Bison as distinct groups. Differentiation of wood Bison and plains Bison is also significantly less than that of cattle breeds and subspecies. These and other genetic data and historical interbreeding of Bison do not support recognition of extant plains Bison and wood Bison as phylogenetically distinct subspecies.

  • phenotypic effects of cattle mitochondrial dna in american Bison
    Conservation Biology, 2012
    Co-Authors: James N. Derr, Natalie D. Halbert, David Hunter, Philip W Hedrick, Louis V Plough, Lauren K Dobson, Julie King, Calvin Duncan, Noah D Cohen, Dennis Hedgecock
    Abstract:

    Hybridization between endangered species and more common species is a significant problem in conservation biology because it may result in extinction or loss of adaptation. The historical reduction in abundance and geographic distribution of the American plains Bison (Bison Bison Bison) and their recovery over the last 125 years is well documented. However, introgression from domestic cattle (Bos taurus) into the few remaining Bison populations that existed in the late 1800s has now been identified in many modern Bison herds. We examined the phenotypic effect of this ancestry by comparing weight and height of Bison with cattle or Bison mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from Santa Catalina Island, California (U.S.A.), a nutritionally stressful environment for Bison, and of a group of age-matched feedlot Bison males in Montana, a nutritionally rich environment. The environmental and nutritional differences between these 2 Bison populations were very different and demonstrated the phenotypic effect of domestic cattle mtDNA in Bison over a broad range of conditions. For example, the average weight of feedlot males that were 2 years of age was 2.54 times greater than that of males from Santa Catalina Island. In both environments, Bison with cattle mtDNA had lower weight compared with Bison with Bison mtDNA, and on Santa Catalina Island, the height of Bison with cattle mtDNA was lower than the height of Bison with Bison mtDNA. These data support the hypothesis that body size is smaller and height is lower in Bison with domestic cattle mtDNA and that genomic integrity is important for the conservation of the American plains Bison. Efectos Fenotipicos del ADN Mitocondrial de Ganado en el Bisonte Americano Resumen La hibridacion entre especies en peligro y especies mas comunes es un problema significativo en biologia de la conservacion porque puede resultar en la extincion o perdida de adaptacion. La reduccion historica de la abundancia y distribucion geografica del Bisonte americano (Bison Bison Bison) y su recuperacion en los ultimos 125 anos esta bien documentada. Sin embargo, la introgresion de ganado domestico (Bos Taurus) en las escasas poblaciones remanentes de Bisonte que existian a fines del siglo XIX ha sido identificada en muchas manadas actuales de Bisonte. Examinamos el efecto fenotipico de esta ascendencia mediante la comparacion del peso y altura de Bisontes con ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt) de ganado o Bisonte de la Isla Santa Catalina, California, (E.U.A.), un ambiente nutricionalmente estresante para Bisontes, y de un grupo de Bisontes machos de la misma edad de Montana, un ambiente nutricionalmente rico. Las diferencias ambientales y nutricionales entres estas 2 poblaciones de Bisontes fueron muy grandes y demostraron el efecto fenotipico del ADN mt de ganado domestico en Bisontes en un amplio rango de condiciones. Por ejemplo, el peso promedio de machos de 2 anos de Montana fue 2.54 veces mayor que el de machos de la Isla Santa Catalina. En ambos ambientes, los Bisontes con ADNmt de ganado tenian menos peso en comparacion con Bisontes con ADNmt de Bisonte, y en la Isla Santa Catalina, la altura de Bisontes con ADNmt de ganado fue menor que la altura de Bisontes con ADNmt de Bisontes. Estos datos soportan la hipotesis de que el tamano corporal es menor y la altura es menor en Bisontes con ADNmt de ganado y que la integridad genetica es importante para la conservacion del Bisonte americano.

  • Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of Bison Bison and Bison-cattle hybrids: function and phylogeny.
    Mitochondrion, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kory C. Douglas, Natalie D. Halbert, Claire E. Kolenda, Christopher P. Childers, David Hunter, James N. Derr
    Abstract:

    Abstract Complete mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genomes from 43 Bison and Bison-cattle hybrids were sequenced and compared with other bovids. Selected animals reflect the historical range and current taxonomic structure of Bison. This study identified regions of potential nuclear–mitochondrial incompatibilities in hybrids, provided a complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree for this species, and uncovered evidence of Bison population substructure. Seventeen Bison haplotypes defined by 66 polymorphic sites were discovered, whereas 728 fixed differences and 86 non-synonymous mutations were identified between Bison and Bison–cattle hybrid sequences. The potential roles of the mtDNA genome in the function of hybrid animals and Bison taxonomy are discussed.

