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Julia F Ridpath - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus 1b fetal infection with extensive hemorrhage.
    Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Inc, 2017
    Co-Authors: Robert W. Fulton, Julia F Ridpath, Anthony W. Confer, Nicholas J. Sorensen, Lurinda J. Burge
    Abstract:

    Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1b was isolated from tissues of a term Bovine fetus with petechial hemorrhages noted throughout the body and placenta at autopsy. Fresh lung, kidney, thymus, and ...

  • The effects of exposure of susceptible alpacas to alpacas persistently infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus.
    The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 2011
    Co-Authors: Stacey R. Byers, Julia F Ridpath, James F. Evermann, Daniel S. Bradway, Amanda L. Grimm, Steven M. Parish, Ahmed Tibary, George M. Barrington
    Abstract:

    Reports of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections in alpacas have been increasing in recent years but much is still unknown about the mechanisms of disease in this species. This report characterizes the transmission of BVDV from persistently infected (PI) alpacas to BVDV naive alpacas, documents shedding patterns, and characterizes the disease effects in both PI and transiently infected alpacas. Two PI alpacas shed BVDV Type 1b virus in most body fluids, and commonly available diagnostic tests verified their status. Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus Type 1b transient infections produced only mild signs of disease in BVDV naive alpacas. Viremia was detected in whole blood, but Viral shedding during the acute phase was not detected and antibody appeared to be protective upon re-exposure to the virus.

  • the contribution of infections with Bovine Viral Diarrhea viruses to Bovine respiratory disease
    Veterinary Clinics of North America-food Animal Practice, 2010
    Co-Authors: Julia F Ridpath
    Abstract:

    Although Bovine Viral Diarrhea viruses are arguably the most researched of all Viral pathogens associated with Bovine respiratory disease (BRD), the impact of Bovine Viral Diarrhea viruses (BVDV) on BRD is still unknown. This uncertainty is because the determination of total impact must factor in the contribution of acute, uncomplicated BVDV infections, impact of high incidence of respiratory disease in animals persistently infected with BVDV, impact of the immunosuppression that accompanies acute BVDV infections and predisposes animals to secondary infections, and impact of increased virulence of pathogens caused by synergy in coinfections. Adding to the complexity is the heterogeneity observed among BVDV strains that results in differences in genotype (species), biotype, and virulence. Because variation among BVDV strains underlies the complicated nature of these infections this article begins with a review of the factors that give rise to BVDV heterogeneity and then proceeds to the different ways in which BVDV infections contribute to BRD.

  • Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus in ruminants.
    Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2010
    Co-Authors: Paul H. Walz, Julia F Ridpath, Rob Tremblay, Daniel L. Grooms, Thomas Passler, Douglas L. Step, Robert J. Callan, M. D. Givens
    Abstract:

    Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a diverse group of viruses responsible for causing disease in ruminants worldwide. Since the first description of BVDV as a cause of disease, it has undergone surges and lulls in importance. Epizootics of disease caused by BVDV are described. Although naming of the virus and illness implies gastrointestinal disease in cattle, BVDV is a pathogen that affects multiple organ systems in many animal species. Infection, disease, or both have been described in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, alpacas, llamas, and white-tailed deer, among others. In 2007, the Office of International Epizootics added Bovine Viral Diarrhea to its list of reportable diseases, but the listing is as a reportable disease of cattle rather than as a reportable disease of multiple species. Although initial descriptions of disease caused by BVDV were of digestive disease, respiratory disease and reproductive losses because of BVDV are the most important economically. BVDV uses multiple strategies to ensure survival and successful propagation in mammalian hosts, and this includes suppression of the host’s immune system, transmission by various direct and indirect routes, and, perhaps most importantly, induction of persistently infected (PI) hosts that shed and transmit BVDV much more efficiently than non-PI animals. Successful control and eventual eradication of BVDV requires a multidimensional approach, involving vaccination, biosecurity, and identification of BVDV reservoirs. The following consensus statement reflects current knowledge and opinion regarding the virus, prevalence and host range, clinical manifestations, and most importantly, the control and potential for ultimate eradication of this important Viral pathogen of ruminants.

  • Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus: global status.
    The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 2010
    Co-Authors: Julia F Ridpath
    Abstract:

    Despite the success of regional Bovine Viral Diarrhea viruses (BVDV) eradication programs, infections remain a source of economic loss for producers. The wide variation among BVDV results in differences in genotype, biotype, virulence, and types of infections. BVDV infect a range of domestic and wild ruminants. Clinical presentation varies depending on strain of virus, species of host, immune status of host, reproductive status of host, age of host, and concurrent infections. Recent advances in BVDV research and diagnostics have led to the development of regional eradication/control programs, the most efficacious of which focus on biosecurity, surveillance, and control.

Kenny V. Brock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Edward J. Dubovi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Laboratory diagnosis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus.
    Biologicals : journal of the International Association of Biological Standardization, 2012
    Co-Authors: Edward J. Dubovi
    Abstract:

    The control and eventual eradication of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) have been defined as objectives to reduce the economic losses due to the presence of this virus in the cattle population. These goals could not be envisioned without the significant achievements in the diagnostic procedures employed to detect the infection in its various manifestations. The tests that are currently available are fully capable of supporting the ACVIM consensus statement for the control and eradication of BVDV. In point of fact diagnostic testing is the essential component of any control program. What is now currently lacking is full implementation of the ACVIM recommendations.

  • Laboratory diagnosis of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus infections
    Veterinary Clinics of North America - Food Animal Practice, 2004
    Co-Authors: Jeremiah T. Saliki, Edward J. Dubovi
    Abstract:

    The past 20 years have witnessed dramatic improvements in laboratory methods for diagnosing Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections. However, improvements in diagnostic technology have not necessarily led to improved diagnosis of BVDV at the individual animal or herd level. This article reviews BVDV laboratory diagnostic methods in the context of their rational application for improved detection of BVDV in the field.

  • Severe acute Bovine Viral Diarrhea in Ontario, 1993-1995
    Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Inc, 1998
    Co-Authors: Susy Carman, Edward J. Dubovi, Julia F Ridpath, Tony Van Dreumel, Murray Hazlett, David Alves, Rob Tremblay, S. R. Bolin, Ann Godkin, Neil G. Anderson
    Abstract:

    In 1993, noncytopathic Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) strains with enhanced virulence caused unprecedented outbreaks of severe acute Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) in dairy, beef, and veal herds in Ontario (Canada). Fever, pneumonia, Diarrhea, and sudden death occurred in all age groups of cattle. Abortions often occurred in pregnant animals. Gross lesions in the alimentary tract were similar to those associated with mucosal disease, especially in animals .6 months of age. Cattle of all age groups had microscopic lesions in the alimentary tract similar to those seen with mucosal disease. The epidemic peaked in the summer of 1993, with 15% of all Bovine accessions from diseased cattle presented to the diagnostic laboratory being associated with BVDV. The virus strains involved in the outbreak were analyzed using monoclonal and polyclonal anti- bodies and the polymerase chain reaction. The virus isolates from these outbreaks of severe disease were determined to be type 2 BVDV. Type 2 BVDV has been present in Ontario at least since 1981 without causing widespread outbreaks of severe acute BVD, which suggests that type 2 designation in itself does not imply enhanced virulence. Cattle properly vaccinated with type 1 BVDV vaccines appear to be protected from clinical disease. Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD) was originally de- scribed in 1946 16 in New York State as an acute, rarely fatal, highly contagious disease with fever, Diarrhea, mucosal lesions, and leukopenia. Although initial re- ports described a clinically severe disease, acute BVD has since been considered a mild or subclinical disease of a few days duration, with negligible mortality at any age. 11,22 Occasionally, scattered outbreaks of se-

  • Impact of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus on reproductive performance in cattle.
    The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 1994
    Co-Authors: Edward J. Dubovi
    Abstract:

    Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) infections continue to cause major economic losses to the cattle industry inspite of extensive use of vaccines. A major factor in the failure to control BVDV is the lack of proper design of vaccination programs to control the reproductive aspects of this infection. Preventing the generation of persistently infected animals is the key to eliminating BVDV in herds.

  • Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues.
    Veterinary pathology, 1992
    Co-Authors: D. M. Haines, E. G. Clark, Edward J. Dubovi
    Abstract:

    Thirty-two monoclonal antibodies directed against epitopes on Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus proteins and glycoproteins were tested for immunohistochemical reactivity with Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 45 cases of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus-associated mucosal disease. Only one antibody, designated 15C5, which reacts with the 48-kD glycoprotein of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus, detected an epitope preserved in these specimens. Monoclonal antibody 15C5 and a polyclonal antibody to Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus successfully detected Bovine Viral Diarrhea Viral antigens in 44/45 cases of mucosal disease and did not react with formalin-fixed tissues from 30 uninfected cattle. Monoclonal antibody-based immunohistochemical detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus is routinely fixed tissue specimens has advantages over other currently available techniques in terms of the convenience of specimen submission, the relative ease of method standardization, and the rapidity of the test, and by enabling identification of the virus in association with specific tissues, cell types, and histologic lesions.

Daniel Givens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

M. D. Givens - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Control of Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus in ruminants.
    Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2010
    Co-Authors: Paul H. Walz, Julia F Ridpath, Rob Tremblay, Daniel L. Grooms, Thomas Passler, Douglas L. Step, Robert J. Callan, M. D. Givens
    Abstract:

    Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a diverse group of viruses responsible for causing disease in ruminants worldwide. Since the first description of BVDV as a cause of disease, it has undergone surges and lulls in importance. Epizootics of disease caused by BVDV are described. Although naming of the virus and illness implies gastrointestinal disease in cattle, BVDV is a pathogen that affects multiple organ systems in many animal species. Infection, disease, or both have been described in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, alpacas, llamas, and white-tailed deer, among others. In 2007, the Office of International Epizootics added Bovine Viral Diarrhea to its list of reportable diseases, but the listing is as a reportable disease of cattle rather than as a reportable disease of multiple species. Although initial descriptions of disease caused by BVDV were of digestive disease, respiratory disease and reproductive losses because of BVDV are the most important economically. BVDV uses multiple strategies to ensure survival and successful propagation in mammalian hosts, and this includes suppression of the host’s immune system, transmission by various direct and indirect routes, and, perhaps most importantly, induction of persistently infected (PI) hosts that shed and transmit BVDV much more efficiently than non-PI animals. Successful control and eventual eradication of BVDV requires a multidimensional approach, involving vaccination, biosecurity, and identification of BVDV reservoirs. The following consensus statement reflects current knowledge and opinion regarding the virus, prevalence and host range, clinical manifestations, and most importantly, the control and potential for ultimate eradication of this important Viral pathogen of ruminants.

  • Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus in embryo and semen production systems
    The Veterinary clinics of North America. Food animal practice, 2004
    Co-Authors: M. D. Givens, Julie G. Waldrop
    Abstract:

    As Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus (BVDV) can contaminate embryo and semen production systems via virus-associated gametes or reagents of animal origin, quality control measures are necessary to ensure that techniques to assist reproduction will not inadvertently facilitate transmission of virus. This review will focus on (a) the potential for Viral contamination of embryo and semen production systems, (b) methods to detect BVDV before distribution of viable end products, (c) likely outcomes of inadvertent contamination of embryo and semen production systems, and (d) control strategies of minimal constraint that would prevent transmission of BVDV between farms, communities, states, regions, or nations. Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus within in vivo embryo production systems This rather adaptable pestivirus can be introduced into in vivo embryo production systems due to association with oocytes, cumulus cells, follicular fluid, oviductal cells, semen, uterine fluids, serum used in media for flushing the uterus, and liquid nitrogen in which embryos are preserved. Although attempts to assay viable embryos for BVDV invariably result in loss of developmental capacity, testing of appropriate samples can be performed to ensure the BVDV-free status of in vivo-derived embryos. Many factors interact to determine the outcome of BVDV introduction during in vivo