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Peter Muir - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Computed Tomographic Imaging of Subchondral Fatigue Cracks in the Distal End of the Third Metacarpal Bone in the Thoroughbred Racehorse Can Predict Crack Micromotion in an Ex-Vivo Model
    2016
    Co-Authors: Mariesoleil Dubois, Patricia Marquis, Vicki L. Kalscheur, Mark D. Markel, Kelsey Rayment, Ronald P Mccabe, Samantha Morello, Zhengling Hao, Peter Muir
    Abstract:

    Articular stress fracture arising from the distal end of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) is a common serious Injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Currently, there is no method for predicting fracture risk clinically. We describe an ex-vivo biomechanical model in which we measured subchondral crack micromotion under compressive loading that modeled high speed running. Using this model, we determined the relationship between subchondral crack dimensions measured using computed tomography (CT) and crack micromotion. Thoracic limbs from 40 Thoroughbred racehorses that had sustained a Catastrophic Injury were studied. Limbs were radiographed and examined using CT. Parasagittal subchondral fatigue crack dimensions were measured on CT images using image analysis software. MC3 bones with fatigue cracks were tested using five cycles of compressive loading at-7,500N (38 condyles, 18 horses). Crack motion was recorded using an extensometer. Mechanical testing was validated using bones with 3 mm and 5 mm deep parasagittal subchondral slots that modeled naturally occurring fatigue cracks. After testing, subchondral crack density was determined histologically. Creation of parasagittal subchondral slots induced significant micromotion during loading (p,0.001). In our biomechanical model, we found a significant positive correlation between extensometer micromotion and parasagittal crack area derived from reconstructed CT images (SR = 0.32, p,0.05). Correlations with transverse and frontal plane crack lengths were not significant. Histologic fatigue damage was not significantly correlated with crack dimensions determined by CT o

  • computed tomographic imaging of subchondral fatigue cracks in the distal end of the third metacarpal bone in the thoroughbred racehorse can predict crack micromotion in an ex vivo model
    PLOS ONE, 2014
    Co-Authors: Mariesoleil Dubois, Patricia Marquis, Vicki L. Kalscheur, Mark D. Markel, Samantha L Morello, Kelsey Rayment, Ray Vanderby, Ronald P Mccabe, Peter Muir
    Abstract:

    : Articular stress fracture arising from the distal end of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) is a common serious Injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Currently, there is no method for predicting fracture risk clinically. We describe an ex-vivo biomechanical model in which we measured subchondral crack micromotion under compressive loading that modeled high speed running. Using this model, we determined the relationship between subchondral crack dimensions measured using computed tomography (CT) and crack micromotion. Thoracic limbs from 40 Thoroughbred racehorses that had sustained a Catastrophic Injury were studied. Limbs were radiographed and examined using CT. Parasagittal subchondral fatigue crack dimensions were measured on CT images using image analysis software. MC3 bones with fatigue cracks were tested using five cycles of compressive loading at -7,500N (38 condyles, 18 horses). Crack motion was recorded using an extensometer. Mechanical testing was validated using bones with 3 mm and 5 mm deep parasagittal subchondral slots that modeled naturally occurring fatigue cracks. After testing, subchondral crack density was determined histologically. Creation of parasagittal subchondral slots induced significant micromotion during loading (p<0.001). In our biomechanical model, we found a significant positive correlation between extensometer micromotion and parasagittal crack area derived from reconstructed CT images (SR = 0.32, p<0.05). Correlations with transverse and frontal plane crack lengths were not significant. Histologic fatigue damage was not significantly correlated with crack dimensions determined by CT or extensometer micromotion. Bones with parasagittal crack area measurements above 30 mm2 may have a high risk of crack propagation and condylar fracture in vivo because of crack micromotion. In conclusion, our results suggest that CT could be used to quantify subchondral fatigue crack dimensions in racing Thoroughbred horses in-vivo to assess risk of condylar fracture. Horses with parasagittal crack arrays that exceed 30 mm2 may have a high risk for development of condylar fracture.

  • detection of articular pathology of the distal aspect of the third metacarpal bone in thoroughbred racehorses comparison of radiography computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
    Veterinary Surgery, 2011
    Co-Authors: Thomas Obrien, Theresa A Baker, Sabrina H Brounts, Susannah J Sample, Mary C Scollay, Patricia Marquis, Mark D. Markel, Peter Muir
    Abstract:

    Objective To compare digital radiography (DR), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detection of pathology of the distal aspect of the third metacarpal bone (MC3) and to assess whether arthrography would improve detection of articular cartilage or subchondral bone cracking. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Sample Population Limb specimens from 17 Thoroughbred horses after Catastrophic Injury and 4 age-matched control horses. Methods Standard DR, CT, and MRI images of the metacarpophalangeal joint were acquired before and after iohexol injection. Pathologic features detected with imaging and on visual inspection of cartilage and subchondral bone of the distal aspect of MC3 were graded. Imaging observations were compared with pathologic abnormalities. Results Inspection revealed obvious changes in the cartilage and subchondral bone surfaces in Thoroughbreds. Both CT and MRI were superior to DR for detection of subchondral bone pathology. Cracking of cartilage was not detected by any imaging modality. Signal changes associated with cartilage loss and development of repair tissue were evident on MRI in 9/19 cases. There was significant correlation (P < .05) between subchondral bone pathology detected on both CT and MRI, and cartilage pathology on gross examination. Contrast arthrography did not improve the detection of articular cartilage or subchondral plate cracking. Conclusion Both CT and MRI are superior to DR for detection of subchondral bone pathology, but underestimate the extent of joint adaptation and pathologic damage. MRI was able to detect cartilage degeneration.

  • effect of focused and radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy on equine bone microdamage
    Veterinary Surgery, 2004
    Co-Authors: Tamara M Da Costa Gomez, Catherine L Radtke, Carol A Swain, Ryland B Edwards, Mary C Scollay, Vicki L. Kalscheur, Elizabeth M. Santschi, Mark D. Markel, Peter Muir
    Abstract:

    Objectives— To determine whether bone microcracks are altered after application of focused and radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) to the equine distal limb. Study Design— An ex vivo experimental model. Sample Population— A contralateral limb specimen was obtained from 11 Thoroughbred racehorses with a unilateral Catastrophic Injury. Distal limb specimens were also obtained from 5 non-racing horses. Methods— Three separate skin-covered bone segments were obtained from the mid-diaphysis of the metacarpus (MC3) or metatarsus (MT3). Focused (9,000 shockwaves, 0.15 mJ/mm2, 4 Hz) and radial (9,000 shockwaves, 0.175 mJ/mm2, 4 Hz) ESWT treatments were randomized to the proximal and distal segments and the middle segment was used as a treatment control for pre-existing microcracks. After treatment, bone specimens were bulk-stained with basic fuchsin and microcracks were quantified in transverse calcified bone sections. Results— ESWT had small but significant effects on microcracks. Microcrack density (Cr.Dn) and microcrack surface density (Cr.S.Dn) were increased after focused ESWT, whereas Cr.Le was increased after radial ESWT. In racing Thoroughbreds, Cr.Le increased with increased number of races undertaken. Cr.Dn and Cr.S.Dn were not significantly influenced by the number of races undertaken. Conclusion— ESWT has small but significant effects on bone microcracking ex vivo. Clinical Relevance— These preliminary data suggest that ESWT has the potential to increase bone microcracking in equine distal limb bone in vivo. Such effects may be more pronounced in Thoroughbreds that are actively being raced, because in vivo microcracking increases with increased number of races undertaken.

  • scanning electron microscopic examination of third metacarpal third metatarsal bone failure surfaces in thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fracture
    Veterinary Surgery, 2004
    Co-Authors: Matthew W Stepnik, Catherine L Radtke, Mary C Scollay, Elizabeth M. Santschi, Mark D. Markel, Philip Oshel, Ralph M Albrecht, Peter Muir
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: To examine the fracture failure surfaces from Thoroughbred horses that had sustained a Catastrophic condylar fracture. SAMPLE POPULATION: Bone specimens from the failure surface were obtained from 12 Thoroughbred racehorses with Catastrophic Injury and 2 non-racing horses with accidental long bone fracture. METHODS: Bone specimens from the failure surface of each fracture were incubated with gold microspheres to label microcracks before examination at x50 to x60,000 using scanning electron microscopy. Microcracking at the failure surface was assessed using a visual analog scale. RESULTS: Branching arrays or clusters of microcracks were seen over a range of magnifications in adapted subchondral bone in the distal end of the MC3/MT3 bone from racing Thoroughbreds with a Catastrophic displaced condylar fracture. In the palmar/plantar region, microcracking was associated with the formation of an array of macroscopic cracks in the condylar groove. A different pattern of microcracking was seen in specimens of bone from distal metaphyseal and diaphyseal MC3/MT3 failure surfaces from Thoroughbred racehorses with Catastrophic fracture and non-racing horses with an accidental diaphyseal long bone fracture. Few microcracks were seen and typically did not form branching arrays. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that propagation of condylar fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses is initiated by the formation of nanoscale microcracks in adapted subchondral bone that form during exercise-induced bone adaptation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Accumulation and coalescence of branching microcracks into arrays or clusters appears to eventually lead to the development of macroscopic subchondral cracks in the condylar groove and initiation of a condylar fracture.

Mike Lambert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Catastrophic Injury incidence rates in south african rugby union are there regional differences
    British Journal of Sports Medicine, 2017
    Co-Authors: Marelise Badenhorst, Evert Verhagen, Willem Van Mechelen, Mike Lambert, Wayne Viljoen, Clint Readhead
    Abstract:

    Background South Africa has 14 Provincial Rugby regions (9Unions9). Although rugby-related Catastrophic injuries have been reported at 2.0 per 100 000 players per year, the comparative risk between each of these SA Unions has not yet been quantified. Understanding the difference in Injury risk between Unions is important for potential intervention modifications. Objective The objective of this study was to compare the Catastrophic Injury incidence rates between the 14 SA Unions. Design A prospective, population-based study was conducted across all SA Unions between 2008–2014. Setting The number of verified players (males and females; under-seven age group to adult; amateur and professional) in each Union was obtained from SA Rugby9s 2013 Census. Patients (or Participants) Catastrophic injuries were analysed using BokSmart9s serious Injury database. Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors) Union-specific Injury incidence rates with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated. Catastrophic injuries (Acute Spinal Cord Injuries (ASCI) and Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)) within Unions were compared statistically using a Poisson regression with Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) and a 95% level of confidence (p Results Catastrophic Injury incidence rates per Union ranged from 1.8 per 100 000 players (95% CI: 0.0 to 6.5) to 7.9 (95%CI: 0.0 to 28.5). The Union with the highest incidence rate of permanent outcome ASCIs was reported at 7.1 per 100 000 players (95% CI: 0.0 to 17.6). Compared to this Union, five (n=5/14, 36%) of the Unions had significantly lower Injury incidence rates of ASCI. Conclusions Regional differences in Catastrophic Injury incidence rates exist in SA and interventions should be tailored accordingly. Future studies should investigate the underlying reasons contributing to these regional differences.

  • a comparison of Catastrophic Injury incidence rates by provincial rugby union in south africa
    Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2017
    Co-Authors: Marelise Badenhorst, Evert Verhagen, Willem Van Mechelen, Mike Lambert, Wayne Viljoen, Clint Readhead, Gail Baerecke, James Brown
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objectives To compare Catastrophic Injury rates between the 14 South African Provincial Rugby Unions. Design A prospective, population-based study conducted among all South African Unions between 2008–2014. Methods Player numbers in each Union were obtained from South African Rugby’s 2013 Census. Catastrophic injuries were analysed from BokSmart’s serious Injury database. Incidence rates with 95% Confidence Intervals were calculated. Catastrophic injuries (Acute Spinal Cord Injuries and Catastrophic Traumatic Brain Injuries) within Unions were compared statistically, using a Poisson regression with Incidence Rate Ratios (IRR) and a 95% confidence level (p  Results Catastrophic Injury incidence rates per Union ranged from 1.8 per 100 000 players (95% CI: 0.0–6.5) to 7.9 (95% CI: 0.0–28.5) per 100 000 players per year. The highest incidence rate of permanent outcome Acute Spinal Cord Injuries was reported at 7.1 per 100 000 players (95% CI: 0.0–17.6). Compared to this Union, five (n = 5/14, 36%) of the Unions had significantly lower incidence rates of Acute Spinal Cord Injuries. Proportionately, three Unions had more Acute Spinal Cord Injuries and three other Unions had more Catastrophic Traumatic Brain Injuries. Conclusions There were significant differences in the Catastrophic Injury incidence rates amongst the Provincial Unions in South Africa. Future studies should investigate the underlying reasons contributing to these provincial differences.

  • the effectiveness of the nationwide boksmart rugby Injury prevention program on Catastrophic Injury rates
    Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 2016
    Co-Authors: Evert Verhagen, James Brown, Dirk L Knol, W Van Mechelen, Mike Lambert
    Abstract:

    Rugby Union ("rugby") participants have a higher than average risk of Injury compared with participants of other popular team sports. BokSmart, a nationwide Injury prevention program was launched in South Africa in mid-2009, with the goal of reducing Catastrophic head/neck (serious) injuries in players. The program provides Injury prevention information to coaches and referees. This study investigated if BokSmart has been associated with a reduction in these injuries. The BokSmart program collected data on all South African rugby-related serious injuries since 2008. Using a Poisson regression, Injury numbers were compared pre-BokSmart (2008-2009) to the years post-implementation (2010-2013). Player numbers were assumed to be constant throughout this evaluation: junior = 529 483; senior = 121 663. In junior players, the "post-BokSmart" period had 2.5 less annual serious injuries than "pre-BokSmart" (incidence rate ratio: 0.6, 95% confidence interval: 0.5-0.7, P Language: en

Tiango Aguiar Ribeiro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • traumatic hemipelvectomy a rare and Catastrophic Injury
    Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume, 2014
    Co-Authors: Rafael Boeira Pansard, Ewerton Nunes Morais, Adil De Souza Alves, Elias Josue Ramos Neto, Hairton Copetti, Bruno Lazzari, Tiango Aguiar Ribeiro
    Abstract:

    Traumatic hemipelvectomy or complete dislocation of the hemipelvis1-4 is a very rare3,5-9 and Catastrophic Injury4 that usually results in death4,10. Its true incidence is thought to be underestimated3, but traumatic hemipelvectomy may account for approximately 0.6% of all pelvic trauma11. In recent years, improvements in trauma care have increased the survival rates in these rare cases4,5,7,12. Complete traumatic hemipelvectomy is defined as an Injury resulting from a high-energy trauma that presents with a total disruption of the hemipelvis, from the pubic symphysis to the sacroiliac joint4. A hemipelvectomy is considered to be partial when the lower extremity remains attached by skin to the victim3. We describe a traumatic hemipelvectomy in a young patient with a rare and Catastrophic Injury that presented in an unusual form. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he provided consent. A previously healthy thirty-three-year old man arrived at our hospital after his motorcycle collided with a car. The patient was promptly assessed according to the standard Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) protocol13. He presented with a patent airway and no signs of chest trauma. Examination revealed a blood pressure reading of 40/0 mm Hg, an oxygen saturation level of 63%, and a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 13; urine obtained with a Foley catheter was clear, showing no bladder lesion. The right lower limb, which was cold, cyanotic, and did not have a pulse, was covered with a compressive dressing. There was also a provisional splint on the left upper limb. No radiographs were obtained upon presentation because of the hemodynamic instability. The patient was taken …

Roderick John Mcclure - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the effect of pre existing health conditions on the cost of recovery from road traffic Injury insights from data linkage of medicare and compensable Injury claims in victoria australia
    BMC Health Services Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Behrooz Hassanimahmooei, Janneke Bereckigisolf, Youjin Hahn, Roderick John Mcclure
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background Comorbidity is known to affect length of hospital stay and mortality after trauma but less is known about its impact on recovery beyond the immediate post-accident care period. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of pre-existing health conditions in the cost of recovery from road traffic Injury using health service use records for 1 year before and after the Injury. Methods Individuals who claimed Transport Accident Commission (TAC) compensation for a non-Catastrophic Injury that occurred between 2010 and 2012 in Victoria, Australia and who provided consent for Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) and Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) linkage were included ( n  = 738) in the analysis. PBS and MBS records dating from 12 months prior to Injury were provided by the Department of Human Services (Canberra, Australia). Pre-Injury use of health service items and pharmaceuticals were considered to indicate pre-existing health condition. Bayesian Model Averaging techniques were used to identify the items that were most strongly correlated with recovery cost. Multivariate regression models were used to determine the impact of these items on the cost of Injury recovery in terms of compensated ambulance, hospital, medical, and overall claim cost. Results Out of the 738 study participants, 688 used at least one medical item (total of 15,625 items) and 427 used at least one pharmaceutical item (total of 9846). The total health service cost of recovery was $10,115,714. The results show that while pre-existing conditions did not have any significant impact on the total cost of recovery, categorical costs were affected: e.g. on average, for every anaesthetic in the year before the accident, hospital cost of recovery increased by 24 % [95 % CI: 13, 36 %] and for each pathological test related to established diabetes, hospital cost increased by $10,407 [5466.78, 15346.28]. For medical costs, each anaesthetic led to $258 higher cost [174.16, 341.16] and every prescription of drugs used in diabetes increased the cost by 8 % [5, 11 %]. Conclusions Services related to pre-existing conditions, mainly chronic and surgery-related, are likely to increase certain components of cost of recovery after road traffic trauma but pre-existing physical health has little impact on the overall recovery costs.

  • use of antidepressant medication after road traffic Injury
    Injury-international Journal of The Care of The Injured, 2015
    Co-Authors: Janneke Bereckigisolf, Alex Collie, Behrooz Hassanimahmooei, Roderick John Mcclure
    Abstract:

    Objectives Mental ill health after road traffic Injury is common, as is the use of antidepressant medication after Injury. Little is known about antidepressant use by injured people prior to their Injury. The aim of this study is to describe the nature and extent of antidepressant use before and after road traffic Injury. Methods Victorian residents who claimed Transport Accident Commission (TAC) compensation for a non-Catastrophic Injury that occurred between 2010 and 2012 and provided consent for Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) linkage were included (n = 734). PBS records dating from 12 months prior through to 12 months post Injury were provided by the Department of Human Services (Canberra). PBS and TAC claims data were linked. Results Among participants, 12% used antidepressants before Injury (84.4 Defined Daily Doses/1000 person-days) and 17% used antidepressants after Injury (114.1 DDD/1000 p-d). Only 7.7% of the injured cohort commenced antidepressant treatment post Injury. Thus, of all post-Injury antidepressant use, 45% could potentially be related to the incident Injury, with the remaining 55% most probably a continuation of pre-Injury use. Pre-Injury use was more common among women (109.4 vs. 54.6 DDD/1000 p-d, p < 0.0001), and those with whiplash Injury (119.3 vs. 73.1, p = 0.03). Cyclists and motorcyclists were less likely to use antidepressants pre-Injury than car drivers (18.3 vs. 16.9 vs. 109.3, respectively; p < 0.001). Conclusions Less than half of post-Injury antidepressant use could potentially be attributable to the incident Injury. These results highlight the importance of obtaining information on pre-Injury health status before interpreting post-Injury health service use to be an outcome of the Injury in question.

Susan M Stover - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • relationship between historical lameness medication usage surgery and exercise with Catastrophic musculoskeletal Injury in racehorses
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Peta L Hitchens, Ashley E Hill, Susan M Stover
    Abstract:

    Background: The rate of Catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in racehorses is high in the United States compared to other countries. Few modifiable risk factors related to lameness, medication, and surgery history have been identified. Objective: To detect management factors that increase risk of CMI by comparing medical histories between horses that sustained, and horses that did not sustain, a CMI. Study design: Case-control. Methods: Racehorse necropsy data (May 2012-June 2013) were obtained through the California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Program. Attending veterinarians of Thoroughbreds (TB) and Quarter Horses (QH) that experienced CMI, and of three matched control horses, were invited to complete an online veterinary medical history survey. We investigated associations between CMI and lameness, medication, surgery, and exercise history using multivariable logistic regression. Results: There were 146 TB (45 cases, 101 controls) and 17 QH (11 cases, 6 controls) surveys completed. TB cases were more likely to show signs of lameness within the three months prior to death compared to controls. A high proportion of both cases (64.3%) and controls (76.8%) were administered medications, but unraced TB case horses were more likely to have been administered systemic medications compared to those that previously raced. TB cases were more likely to have raced with greater intensity during their career, but had eased off in the month preceding CMI. For QHs, there was insufficient power to detect significant differences between cases and controls that showed signs of lameness, or that were administered medications. Surgery history was not associated with CMI. Main limitation: Insufficient power to detect small effect sizes. Conclusions: The study provides information that can be used to aid in identification of horses at high risk for Catastrophic Injury, and management factors that can be modified to reduce the risk for all horses.

  • relationship between historical lameness medication usage surgery and exercise with Catastrophic musculoskeletal Injury in racehorses
    Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2018
    Co-Authors: Peta L Hitchens, Ashley E Hill, Susan M Stover
    Abstract:

    Background: The rate of Catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in racehorses is high in the United States compared to other countries. Few modifiable risk factors related to lameness, medication, and surgery history have been identified. Objective: To detect management factors that increase risk of CMI by comparing medical histories between horses that sustained, and horses that did not sustain, a CMI. Study design: Case-control. Methods: Racehorse necropsy data (May 2012-June 2013) were obtained through the California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Program. Attending veterinarians of Thoroughbreds (TB) and Quarter Horses (QH) that experienced CMI, and of three matched control horses, were invited to complete an online veterinary medical history survey. We investigated associations between CMI and lameness, medication, surgery, and exercise history using multivariable logistic regression. Results: There were 146 TB (45 cases, 101 controls) and 17 QH (11 cases, 6 controls) surveys completed. TB cases were more likely to show signs of lameness within the 3 months prior to death compared to controls. A high proportion of both cases (64.3%) and controls (76.8%) were administered medications, but unraced TB case horses were more likely to have been administered systemic medications compared to those that previously raced. TB cases were more likely to have raced with greater intensity during their career, but had eased off in the month preceding CMI. For QHs, there was insufficient power to detect significant differences between cases and controls that showed signs of lameness, or that were administered medications. Surgery history was not associated with CMI. Main limitation: Insufficient power to detect small effect sizes. Conclusions: The study provides information that can be used to aid in identification of horses at high risk for Catastrophic Injury, and management factors that can be modified to reduce the risk for all horses.

  • Data_Sheet_1_Relationship Between Historical Lameness, Medication Usage, Surgery, and Exercise With Catastrophic Musculoskeletal Injury in Racehorses.PDF
    2018
    Co-Authors: Peta L Hitchens, Ashley E Hill, Susan M Stover
    Abstract:

    Background: The rate of Catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in racehorses is high in the United States compared to other countries. Few modifiable risk factors related to lameness, medication, and surgery history have been identified.Objective: To detect management factors that increase risk of CMI by comparing medical histories between horses that sustained, and horses that did not sustain, a CMI.Study design: Case-control.Methods: Racehorse necropsy data (May 2012-June 2013) were obtained through the California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Program. Attending veterinarians of Thoroughbreds (TB) and Quarter Horses (QH) that experienced CMI, and of three matched control horses, were invited to complete an online veterinary medical history survey. We investigated associations between CMI and lameness, medication, surgery, and exercise history using multivariable logistic regression.Results: There were 146 TB (45 cases, 101 controls) and 17 QH (11 cases, 6 controls) surveys completed. TB cases were more likely to show signs of lameness within the 3 months prior to death compared to controls. A high proportion of both cases (64.3%) and controls (76.8%) were administered medications, but unraced TB case horses were more likely to have been administered systemic medications compared to those that previously raced. TB cases were more likely to have raced with greater intensity during their career, but had eased off in the month preceding CMI. For QHs, there was insufficient power to detect significant differences between cases and controls that showed signs of lameness, or that were administered medications. Surgery history was not associated with CMI.Main limitation: Insufficient power to detect small effect sizes.Conclusions: The study provides information that can be used to aid in identification of horses at high risk for Catastrophic Injury, and management factors that can be modified to reduce the risk for all horses.

  • Table_1_Relationship Between Historical Lameness, Medication Usage, Surgery, and Exercise With Catastrophic Musculoskeletal Injury in Racehorses.DOCX
    2018
    Co-Authors: Peta L Hitchens, Ashley E Hill, Susan M Stover
    Abstract:

    Background: The rate of Catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries (CMI) in racehorses is high in the United States compared to other countries. Few modifiable risk factors related to lameness, medication, and surgery history have been identified.Objective: To detect management factors that increase risk of CMI by comparing medical histories between horses that sustained, and horses that did not sustain, a CMI.Study design: Case-control.Methods: Racehorse necropsy data (May 2012-June 2013) were obtained through the California Horse Racing Board Postmortem Program. Attending veterinarians of Thoroughbreds (TB) and Quarter Horses (QH) that experienced CMI, and of three matched control horses, were invited to complete an online veterinary medical history survey. We investigated associations between CMI and lameness, medication, surgery, and exercise history using multivariable logistic regression.Results: There were 146 TB (45 cases, 101 controls) and 17 QH (11 cases, 6 controls) surveys completed. TB cases were more likely to show signs of lameness within the 3 months prior to death compared to controls. A high proportion of both cases (64.3%) and controls (76.8%) were administered medications, but unraced TB case horses were more likely to have been administered systemic medications compared to those that previously raced. TB cases were more likely to have raced with greater intensity during their career, but had eased off in the month preceding CMI. For QHs, there was insufficient power to detect significant differences between cases and controls that showed signs of lameness, or that were administered medications. Surgery history was not associated with CMI.Main limitation: Insufficient power to detect small effect sizes.Conclusions: The study provides information that can be used to aid in identification of horses at high risk for Catastrophic Injury, and management factors that can be modified to reduce the risk for all horses.

  • the role of Catastrophic Injury or sudden death of the horse in race day jockey falls and injuries in california 2007 2012
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2016
    Co-Authors: Peta L Hitchens, Ashley E Hill, Susan M Stover
    Abstract:

    REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: If equine conditions with high likelihood of jockey Injury can be determined and subsequently prevented, jockey safety can be enhanced. OBJECTIVE: To identify racehorse injuries or conditions with greatest risk for jockey falls and injuries. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective correlation of race-day jockey fall and Injury data with racehorse fatality data. METHODS: Thoroughbred (TB) and Quarter Horse (QH) racehorse cause of death and jockey fall and Injury data for California flat races were reviewed for a 6-year period. Race and jockey race ride population data were used to determine jockey fall and Injury incidence rates relative to cause of racehorse death, and were assessed using Poisson regression. Differences in proportions were assessed using Fisher's exact, Pearson's χ(2) , and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel tests. RESULTS: 707 racehorses experienced race-related Catastrophic Injury or sudden death. 199 jockeys had 601 falls with 325 injuries. Jockeys were 162 times more likely to fall (95% CI 137- 192; pCONCLUSIONS: Prevention of the most common Catastrophic injuries and sudden death of the racehorse, e.g. fetlock injuries, may be most effective at decreasing rates of falls and injuries to horseracing jockeys during racing. Language: en