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Wojciech M Budzianowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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modelling of co2 content in the atmosphere until 2300 influence of energy Intensity of gross domestic product and Carbon Intensity of energy
International Journal of Global Warming, 2013Co-Authors: Wojciech M BudzianowskiAbstract:The study provides a model of CO2 content in the atmosphere based on the global Carbon cycle and the Kaya identity. The influences of: 1 energy Intensity of GDP 2 Carbon Intensity of energy on CO2 trajectories are given under four scenarios. The results from the most optimistic and technologically challenging scenario show that the atmospheric CO2 concentration can stabilise at 610 ppmv. It is also shown that the annual growth rates of atmospheric CO2 peak for all the scenarios before 2100 due to the expected world population peak in 2075 and the large share of fossil fuel energy.
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negative Carbon Intensity of renewable energy technologies involving biomass or Carbon dioxide as inputs
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012Co-Authors: Wojciech M BudzianowskiAbstract:Conventional fossil fuel-based energy technologies can achieve efficiency in energy conversion but they are usually completely inefficient in Carbon conversion because they generate significant CO2 emissions to the atmosphere per unit energy converted. In contrast, some renewable energy technologies characterized by negative Carbon Intensity can simultaneously achieve efficiency in the conversion of energy and in the conversion of Carbon. These Carbon negative renewable energy technologies can generate useful energy and remove CO2 from the atmosphere, either by direct capture and recycling of atmospheric CO2 or indirectly, by involving biofuels. Interestingly, the deployment of Carbon negative renewable energy technologies can offset Carbon emissions from conventional fossil fuel-based energy technologies and thus reduce the overall Carbon Intensity of energy systems.
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negative Carbon Intensity of renewable energy technologies involving biomass or Carbon dioxide as inputs
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012Co-Authors: Wojciech M BudzianowskiAbstract:Abstract Conventional fossil fuel-based energy technologies can achieve efficiency in energy conversion but they are usually completely inefficient in Carbon conversion because they generate significant CO2 emissions to the atmosphere per unit energy converted. In contrast, some renewable energy technologies characterized by negative Carbon Intensity can simultaneously achieve efficiency in the conversion of energy and in the conversion of Carbon. These Carbon negative renewable energy technologies can generate useful energy and remove CO2 from the atmosphere, either by direct capture and recycling of atmospheric CO2 or indirectly, by involving biofuels. Interestingly, the deployment of Carbon negative renewable energy technologies can offset Carbon emissions from conventional fossil fuel-based energy technologies and thus reduce the overall Carbon Intensity of energy systems. The current review analyzes two groups of renewable energy technologies involving biomass or CO2 as inputs. The discussions focus on useful techniques which enable to achieve negative Carbon Intensity of energy while being technologically promising in near-term as well as cost-effective. These analyzes include advanced Carbon sequestration concepts such as soil Carbon sequestration and CO2 recycling to useful C-rich products such as fuels and fertilizers. The 'drop-in' of renewable energy is achieved by allowing bioenergy and renewable energies in the form of renewable electricity, renewable thermal energy, solar energy, renewable hydrogen, etc. The Carbon negative renewable energy technologies are analyzed and perspectives and constraints of each technology are expounded.
D J Reinemann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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applying life cycle assessment to low Carbon fuel standards how allocation choices influence Carbon Intensity for renewable transportation fuels
Energy Policy, 2010Co-Authors: Andrew S Kaufman, D J Reinemann, Paul J Meier, Julie C SinistoreAbstract:The Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007 requires life-cycle assessment (LCA) for quantifying greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) from expanded U.S. biofuel production. To qualify under the Renewable Fuel Standard, cellulosic ethanol and new corn ethanol must demonstrate 60% and 20% lower emissions than petroleum fuels, respectively. A combined corn-grain and corn-stover ethanol system could potentially satisfy a major portion of renewable fuel production goals. This work examines multiple LCA allocation procedures for a hypothetical system producing ethanol from both corn grain and corn stover. Allocation choice is known to strongly influence GHG emission results for corn-ethanol. Stover-derived ethanol production further complicates allocation practices because additional products result from the same corn production system. This study measures the Carbon Intensity of ethanol fuels against EISA limits using multiple allocation approaches. Allocation decisions are shown to be paramount. Under varying approaches, Carbon Intensity for corn ethanol was 36-79% that of gasoline, while Carbon Intensity for stover-derived ethanol was -10% to 44% that of gasoline. Producing corn-stover ethanol dramatically reduced Carbon Intensity for corn-grain ethanol, because substantially more ethanol is produced with only minor increases in emissions. Regulatory considerations for applying LCA are discussed.
Boqiang Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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energy and Carbon Intensity in china during the urbanization and industrialization process a panel var approach
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017Co-Authors: Boqiang Lin, Junpeng ZhuAbstract:Abstract This paper first estimates the energy-related Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions and Carbon Intensity of China's 30 provinces from 2000 to 2015. By constructing a 4-variable Panel Vector Auto-regression (PVAR) model, the paper quantitatively analyzes the dynamic relationship among urbanization, industrial structure, energy and Carbon Intensity in China during urbanization and industrialization stage. The results show that urbanization process and the advancement of industrial structure are consistent with the optimization goals of energy and Carbon Intensity. In the long term, energy and Carbon Intensity will decline with the development of urbanization and the advancement of industrial structure. But urbanization process has an inverted U-shaped effect on energy and Carbon Intensity, while the influence of industrial structure advancement on energy and Carbon Intensity increases over time. In contrast, the positive impact of energy Intensity on Carbon Intensity is mainly reflected in the short term. This paper confirms the importance of urbanization and upgrading of industrial structure in the goal of energy saving and emissions reduction. Thus, this paper suggests that each province should adopt the upgrading of industrial structure as one of the policy goals, and constantly promote new urbanization process, following their own development characteristics.
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inter factor inter fuel substitution Carbon Intensity and energy related co2 reduction empirical evidence from china
Energy Economics, 2016Co-Authors: Boqiang LinAbstract:Carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction, which is the central issue in addressing global warming, depends on the extent that clean energy can substitute for CO2 emitting coal and non-energy factors can substitute for energy factor. The purposes of this paper are to empirically investigate inter-factor/inter-fuel substitution in China and to evaluate the determinants of China's energy-related Carbon Intensity as well as mitigation effects of Carbon tax. Considering China's rapid increase in energy consumption and the slow adjustment in substitution, the two-stage estimation method and the dynamic error correction mechanism are employed in this study. The empirical results suggest substitutability among different types of energy sources as well as substitutability among energy, labor, and capital. The magnitude of cross-price elasticities indicates that the substitutions are inelastic, which limits the scope of the Chinese government to implement substitution strategy aiming at energy conservation and environmental management. China's Carbon Intensity declined during 1985–2012, most of which can be attributed to labor substitution and energy price increase. However, Carbon-intensive technology being embodied in China's capital investment (energy consuming equipment) has contributed to the increase in Carbon Intensity. A Carbon tax of RMB 50/tonne could reduce 332.9 million tonnes CO2 emissions on the basis of 2012. In addition, if ignoring the feedback between inter-factor/inter-fuel substitutions, CO2 mitigation potential would be underestimated.
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how to reduce co2 emissions in china s iron and steel industry
Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Xiaolei Wang, Boqiang LinAbstract:Abstract The iron and steel industry is one of major sectors in term of energy consumption and CO 2 emission in China. In this paper, we evaluate the reduction potential of CO 2 emissions in China׳s iron and steel sector, based on the co-integration method and scenario design. We find that there is a long-term relationship between Carbon Intensity and its affecting factors, such as energy substitution, labor productivity, technology, and energy price. Monte Carlo simulation is further used for risk analysis. The results show that under BAU (business as usual) situation, the Carbon Intensity of China׳s iron and steel sector will be 0.3693 t CO 2 /100 CNY by 2020. However, the reduction potential of CO 2 emissions in 2020 will be 541.75 million tons and 856.68 million tons under the moderate Carbon-reducing scenario and the advanced Carbon-reducing scenario, respectively. Based on the results of the elasticities obtained in the long-term equilibrium equation, some policy recommendations for CO 2 emissions reduction in China׳s iron and steel industry are suggested.
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impact of Carbon Intensity and energy security constraints on china s coal import
Energy Policy, 2012Co-Authors: Boqiang Lin, Jianghua Liu, Yingchun YangAbstract:New Huadu Business School Research Fund; China Sustainable Energy Program [G-1203-15828]; Impact of Clean Energy Development and Power Tariff Reforms on Power Grid (Guangdong Power Grid Project); Ministry of Education Foundation [10GBJ013]
Francis Osullivan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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parametric modeling of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from photovoltaic power
Applied Energy, 2019Co-Authors: Ian Miller, Emre Gencer, Hilary S Vogelbaum, Patrick R Brown, Sarah Torkamani, Francis OsullivanAbstract:Abstract From 2007 to 2017, global installed solar photovoltaic power capacity grew by a factor of 50. Practices that were minor, including solar tracking, inverter overloading, and Chinese module manufacturing, became mainstream. Countries including the US and India installed large amounts of solar in warm regions with mean temperatures above 20 °C. The impacts of these developments on greenhouse gas emissions from photovoltaic power have not been analyzed by life cycle assessment in depth. This study helps to fill that gap. A modeling tool is built that integrates photovoltaic life cycle inventories, background emission factors, known physical correlations, and modern photovoltaic performance modeling, including temperature-dependent performance ratios. Using this tool, four novel findings are produced on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions from photovoltaic power, referred to here as Carbon Intensity. Firstly, reversible temperature effects on modules raise the Carbon Intensity of silicon photovoltaic power installed in warm regions, including by 10% in the southwestern US and 13% in western India. All temperature effects raise silicon photovoltaic Carbon Intensity by ∼23% in southern India (from 35 to 43 gCO2e/kWh). Secondly, emission impacts of tracking, relative to stationary mounting, depend on installation location and module type. For multi-crystalline silicon and cadmium telluride modules, respectively, adding tracking changes Carbon Intensity by −11% and −3% in the southwestern US, and by −4% and +5% in eastern Australia. This dependence on location and module type, and the novel result that tracking can increase emissions Intensity, is explained by interactions between tracking energy gain, tracker production emissions, and module production emissions. Thirdly, Chinese manufacturing of multi-crystalline silicon modules emits ∼25% more greenhouse gases than European manufacturing, due not only to higher Carbon Intensity of upstream electricity, as previously reported, but also to more electricity and fuel input per module produced. Fourthly, inverter overloading as practiced slightly diminishes photovoltaic Carbon Intensity, by less than 2 gCO2e/kWh. Finally, mainstream photovoltaic power in all its forms has significantly lower life cycle greenhouse gas emissions than fossil power.
John N Saddler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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challenges in determining the renewable content of the final fuels after co processing biogenic feedstocks in the fluid catalytic cracker fcc of a commercial oil refinery
Fuel, 2021Co-Authors: Liang Cao, Anna Ringsred, Susan Van Dyk, Gary Lee, Jonathan Tyler, Michael Rensing, Don Oconnor, Robert Pinchuk, John N SaddlerAbstract:Abstract The long-distance transport sector will be difficult to electrify and will likely require lower-Carbon intensive, drop-in fuels if the sector is to effectively deCarbonize. Policies such as the low Carbon fuels standard (LCFS) have proven to be particularly effective in encouraging oil companies to produce lower Carbon Intensity (CI) fuels that the long-distance transport sector can use. One way to reduce the Carbon Intensity of the fuels is to co-process lower Carbon intensive feedstock at various insertion points within a refinery (e.g. the hydrotreater or the fluid catalytic cracker (FCC)). However, to obtain “credits” from the appropriate regulator the Carbon Intensity of the final fuel and the renewable content must be determined. To date several processes, such as material balance and C14/C13-tracking, have been used to determine the renewable content of the final fuels, with each of these methods having their own strengths and weaknesses. As described here, challenges such as the lack of consistent terminology, through to variations in the “background noise” encountered in typical refinery operation, have complicated Carbon Intensity and renewable content determinations. However, when a co-processing approach is used in a routinely operating refinery, a multiple regression-based mass balance approach (based on observed yield) combined with C14 analysis is able to determine the renewable content of the final fuels.
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life cycle analysis of drop in biojet fuel produced from british columbia forest residues and wood pellets via fast pyrolysis
Applied Energy, 2021Co-Authors: Anna Ringsred, Susan Van Dyk, John N SaddlerAbstract:Abstract A well-to-wake life-cycle analysis of biojet fuel produced from pyrolysis-derived biocrudes upgraded via hydrotreatment was carried out and compared to petroleum-derived jet fuel. The life-cycle analysis model compared a 100 million liter-per-year upgraded pyrolysis oil facility at three locations in British Columbia, Canada using British Columbia pellet and forest residue feedstocks. The Carbon Intensity of the pyrolysis-based biojet fuel was 69–71% lower than conventional fossil-based jet fuel, depending on the location and type of woody biomass feedstock that was used. Methodological choices such as the source of the hydrogen consumed during pyrolysis oil upgrading and the co-product method used had the greatest impact on the Carbon Intensity of the biojet fuel, while technical factors such as the moisture content of the biomass feedstock and the overall yield had a moderate impact on the Carbon Intensity . Optimizing these various parameters could reduce the Carbon Intensity of pyrolysis-derived biojet fuel by 110% when compared to petroleum jet fuel.