  • second chance for the plains Bison
    Biological Conservation, 2007
    Co-Authors: Curtis H Freese, Natalie D. Halbert, James N. Derr, Peter J. P. Gogan, Keith Aune, Delaney P Boyd, Steve Forrest, Cormack C Gates, Shaun M Grassel, Kyran Kunkel
    Abstract:

    Before European settlement the plains Bison (Bison Bison Bison) numbered in the tens of millions across most of the temperate region of North America. Within the span of a few decades during the mid- to late-1800s its numbers were reduced by hunting and other factors to a few hundred. The plight of the plains Bison led to one of the first major movements in North America to save an endangered species. A few individuals and the American Bison Society rescued the remaining animals. Attempts to hybridize cattle and Bison when Bison numbers were low resulted in extensive cattle gene introgression in Bison. Today, though approximately 500,000 plains Bison exist in North America, few are free of cattle gene introgression, 96% are subject to anthropogenic selection for commodity production, and only 4% are in herds managed primarily for conservation purposes. Small herd size, artificial selection, cattle-gene introgression, and other factors threaten the diversity and integrity of the Bison genome. In addition, the Bison is for all practical purposes ecologically extinct across its former range, with multiple consequences for grassland biodiversity. Urgent measures are needed to conserve the wild Bison genome and to restore the ecological role of Bison in grassland ecosystems. Socioeconomic trends in the Great Plains, combined with new information about Bison conservation needs and new conservation initiatives by both the public and public sectors, have set the stage for significant progress in Bison conservation over the next few years.

  • Detection of mitochondrial DNA from domestic cattle in Bison on
    2007
    Co-Authors: A. B. Vogel, K. Tenggardjaja, Suzanne Edmands, Natalie D. Halbert, James N. Derr, Dennis Hedgecock
    Abstract:

    Summary In 1924, 14 American Bison (Bison Bison) were introduced to Santa Catalina Island,California and sporadically supplemented thereafter with additional animals. To reduce theherd and its impact on native vegetation, over 2000 animals have been exported during thepast four decades. Today, the herd is estimated to contain around 250 individuals. Geneticanalysis was performed on 98 animals removed from the island in 2004. Forty-four samples(45%) had domestic cattle mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 12 (12%) had previously reportedBison haplotypes and 42 (43%) had a new haplotype differing by one base pair from apreviously reported Bison haplotype. A complement of five restriction enzymes was found tobe useful in identifying Bison with domestic cattle mtDNA.Keywords American Bison, Bison, Bovidae, genetics, introgression, mtDNA.The census size of American Bison (Bison Bison) droppedfrom millions of individuals in 1800 to

Douglas W Blanton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Estimating probabilities of active brucellosis infection in Yellowstone Bison through quantitative serology and tissue culture
    Journal of Applied Ecology, 2011
    Co-Authors: John J Treanor, Chris Geremia, Rick L Wallen, Patrick J. White, Philip H. Crowley, Douglas W Blanton
    Abstract:

    Summary 1. Disease management along the boundaries of wildlife reserves is a growing conservation problem worldwide, as infected wildlife can migrate outside protected areas and pose a threat to livestock and human health. The Bison Bison Bison population in Yellowstone National Park has long been infected with Brucella abortus, but culling of Yellowstone Bison to prevent transmission to cattle has been ineffective at reducing brucellosis infection. This management strategy is negatively affecting long-term Bison conservation because of difficulties in diagnosing actively infected animals. 2. We integrated age-specific serology and B. abortus culture results from slaughtered Yellowstone Bison to estimate probabilities of active brucellosis infection using a Bayesian framework. Infection probabilities were associated with age in young Bison (0–5 years old) and with elevated antibody levels in older Bison (>5 years old). Our results indicate that Yellowstone Bison acquire B. abortus infection early in life but typically recover as they grow older. 3. A tool was developed to allow Bison management to better reflect the probability that particular animals are infective, with the aim of conserving Yellowstone Bison while reducing the risk of brucellosis transmission to cattle. Combining selective removal of infectious Bison with additional management practices, such as vaccination, has the potential to advance an effective brucellosis reduction programme. 4. Synthesis and applications. We conclude that active B. abortus infection in Yellowstone Bison is age dependent, which allows true infection probabilities to be estimated based on age and quantitative diagnostic tests. These findings have important application to disease management worldwide where accurate diagnostic tests for wildlife are unavailable. Estimation of true infection probabilities can replace culling practices that conflict with wildlife conservation. The ability to identify infective individuals can improve management practices that support conservation, particularly when human health is at risk or endangered wildlife species are involved.

