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Mark E. Hodson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A comparison of the relative toxicity of Bone Meal and other P sources used as remedial treatments to the earthworm Eisenia fetida
Pedobiologia, 2011Co-Authors: Laura Atuah, Mark E. HodsonAbstract:Abstract It has been suggested that sources of P could be used to remediate metal-contaminated soil. The toxicity of four potential P sources, potassium hydrogen phosphate (PHP), triple superphosphate (TSP), rock phosphate (RP) and raw Bone Meal (RBM) to Eisenia fetida was determined. The concentration of P that is statistically likely to kill 50% of the population (LC50) for PHP, TSP and RBM was determined in OECD acute toxicity tests. 14 day LC50s expressed as bulk P concentration lay in the range 3319–4272 mg kg−1 for PHP, 3107–3590 mg kg−1 for TSP and 1782–2196 mg kg−1 for RBM (ranges present the 95% confidence intervals). For PHP and TSP mortality was significantly impacted by the electrical conductivity of the treated soils. No consistent relationship existed between mortality and electrical conductivity, soil pH and available (Olsen) P across the PHP, TSP and RBM amendment types. In RP toxicity tests mortality was low and it was not possible to determine a LC50 value. Incineration of Bone Meal at temperatures between 200 and 300 °C, pre-washing the Bone Meal, co-amendment with 5% green waste compost and delaying introduction of earthworms after Bone Meal amendments by 21 days or more led to significant reductions in the Bone Meal toxicity. These results are consistent with the toxicity being associated with the release and/or degradation of a soluble organic component present in raw Bone Meal. Bone Meal can be used as an earthworm-friendly remedial amendment in metal-contaminated soils but initial additions may have a negative effect on any earthworms surviving in the contaminated soil before the organic component in the Bone Meal degrades in the soil.
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Field trial using Bone Meal amendments to remediate mine waste derived soil contaminated with zinc, lead and cadmium
Applied Geochemistry, 2008Co-Authors: I.r. Sneddon, Mark E. Hodson, M. Orueetxebarria, Paul F. Schofield, Eugenia Valsami-jonesAbstract:Abstract Bone Meal amendments are being considered as a remediation method for metal-contaminated wastes. In various forms (biogenic, geogenic or synthetic), apatite, the principal mineral constituent of Bone, has shown promise as an amendment to remediate metal-contaminated soils via the formation of insoluble phosphates of Pb and possibly other metals. The efficacy of commercially available bovine Bone Meal in this role was investigated in a field trial at Nenthead, Cumbria with a mine waste derived soil contaminated with Zn, Pb and Cd. Two 5 m2 plots were set up; the first as a control and the second, a treatment plot where the soil was thoroughly mixed with Bone Meal to a depth of 50 cm at a soil to amendment ratio of 25:1 by weight. An array of soil solution samplers (Rhizon SMS™) were installed in both plots and the soil pore water was collected and analysed for Ca, Cd, Zn and Pb regularly over a period of 2 a. Concurrently with the field trial, a laboratory trial with 800 mm high and 100 mm wide leaching columns was conducted using identical samplers and with soil from the field site. A substantial release of Zn, Pb, Cd and Ca was observed associated with the Bone Meal treatment. This release was transient in the case of the leaching columns, and showed seasonal variation in the case of the field trial. It is proposed that this effect resulted from metal complexation with organic acids released during breakdown of the Bone Meal organic fraction and was facilitated by the relatively high soil pH of 7.6–8.0. Even after this transient release effect had subsided or when incinerated Bone Meal was substituted in order to eliminate the organic fraction, no detectable decrease in dissolved metals was observed and no P was detected in solution, in contrast with an earlier small column laboratory study. It is concluded that due to the relative insolubility of apatite at above-neutral pH, the rate of supply of phosphate to soil solution was insufficient to result in significant precipitation of metal phosphates and that this may limit the effectiveness of the method to more acidic soils.
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Changes in toxicity and bioavailability of lead in contaminated soils to the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826) after Bone Meal amendments to the soil.
Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2002Co-Authors: Nicola A. Davies, Mark E. Hodson, Stuart BlackAbstract:The effect of Bone Meal (Ca5(PO4)3OH) amendments on lead (Pb) bioavailability to Eisenia fetida (Savigny 1826) was investigated. A standard uncontaminated soil was amended with Pb(NO3)2 solution to give Pb concentrations of 7,000 μg/g of soil. After one week, Bone Meal was added to one half of the soil in the ratio 1:20 Bone Meal:soil. Immediately after addition of the Bone Meal, survival times of E. fetida were 23 and 41 h in the Bone Meal-free and Bone Meal-amended soil, respectively. Twentyeight days after addition of the Bone Meal, survival times of Eisenia fetida were 67 h in the Bone Meal-free soil and more than 168 h in the Bone Meal-amended soil. In a second experiment, a standard Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development reproduction toxicity test was carried out, but in addition to Pb(NO3)2 solution, Bone Meal was added to the soil in the ratio 1:20 Bone Meal:soil. The Bone Meal-free soil was left for five weeks before addition of E. fetida. In the Bone Meal-amended soil, bon eMeal was added to the soil one week after addition of the Pb. The soil was left for a further four weeks before addition of Eisenia fetida. Calculated toxicities were significantly lower for the Bone Meal-amended soil than those calculated for the Bone Meal-free soil. Twenty-eight-day median lethal concentrations (LC50s; concentration that is statistically likely to kill 50% of the exposed test organism within a given time period ± 95% confidence intervals) of Pb were 4,379 ± 356 μg/g of soil for Bone Meal-free soil and 5,203 ± 401 μg/g of soil for Bone Meal-amended soil. Twenty-eight-day median effect concentrations (EC50s; concentration causing a reduction by 50% of a stated parameter) of Pb for weight change were 1,408 ± 198 μg/g of soil for Bone Meal-free soil and 3,334 ± 731 μg/g of soil for Bone Meal-amended soil and EC50s for cocoon production were 971 ± 633 μg/g of soil for Bone Meal-free soil and 1,814 ± 613 μg/g of soil for Bone Meal-amended soil. Significant mortalities occurred at Pb concentrations of 2,000 μg/g of soil in the Bone Meal-free soil and 5,000 μg/g of soil in the Bone Meal-amended soil. Earthworm Pb body load was lower in the Bone Meal-treated soil than in the Bone Meal-free soil up to a Pb concentration of 5,000 μg/g of soil. Earthworm Pb body load was approximately 100 μg/g of worm in surviving earthworms in both experiments when significant mortality occurred. Water and diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid-extractable soil Pb showed good correlations with earthworm Pb body load. These extractions could be used as estimates for Pb bioavailability.
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effect of Bone Meal calcium phosphate amendments on metal release from contaminated soils a leaching column study
Environmental Pollution, 2001Co-Authors: Mark E. Hodson, Eugenia Valsamijones, Janet Cotterhowells, W E Dubbin, A J Kemp, Iain Thornton, Alan WarrenAbstract:Metal-contaminated soil may be remediated in situ by the formation of highly insoluble metal phosphates if an appropriate phosphorus (P) source can be found. Leaching column experiments have been carried out to assess the suitability of Bone Meal as such a source. Bone Meal additions reduced metal release from a contaminated soil, increased soil and leachate pH and decreased soil leachate toxicity. Minimal P leaching occurred from the soil. The data are consistent with a proton consuming Bone Meal (calcium phosphate) dissolution reaction followed by the formation of metal phosphates. Although, no metal phosphates were observed to form using X-ray diffraction of scanning electron microscopy this could be due to their low concentration. Relatively low (1:50 Bone Meal:soil) concentrations of fine (90-500 microns) Bone Meal would appear to be an effective treatment for metal-contaminated soils.
