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Patrick Fonti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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earlywood vessels of Castanea Sativa record temperature before their formation
New Phytologist, 2007Co-Authors: Patrick Fonti, Natalie Solomonoff, Ignacio GarciagonzalezAbstract:• The aim of this study was to identify the climatic signal contained in the earlywood vessel size of the ring-porous chestnut (Castanea Sativa) and the physiological processes involved in the underlying mechanisms. • In order to assign the encoded signal to a specific physiological process, bud phenology and vessel formation were monitored along an elevation transect and chronologies of the size of the first row of earlywood vessels were retrospectively correlated with 40 yr of early spring temperatures. • The first vessels appeared in late April to early May, after encoding both a negative temperature signal in February-March (during tree quiescence) and a positive temperature signal in early April (at the time of resumption of shoot growth). • We hypothesize that February and March temperatures affect cambial sensitivity to auxin, preconditioning tree responses later in the season. Furthermore, April temperature is related to tree activation whereby new hormone production fosters vessel expansion. © The Authors (2006).
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Earlywood vessels of Castanea Sativa record temperature before their formation
The New phytologist, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Fonti, Natalie Solomonoff, Ignacio García-gonzálezAbstract:Summary • The aim of this study was to identify the climatic signal contained in the earlywood vessel size of the ring-porous chestnut (Castanea Sativa) and the physiological processes involved in the underlying mechanisms. • In order to assign the encoded signal to a specific physiological process, bud phenology and vessel formation were monitored along an elevation transect and chronologies of the size of the first row of earlywood vessels were retrospectively correlated with 40 yr of early spring temperatures. • The first vessels appeared in late April to early May, after encoding both a negative temperature signal in February–March (during tree quiescence) and a positive temperature signal in early April (at the time of resumption of shoot growth). • We hypothesize that February and March temperatures affect cambial sensitivity to auxin, preconditioning tree responses later in the season. Furthermore, April temperature is related to tree activation whereby new hormone production fosters vessel expansion.
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tree rings show competition dynamics in abandoned Castanea Sativa coppices after land use changes
Journal of Vegetation Science, 2006Co-Authors: Patrick Fonti, Paolo Cherubini, Andreas Rigling, Pascale Weber, Gregory S BigingAbstract:Questions: As a consequence of socio-economic changes, many Castanea Sativa coppices have been abandoned and are now developing past their usual rotation length. Do we have to expect changes in stand structure and composition of abandoned Castanea Sativa coppice invaded by other species? Is a tree ring-based approach adequate to early recognise changes in inter-specific competitive interaction? Location: Lowest alpine forest belt of the southern Swiss Alps. Methods: We selected a 60-year old abandoned Castanea Sativa coppice stand with sporadic Fagus sylvatica and Quercus cerris mixed in. Using tree-ring based indices we analysed differences in the species-specific response to competition. Analyses were performed by comparing how subject dominant trees (10 Castanea, 5 Fagus, 5 Quercus ) have differently faced competition from their immediate Castanea coppice neighbourhood, taking into account the changes over time and space. Results: Although no species appears yet to have made a difference in the surrounding coppice mortality, there are species-specific differences in growth dominance, which indicate potential successional processes. Castanea Sativa growth dominated in the early stages of stand development. However, after approximately 30-35 yr Fagus sylvatica and Quercus cerris became much more dominant, indicating a change in competitive potential that does not favour Castanea Sativa. Conclusions: Without interventions this coppice will develop into a mixed stand. A tree-ring based approach allows an early recognition of forthcoming changes in stand composition and structure and is likely to be an important tool for forest landscape management.
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Ring shake in chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.): State of the art
Annals of Forest Science, 2002Co-Authors: Patrick Fonti, Nicola Macchioni, Bernard ThibautAbstract:Too often chestnut wood (Castanea SativaMill.) becomes economically uninteresting because of the high risk of ring shake to which this species is prone. For more than twenty years chestnut ring shake has been the subject of studies undertaken in an effort to understand its underlying causes and mechanisms. Since not all aspects of the phenomenon have been sufficiently studied at the present time, ring shake has not yet been completely elucidated. However, it is possible to outline a general framework of the phenomenon and advance preliminary ideas on the causes that contribute to the development of this type of fracture. This article summarises the current state of knowledge, discusses the possible causes and proposes measures to reduce the risk of ring shake occurrence in chestnut . ring shake / Castanea Sativa Mill. / wood / residual stresses / mechanical strength
F. Villani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Landscape genetic structure of chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) in Spain
Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2011Co-Authors: M. Ángela Martín, F. Villani, Marcello Cherubini, Juan B. Alvarez, Claudia Mattioni, Juan Molina, Miguel Ángel Herrera, Luis Miguel MartínAbstract:The current need for forest conservation and management has driven a rapid expansion of landscape genetics approach. This discipline combines tools from molecular genetics, landscape ecology and spatial statistics and is decisive for improving not only ecological knowledge but also for properly managing population genetic resources. This approach could be appropriate to sweet chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.), a multipurpose species of great economic importance in the Mediterranean basin and a species considered to be a good model of integration between natural and human-driven distribution of diversity. Sixteen chestnut populations, covering the distribution range of the species in Spain, were analysed using seven microsatellite markers. Results revealed a high level of genetic diversity in Spanish chestnut populations, which in part followed a geographical pattern, although distribution was not homogeneous. Likewise, areas particularly rich in diversity were detected, facilitating the development of a hypothesis about the history of chestnut in Spain. In conclusion, these results provide valuable baseline data for more in-depth studies on chestnut landscape genetics that can contribute to its conservation.