  • management of yellowstone Bison and brucellosis transmission risk implications for conservation and restoration
    Biological Conservation, 2011
    Co-Authors: P J White, Chris Geremia, Rick L Wallen, John J Treanor, Douglas W Blanton
    Abstract:

    Yellowstone Bison (Bison Bison Bison) are managed to reduce the risk of brucellosis (Brucella abortus) transmission to cattle while allowing some migration out of Yellowstone National Park to winter ranges in Montana. Intensive management near conservation area boundaries maintained separation between Bison and cattle, with no transmission of brucellosis. However, brucellosis prevalence in the Bison population was not reduced and the management plan underestimated Bison abundance, distribution, and migration, which contributed to larger risk management culls (total >3000 Bison) than anticipated. Culls differentially affected breeding herds and altered gender structure, created reduced female cohorts, and dampened productivity. The ecological future of plains Bison could be significantly enhanced by resolving issues of disease and social tolerance for Yellowstone Bison so that their unique wild state and adaptive capabilities can be used to synergize the restoration of the species. We recommend several adaptive management adjustments that could be implemented to enhance the conservation of plains Bison and reduce brucellosis infection. These findings and recommendations are pertinent to wood Bison (Bison Bison athabascae), European Bison (Bison bonasus), and other large ungulates worldwide that are managed using best practices within a risk framework.

Jacob C. Thundathil - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY ON SEMINAL PLASMA CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTH AMERICAN Bison (Bison Bison).
    Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2017
    Co-Authors: Sulochana Krishnakumar, Douglas P. Whiteside, Brett Elkin, Jacob C. Thundathil
    Abstract:

    Abstract The two subspecies of the North American Bison, plains (Bison Bison Bison) and wood (Bison Bison athabascae) Bison, are seasonal breeders. The objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the effects of season on semen. To test the hypothesis that there are seasonal effects on seminal plasma, protein profiles of seminal plasma from plains and wood Bison (n = 2 of each subspecies) were compared between breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of seminal plasma proteins, 54 of 170 spots (plains Bison) and 19 of 153 spots (wood Bison) had differential expression (≥2-fold; P < 0.01) between seasons. Based on immunoblotting, BSP5 and TIMP-2 (two fertility-associated proteins in cattle) were higher during the breeding vs. nonbreeding season. Furthermore, epididymal sperm incubated with seminal plasma from the nonbreeding season had lower postthaw progressive motility (17.33 ± 7.47 vs. 22.09 ± 6.67%; mean ± SD) and an increased ability to und...

  • A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE SEASONALITY ON SEMINAL PLASMA CHARACTERISTICS IN NORTH AMERICAN Bison (Bison Bison).
    Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians, 2017
    Co-Authors: Sulochana Krishnakumar, Douglas P. Whiteside, Brett Elkin, Jacob C. Thundathil
    Abstract:

    The two subspecies of the North American Bison, plains ( Bison Bison Bison) and wood ( Bison Bison athabascae) Bison, are seasonal breeders. The objective of this study was to conduct a preliminary investigation into the effects of season on semen. To test the hypothesis that there are seasonal effects on seminal plasma, protein profiles of seminal plasma from plains and wood Bison (n = 2 of each subspecies) were compared between breeding and nonbreeding seasons. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of seminal plasma proteins, 54 of 170 spots (plains Bison) and 19 of 153 spots (wood Bison) had differential expression (≥2-fold; P < 0.01) between seasons. Based on immunoblotting, BSP5 and TIMP-2 (two fertility-associated proteins in cattle) were higher during the breeding vs. nonbreeding season. Furthermore, epididymal sperm incubated with seminal plasma from the nonbreeding season had lower postthaw progressive motility (17.33 ± 7.47 vs. 22.09 ± 6.67%; mean ± SD) and an increased ability to undergo a lysophosphatidylcholine-induced acrosome reaction (77.83 ± 8.47 vs. 52.67 ± 7.76%; mean ± SD) as compared to epididymal sperm incubated with seminal plasma from the breeding season. In a heterologous in vitro fertilization system (using bovine oocytes), cleavage rate was higher for sperm exposed to seminal plasma from the breeding vs. the nonbreeding season (75.35 ± 16.55 vs. 33.63 ± 12.44%; mean ± SD). This study suggested that differential expression of seminal plasma characteristics modulating sperm function is one of the mechanisms by which reproductive seasonality affects sperm function in the North American Bison.

  • Evaluation of an animal protein-free semen extender for cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from North American Bison (Bison Bison).
    Theriogenology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Sulochana Krishnakumar, Douglas P. Whiteside, Brett Elkin, Jacob C. Thundathil
    Abstract:

    The objective was to evaluate the suitability of an animal protein-free semen extender for cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from the two subspecies of North American Bison: plains (Bison Bison Bison) and wood (Bison Bison athabascae) Bison. Both cauda epididymides (from six plains and five wood Bison) were minced and incubated in Sp-TALPH buffer for approximately 2 h at 37 °C to release actively motile sperm. Sperm suspensions were filtered, centrifuged and the sperm pellet from each bull was divided into two fractions and diluted either in egg yolk containing extender, Triladyl, or in an animal protein-free extender, Andromed, and equilibrated for 20 min at 37 °C. Thereafter, samples were chilled and cryopreserved. Frozen-thawed sperm were evaluated for motility (computer assisted sperm analysis), viability (SYBR 14 and propidium iodide), acrosome integrity (FITC conjugated PSA), cryocapacitation (tyrosine phosphorylation of sperm proteins as a biomarker), and fertilizing ability (in a heterologous IVF system). There was no significant difference for progressive motility, viability, and acrosome integrity between the two extenders for plains Bison (36.8 ± 9.0, 60.5 ± 17.4, and 77.3 ± 4.6%; overall mean ± SD) as well as for wood Bison (11.7 ± 8.1, 13.7 ± 5.6, and 73.4 ± 4.2%). Levels of tyrosine phosphorylation did not differ for sperm preserved in the two extenders for both subspecies, although an inter-bull variability in the response to tyrosine phosphorylation between extenders was suggested for plains Bison. Fertilization percent did not differ significantly between extenders for plains Bison (84.16 ± 9.92%, overall mean ± SD) and for wood Bison (59.53 ± 19.99%). In conclusion, in the absence of significant difference between extenders in post-thaw sperm characteristics, we inferred that Andromed (animal protein-free) was suitable for cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from North American Bison.

  • Sperm characteristics in plains (Bison Bison Bison) versus wood (Bison Bison athabascae) Bison
    Theriogenology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Raymond B.g. Pegge, Sulochana Krishnakumar, Douglas P. Whiteside, Brett Elkin, J. M. Parlevliet, Jacob C. Thundathil
    Abstract:

    Abstract The objective was to compare sperm characteristics between the two subspecies of North American Bison, plains Bison ( Bison Bison Bison ) and wood Bison ( Bison Bison athabascae ). Frozen-thawed ejaculated sperm from age-matched plains (n = 3) and wood (n = 2) Bison were evaluated for morphometry, motility, viability, protein profile, and in vitro fertilization characteristics. Sperm morphometry and motility were assessed with computer-based systems, viability was assessed with SYBR-14 and propidium iodide, and fertilizing ability was determined using a heterologous in vitro fertilization system (using bovine oocytes). For plains versus wood Bison, there were significant differences for head width (4.76 ± 0.22 vs 4.71 ± 0.19 μm; mean ± SD), head area (35.64 ± 1.91 vs 34.72 ± 2.64 μm 2 ), head perimeter (23.61 ± 0.68 vs 23.31 ± 0.98 μm), midpiece length (14.58 ± 0.4 vs 14.36 ± 0.51 μm), midpiece width (0.81 ± 0.06 vs 0.79 ± 0.07 μm), and tail length (46.61 ± 2.15 vs 45.98 ± 2.08 μm). However, there was no significant difference in head length (overall, 9.04 ± 0.37 μm), progressive motility (41.16 ± 8.39%), or viability (41.58 ± 5.58%). Based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 93 out of 113 protein spots were similar in their expression patterns. Furthermore, we inferred that differences in sperm biometry between these subspecies did not affect in vitro fertilization percentage (overall, 82.62 ± 12.13%). Based on these findings, we concluded that plains Bison were an appropriate research model for developing reproductive technologies for wood Bison.

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