Paul B. Brown - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evaluation of meat and Bone Meal in practical diets fed to juvenile hybrid striped bass morone chrysops m saxatilis
Journal of The World Aquaculture Society, 2002Co-Authors: Anant S Bharadwaj, William R Brignon, Nathan L Gould, Paul B. BrownAbstract:Juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) were fed one of eight diets to evaluate meat and Bone Meal as a source of crude protein and essential amino acids. Diets contained either 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45% meat and Bone Meal substituted for an isonitrogenous amount of soybean Meal and fish Meal. All diets were fed for 7 wk, followed by a 2-wk digestibility trial. Mean consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by addition of meat and Bone Meal into diets. Intraperitoneal and liver lipid concentrations were not significantly affected by meat and Bone Meal. Fillet proximate composition was not significantly different among treatments. Apparent crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acid availabilities were significantly lower in fish fed 45% meat and Bone Meal compared to fish fed 30% and lower concentrations and generally lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and Bone Meal. Based on these data, it appears meat and Bone Meal can be used as the primary source of crude protein and essential amino acids in practical growout diets for hybrid striped bass, comprising as much as 45% of the diet. Nutrient availability values were lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and Bone Meal and may restrict usage in some applications.
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Evaluation of Meat and Bone Meal in Practical Diets Fed to Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis
Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2002Co-Authors: Anant S Bharadwaj, William R Brignon, Nathan L Gould, Paul B. BrownAbstract:Juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) were fed one of eight diets to evaluate meat and Bone Meal as a source of crude protein and essential amino acids. Diets contained either 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45% meat and Bone Meal substituted for an isonitrogenous amount of soybean Meal and fish Meal. All diets were fed for 7 wk, followed by a 2-wk digestibility trial. Mean consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by addition of meat and Bone Meal into diets. Intraperitoneal and liver lipid concentrations were not significantly affected by meat and Bone Meal. Fillet proximate composition was not significantly different among treatments. Apparent crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acid availabilities were significantly lower in fish fed 45% meat and Bone Meal compared to fish fed 30% and lower concentrations and generally lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and Bone Meal. Based on these data, it appears meat and Bone Meal can be used as the primary source of crude protein and essential amino acids in practical growout diets for hybrid striped bass, comprising as much as 45% of the diet. Nutrient availability values were lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and Bone Meal and may restrict usage in some applications.
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Substitution of Plant Proteins or Meat and Bone Meal for Fish Meal in Diets of Nile Tilapia
North American Journal of Aquaculture, 1999Co-Authors: Kerry W. Tudor, Paul B. Brown, Ronald R. RosatiAbstract:Abstract Five experimental diets containing plant proteins and synthetic amino acids with and without fish Meal or meat and Bone Meal were fed to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus averaging 13 g for 84 d in aquaria. Each experimental diet contained 20% corn gluten Meal, 34–40% high-lysine corn, 29–36% soy grits, 0 or 6% fish Meal or meat and Bone Meal, and supplemented with synthetic lysine, tryptophan, and threonine. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio for Nile tilapia fed the all plant protein diet, the fish Meal diets with two levels of fat, the meat-and-Bone-Meal diets with two levels of fat, and the commercial diet containing fish Meal and meat and Bone Meal. Thus, substitution of plant proteins or meat and Bone Meal for fish Meal in Nile tilapia diets did not affect growth response.
Jesús Arauzo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Thermochemical processing of meat and Bone Meal: A review
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012Co-Authors: Esther Cascarosa, Gloria Gea, Jesús ArauzoAbstract:Abstract Since the Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy crisis, meat and Bone Meal (MBM) have been considered animal wastes. Nowadays, these animal residues are generally burnt in cement kilns and disposed of in landfills. However, several technologies are being developed in order to achieve energy valorisation of MBM by means of combustion, pyrolysis and gasification. These thermal treatments of MBM will reduce the environmental impact of landfill and, at the same time, take advantage of the MBM heating value (13–30 MJ/kg). The main results of research into combustion, pyrolysis and gasification of MBM show that the products could be used as fertilizer (solid product) and as fuel (gas and liquid products). The present work aims at reviewing the most significant studies about energy valorisation of MBM and the potential application of the products obtained in these thermochemical processes.
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Pyrolysis of meat-Meal and Bone-Meal blends in a mechanically fluidized reactor
Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2011Co-Authors: Esther Cascarosa, Jason Becker, Lorenzo Ferrante, Cedric Briens, Franco Berruti, Jesús ArauzoAbstract:Abstract Nowadays, meat and Bone Meal produced in animal slaughterhouses and farms has become an important waste. Landfilling this residue means that its energy is lost. The pyrolysis of meat and Bone Meal produces a solid fraction which can be used as a fuel or as solid adsorbent, a liquid fraction with possible chemical applications and a low heating value gas. In this work, meat and Bone Meal has been pyrolyzed with a new technology, a mechanically fluidized reactor (MFR). This MFR is a stainless steel cylinder with 7.7 cm i.d., and an internal height of 15.6 cm. The meat and Bone Meal pyrolysis was carried out at 500 °C of temperature. The effect of several factors (mixer speed, heating rate and feed composition) on the product yields, bio-oil phases yield, bio-oil heating value and char heating value was studied. The amount of pure meat Meal in the feed had a strong impact on product yields and compositions. The liquid yield, which has two phases, varies from 22 wt% to 52 wt% when the raw material fed changed from pure Bone Meal to pure meat Meal.
D. V. Thomas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of storage on the nutritional quality of meat and Bone Meal
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005Co-Authors: Wouter H. Hendriks, Y.h. Cottam, D. V. ThomasAbstract:The effect of storage on the nutritional quality of meat and Bone Meal was investigated. Three meat and Bone Meal samples were stored for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 months, with or without the addition of the antioxidants (butylatedhydroxytoluene and butylatedhydroxyanisole). Gross composition, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), gross amino acid content and the coefficient of the ileal apparent digestibility (CIAD) of amino acids was determined at each time point. The concentration of TBARS increased sharply during the first 2 months of storage thereafter TBARS decreased until 9 months. The addition of antioxidants to the meat and Bone Meal significantly decreased the TBARS compared to the unsupplemented samples. There was a significant (P 0.05) effect of antioxidant addition or the interaction between time and antioxidant addition on the gross content of nutrients. A significant quadratic trend over time was obtained for the dry matter content while no significant linear or quadratic regression was obtained for the other components. There was no significant (P>0.05) effect of time, antioxidant addition or the interaction between time and antioxidant addition on the CIAD of any of the amino acids with the exception of methionine and cysteine for which a significant (P
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Source of the Variation in Meat and Bone Meal Nutritional Quality
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004Co-Authors: Wouter H. Hendriks, Y.h. Cottam, Patrick C. H. Morel, D. V. ThomasAbstract:The gross composition, gross amino acid content, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility and apparent ileal digestible amino acid content from 64 commercially produced meat and Bone Meals were statistically analysed. The samples were produced by 22 plants over a 2.5 year period with eight plants using batch dry rendering and 14 plants using low temperature rendering. A linear model with method and time of year (period) as fixed effects, plant within method as a random effect and sheep percent as a covariate was fitted to the composition data. The majority of the variation in the gross composition, amino acid digestibility and digestible amino acid content was explained by differences between plants using the same method. Neither rendering season nor origin of the raw materials contributed significantly to the observed variation in meat and Bone Meal protein quality. Rendering method (low temperature or batch rendering) had a significant effect on the variation observed in gross fat content, gross energy content, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and total lanthionine content. The digestibility of a number of amino acids and the apparent digestible content of arginine, cysteine, aspartic acid, proline and hydroxyproline were also significantly affected by rendering method. On average, batch dry and low temperature rendering systems produce meat and Bone Meals of similar nutritional quality. The variation between plant and within plant, however, is large, indicating that purchasing meat and Bone Meal from the same plant does not guarantee a consistent quality.
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Nutritional Quality and Variation of Meat and Bone Meal
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2002Co-Authors: Wouter H. Hendriks, Christine A. Butts, D. V. Thomas, Kerry A. C. James, Pch Morel, M.w.a. VerstegenAbstract:Meat and Bone Meal is a valuable protein and mineral source in diets of production animals and contributes to the protein, energy and mineral component of diets. The aim of the present study was to more accurately characterise the apparent ileal amino acid digestibility of meat and Bone Meals produced in New Zealand and evaluate routine in vitro assays used in practise to measure meat and Bone Meal quality. A total of 94 commercial meat and Bone Meals from 25 New Zealand rendering plants over a two and a half year period were analysed for proximates, gross energy, gross amino acid content (incl. hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine and lanthionine), apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, pepsin nitrogen digestibility, protein solubility and Bone content. The mean crude protein content of the 94 meat and Bone Meal samples was 56.8% with a range of >35% units and a coefficient of variation of 9.8%. The mean crude fat and ash content were 10.0 and 28.4% respectively. These latter components showed a large range (16 and 43%, respectively) with coefficients of variation above 22%. Amino acid digestibility between samples was highly variable with lysine and sulphur amino acids digestibility ranging between 45.8-89.0 and 38.2-85.5%, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients are presented between crude protein content and individual gross amino acids, crude protein content and individual digestible amino acid content, and pepsin N digestibility and individual digestible amino acid content. There was a significant relationship between the digestible amino acid nitrogen content and the crude protein content while pepsin nitrogen digestibility was not correlated to ileal amino acid nitrogen digestibility (r=-0.06). Meat Meals with a high protein content had relatively low hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine levels something that was attributed to the levels of collagen from Bone. The data indicated that lanthionine (formed upon heat treatment of cysteine with a hydroprotein) is not a good indicator of the heat treatment employed to meat and Bone Meals. Step-wise multiple regression equations to predict the apparent digestible content of amino acids from rapid in vitro assays are presented. The most selected variables included ash and crude fat content. In general the equations derived for the essential amino acids had a higher degrees of fit (R 2 ) compared to the non-essential amino acids. The R 2 for the essential amino acids ranged from 0.43 for histidine and 0.68 for leucine. These equations provide a means of more rapidly estimating the apparent ileal digestible amino acid content (protein quality) of meat and Bone Meal using standard analyses. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 10 : 1507-1516)
Lovita Adriani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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THE EFFECT OF SKIPJACK TUNA Bone Meal (Katsuwonus pelamis L) ON URIC ACID AND BLOOD GLUCOSE ON BROILER
2012Co-Authors: Lovita Adriani, B. Bagau, M. Novi, A. Cicah, Sjafril DaranaAbstract:Fish Bone is an industrial waste of fishery product processing which as a potential source of calcium and phosphorus for livestock. The general principle to process the fish Bone to Bone Meal is an effort to hydrolyze non-ash components contained in the Bones, especially collagen. The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of skipjack tuna Bone Meal on uric acid and blood glucose in Broiler. Research was carried out at Biochemistry Laboratories, Animal Husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran. Ninety-day old chicks Arbor Acres C.P. 707 were used randomizedly in this experiment, and were studied for six weeks. Research used an experimental method with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were three treatments i.e. R1 = ration with dicalcium phosphate, R2= ration with commercial Bone, R3 = ration with skipjack tuna Bone Meal, and each treatments were repeated five times. The results of the research is adding skipjack tuna Bone Meal indicated the highest for uric acid and blood glucose, the lowest level is adding dicalcium phosphate and Indonesia commercial Bone.
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the effect of various level of skipjack tuna Bone Meal katsuwonus pelamis l in ration on broiler carcass tenderness and abdominal fat
Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 2011Co-Authors: H A W Lengkey, Lovita Adriani, B. Bagau, M LudongAbstract:Hundred day old chicks Arbor Acres CP-707 were used randomizedly in this experiment, to study the effects of various levels skipjack tuna Bone Meal in ration on broiler carcass tenderness and abdominal fat, and were studied for six weeks. Research using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The dietary treatments are: R0 basal diet as control, R1 basal diet + 2% tuna Bone Meal, R2 basal diet + 4% tuna Bone Meal and R3 basal diet + 6% tuna Bone Meal, and each treatments were repeated five times. Results indicated that the highest carcass tenderness was get from the broiler that fed basal diet with 6% tuna Bone Meal (125,4 mm/g/10sec) and the lowest was get from the broiler that fed basal diet (107 mm/g/10sec). For the abdominal fat, the results is broiler that adding skipjack tuna Bone Meal in the ration will give more abdominal fat to the broiler (1.89% - 1.92%) versus 1.85% for basal diet.