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Identification of QTLs affecting adaptive traits in Castanea Sativa Mill
Plant Cell and Environment, 2004Co-Authors: M. Casasoli, David Pot, Christophe Plomion, M.c. Monteverdi, Teresa Barreneche, M. Lauteri, F. VillaniAbstract:A QTL analysis for three different adaptive traits was performed in an F-1 progeny of Castanea Sativa Mill. The female and male parents originated from two Turkish chestnut populations adapted to a drought and humid environment, respectively. QTLs for bud flush, growth and carbon isotope discrimination were detected over a 3-year period. Bud set was also recorded in the last year of measurement. Thirty-five individual QTLs were detected for phenology, 28 for growth and 17 for carbon isotope discrimination, most of them explaining a low to moderate proportion of the total phenotypic variance. QTLs were distributed throughout the whole genome. Temporally stable QTLs were identified for all the traits analysed, with phenology showing the higher proportion of stable QTLs. Interesting phenotypic correlations and co-localizations among QTLs for different adaptive traits were observed, allowing the formulation of an hypothesis about the genetic adaptation of the female parent to drought
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Congruence between genetic, morphometric, and physiological data on differentiation of Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa)
Genome, 1992Co-Authors: F. Villani, M. Pigliucci, Marco Lauteri, Marcello Cherubini, O. SunAbstract:Patterns of variability of genetic, morphometric, and physiological traits in Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) are investigated. Previous studies suggested a marked genetic differentiation of Turkish demes, arranged in an east-west cline. Genetic distances based on 21 isozyme loci, discriminant analysis of 13 fruit traits, and analysis of variance of carbon isotope discrimination were carried out. The results agree with genetic divergence reported earlier, and reveal remarkably consistent variation patterns for the three types of biological traits. Historical and anthropogenic effects are discussed as causes of chestnut evolution after the Wurm glaciation and of chestnut dispersal in historical times. Particular attention is focused on probable selective forces that molded the phenotypic variation of C. Sativa and lead to the observed similarity of patterns of genetic and morphophysiological levels of variation.Key words: Castanea Sativa, isozymes, morphometries, carbon isotype discrimination.
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Genetic differentiation among Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) populations.
Heredity, 1991Co-Authors: F. Villani, M. Pigliucci, Stefano Benedettelli, Marcello CherubiniAbstract:Genetic variability in Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) was measured by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of 16 isoenzymatic systems in 13 populations. The results were compared with existing data on Italian chestnut populations. Thirty-one out of 43 alleles showed significant heterogeneity in frequency among Turkish populations. Most enzymatic polymorphisms show a gradual or sharp difference between Eastern and Western Turkish populations. Western Turkish demes seem genetically to be more closely related to Italian populations than to Eastern demes. These results are discussed in the light of historical and palinological records of the domestication of this species.
Marcello Cherubini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Landscape genetic structure of chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) in Spain
Tree Genetics & Genomes, 2011Co-Authors: M. Ángela Martín, F. Villani, Marcello Cherubini, Juan B. Alvarez, Claudia Mattioni, Juan Molina, Miguel Ángel Herrera, Luis Miguel MartínAbstract:The current need for forest conservation and management has driven a rapid expansion of landscape genetics approach. This discipline combines tools from molecular genetics, landscape ecology and spatial statistics and is decisive for improving not only ecological knowledge but also for properly managing population genetic resources. This approach could be appropriate to sweet chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.), a multipurpose species of great economic importance in the Mediterranean basin and a species considered to be a good model of integration between natural and human-driven distribution of diversity. Sixteen chestnut populations, covering the distribution range of the species in Spain, were analysed using seven microsatellite markers. Results revealed a high level of genetic diversity in Spanish chestnut populations, which in part followed a geographical pattern, although distribution was not homogeneous. Likewise, areas particularly rich in diversity were detected, facilitating the development of a hypothesis about the history of chestnut in Spain. In conclusion, these results provide valuable baseline data for more in-depth studies on chestnut landscape genetics that can contribute to its conservation.
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Congruence between genetic, morphometric, and physiological data on differentiation of Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa)
Genome, 1992Co-Authors: F. Villani, M. Pigliucci, Marco Lauteri, Marcello Cherubini, O. SunAbstract:Patterns of variability of genetic, morphometric, and physiological traits in Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) are investigated. Previous studies suggested a marked genetic differentiation of Turkish demes, arranged in an east-west cline. Genetic distances based on 21 isozyme loci, discriminant analysis of 13 fruit traits, and analysis of variance of carbon isotope discrimination were carried out. The results agree with genetic divergence reported earlier, and reveal remarkably consistent variation patterns for the three types of biological traits. Historical and anthropogenic effects are discussed as causes of chestnut evolution after the Wurm glaciation and of chestnut dispersal in historical times. Particular attention is focused on probable selective forces that molded the phenotypic variation of C. Sativa and lead to the observed similarity of patterns of genetic and morphophysiological levels of variation.Key words: Castanea Sativa, isozymes, morphometries, carbon isotype discrimination.
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Genetic differentiation among Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) populations.
Heredity, 1991Co-Authors: F. Villani, M. Pigliucci, Stefano Benedettelli, Marcello CherubiniAbstract:Genetic variability in Turkish chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) was measured by means of horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of 16 isoenzymatic systems in 13 populations. The results were compared with existing data on Italian chestnut populations. Thirty-one out of 43 alleles showed significant heterogeneity in frequency among Turkish populations. Most enzymatic polymorphisms show a gradual or sharp difference between Eastern and Western Turkish populations. Western Turkish demes seem genetically to be more closely related to Italian populations than to Eastern demes. These results are discussed in the light of historical and palinological records of the domestication of this species.
Juan Majada - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Stem taper function for sweet chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.) coppice stands in northwest Spain
Annals of Forest Science, 2014Co-Authors: María Menéndez-miguélez, Elena Canga, Pedro Álvarez-Álvarez, Juan MajadaAbstract:• Context Despite the economic importance of Castanea Sativa Mill. in northwest Spain, studies of its growth and yield are practically non-existent.
Sergio Calabrese - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sweet chestnut Castanea Sativa leaves as a bio indicator of volcanic gas aerosol and ash deposition onto the flanks of mt etna in 2005 2007
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2009Co-Authors: R S Martin, Tamsin A Mather, David M Pyle, Sebastian F L Watt, Jason Day, S J Collins, T E Wright, A Aiuppa, Sergio CalabreseAbstract:Sweet chestnut leaves (Castanea Sativa) collected from the flanks of Mt Etna volcano in 2005–2007 were analysed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of element concentrations. The aim of this work was to determine whether these leaves are a bio-indicator for volcanic gas, aerosol and ash deposition and to gain new insights into the environmental effects of quiescent and eruptive volcanic plumes. Results show a positive correlation between sample variability in the concentration of elements in Castanea Sativa and enrichment factors of elements in the plume. The spatial and temporal variability of chalcophilic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Tl, Zn) is consistent with prevailing winds transporting eruptive plumes to the south-east of the summit, resulting in enhanced plume deposition onto the flanks of the volcano. Similar spatial and temporal variability was found for the halide-forming elements (Cs, K, Rb) and intermediate elements (Al, Co, Mn). The spatial variability of chalcophilic, intermediate and halide-forming elements during quiescent periods was diminished (relative to eruptive periods) and could not be explained by plume deposition. In contrast, the concentrations of lithophilic elements (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) did not show any clear spatial variability even during eruptive periods. Comparisons between enrichment factors for elements in Castanea Sativa and literature values for enrichment factors of the volcanic plume, groundwater and lichen were made. Whilst Castanea Sativa offers insights into the spatial and temporal variability of deposition, the species may not be a bio-indicator for plume composition due to biological fractionation.
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Sweet chestnut (Castanea Sativa) leaves as a bio-indicator of volcanic gas, aerosol and ash deposition onto the flanks of Mt Etna in 2005–2007
Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2009Co-Authors: R S Martin, Tamsin A Mather, David M Pyle, Sebastian F L Watt, S J Collins, T E Wright, A Aiuppa, J.a. Day, Sergio CalabreseAbstract:Sweet chestnut leaves (Castanea Sativa) collected from the flanks of Mt Etna volcano in 2005-2007 were analysed by inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of element concentrations. The aim of this work was to determine whether these leaves are a bio-indicator for volcanic gas, aerosol and ash deposition and to gain new insights into the environmental effects of quiescent and eruptive volcanic plumes. Results show a positive correlation between sample variability in the concentration of elements in Castanea Sativa and enrichment factors of elements in the plume. The spatial and temporal variability of chalcophilic elements (As, Cd, Cu, Mo, Tl, Zn) is consistent with prevailing winds transporting eruptive plumes to the south-east of the summit, resulting in enhanced plume deposition onto the flanks of the volcano. Similar spatial and temporal variability was found for the halide-forming elements (Cs, K, Rb) and intermediate elements (Al, Co, Mn). The spatial variability of chalcophilic, intermediate and halide-forming elements during quiescent periods was diminished (relative to eruptive periods) and could not be explained by plume deposition. In contrast, the concentrations of lithophilic elements (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) did not show any clear spatial variability even during eruptive periods. Comparisons between enrichment factors for elements in Castanea Sativa and literature values for enrichment factors of the volcanic plume, groundwater and lichen were made. Whilst Castanea Sativa offers insights into the spatial and temporal variability of deposition, the species may not be a bio-indicator for plume composition due to biological fractionation. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved