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Andrew Lepp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mobile Phone Use among college students is a sedentary leisure behavior which may interfere with exercise
Computers in Human Behavior, 2016Co-Authors: Jacob E Barkley, Andrew LeppAbstract:Research suggests that Cell Phone Use is related to sedentary behavior, that Cell Phone Use during exercise reduces intensity, and that high frequency Cell Phone Users are less fit than other Users. Thus, Cell Phone Use appears connected to health and fitness behaviors and should be better understood within this context. The present study investigated the sedentary nature of Cell Phone Use, and examined the likelihood of CellPhone Use interfering with exercise behavior. DesignA validated survey was administered to a random sample of students from a public US university (N?=?226). ResultsMean self-reported Cell Phone Use was 380?min day-1, 87% reported Cell Phone Use primarily occurs while sitting, and 70% of Use was for leisure. Cell Phone Use was positively related to sedentary behavior (β?=?0.30, p?Cell Phone Use during moderate (p?=?0.006) and mild (p?Cell Phone Use increased. ConclusionLike other screens (e.g., TVs), Cell Phone Use appears to be a sedentary leisure behavior. Furthermore, high frequency Use increases the likelihood that it will occur during exercise, likely lowering exercise intensity.
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the impact of Cell Phone Use on the intensity and liking of a bout of treadmill exercise
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Gabriel J Sanders, Michael J Rebold, Jacob E BarkleyAbstract:This study Used a within-subjects design to assess the effect of three common Cellular telePhone (Cell Phone) functions (texting, talking, listening to music) on planned exercise. Forty-four young adults (n = 33 females, 21.8 ± 1.3 years) each participated in four, separate, 30-minute exercise conditions on a treadmill in a random order. During each condition, the treadmill speed display was covered and grade was fixed at zero. However, participants were able to alter treadmill speed as desired. Throughout the texting and talking conditions, research personnel Used a pre-determined script to simulate Cell Phone conversations. During the music condition, participants Used their Cell Phone to listen to music of their choice. Finally, participants completed a control condition with no Cell Phone access. For each condition, average treadmill speed, heart rate and liking (via visual analog scale) were assessed. Treadmill speed (3.4 ± 1.3 miles∙hour-1), heart rate (122.3 ± 24.3 beats∙min-1) and liking (7.5 ± 1.5 cm) in the music condition were significantly (p ≤ 0.014) greater than all other conditions. Treadmill speed in the control condition (3.1 ± 1.2 miles∙hour-1) was significantly (p = 0.04) greater than both texting and talking (2.8 ± 1.1 miles∙hour-1 each). Heart rate during the control condition (115.4 ± 22.8 beats∙min-1) was significantly (p = 0.04) greater than texting (109.9 ± 16.4 beats∙min-1) but not talking (112.6 ± 16.1 beats∙min-1). Finally, liking during the talking condition (5.4 ± 2.2 cm) was greater (p = 0.05) than the control (4.3 ± 2.2 cm) but not the texting (5.1 ± 2.2 cm) conditions. In conclusion, using a Cell Phone for listening to music can increase the intensity (speed and heart rate) and liking of a bout of treadmill exercise. However, other common Cell Phone Uses (texting and talking) can interfere with treadmill exercise and reduce intensity.
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the relationship between Cell Phone Use and academic performance in a sample of u s college students
SAGE Open, 2015Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Jacob E Barkley, Aryn C KarpinskiAbstract:The Cell Phone is ever-present on college campUses and is frequently Used in settings where learning occurs. This study assessed the relationship between Cell Phone Use and actual college grade point average (GPA) after controlling for known predictors. As such, 536 undergraduate students from 82 self-reported majors at a large, public university were sampled. A hierarchical regression (R2 = .449) demonstrated that Cell Phone Use was significantly (p < .001) and negatively (β = −.164) related to actual college GPA after controlling for demographic variables, self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, self-efficacy for academic achievement, and actual high school GPA, which were all significant predictors (p < .05). Thus, after controlling for other established predictors, increased Cell Phone Use was associated with decreased academic performance. Although more research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms, findings suggest a need to sensitize students and educators about the potential academic...
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the relationship between Cell Phone Use academic performance anxiety and satisfaction with life in college students
Computers in Human Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Jacob E Barkley, Aryn C KarpinskiAbstract:While functional differences between today's Cell Phones and traditional computers are becoming less clear, one difference remains plain - Cell Phones are almost always on-hand and allow Users to connect with an array of services and networks at almost any time and any place. The Pew Center's Internet and American Life Project suggests that college students are the most rapid adopters of Cell Phone technology and research is emerging which suggests high frequency Cell Phone Use may be influencing their health and behavior. Thus, we investigated the relationships between total Cell Phone Use (N=496) and texting (N=490) on Satisfaction with Life (SWL) in a large sample of college students. It was hypothesized that the relationship would be mediated by Academic Performance (GPA) and anxiety. Two separate path models indicated that the Cell Phone Use and texting models had good overall fit. Cell Phone Use/texting was negatively related to GPA and positively related to anxiety; in turn, GPA was positively related to SWL while anxiety was negatively related to SWL. These findings add to the debate about student Cell Phone Use, and how increased Use may negatively impact academic performance, mental health, and subjective well-being or happiness.
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the relationship between Cell Phone Use physical and sedentary activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of u s college students
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2013Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Jacob E Barkley, Gabriel J Sanders, Michael J Rebold, Peter GatesAbstract:Today’s Cell Phones increase opportunities for activities traditionally defined as sedentary behaviors (e.g., surfing the internet, playing video games). People who participate in large amounts of sedentary behaviors, relative to those who do not, tend to be less physically active, less physically fit, and at greater risk for health problems. However, Cell Phone Use does not have to be a sedentary behavior as these devices are portable. It can occur while standing or during mild-to-moderate intensity physical activity. Thus, the relationship between Cell Phone Use, physical and sedentary activity, and physical fitness is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate these relationships among a sample of healthy college students. Participants were first interviewed about their physical activity behavior and Cell Phone Use. Then body composition was assessed and the validated self-efficacy survey for exercise behaviors completed. This was followed by a progressive exercise test on a treadmill to exhaustion. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) during exercise was Used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. Hierarchical regression was Used to assess the relationship between Cell Phone Use and cardiorespiratory fitness after controlling for sex, self-efficacy, and percent body fat. Interview data was transcribed, coded, and Chi-square analysis was Used to compare the responses of low and high frequency Cell Phone Users. Cell Phone Use was significantly (p = 0.047) and negatively (β = −0.25) related to cardio respiratory fitness independent of sex, self-efficacy, and percent fat which were also significant predictors (p < 0.05). Interview data offered several possible explanations for this relationship. First, high frequency Users were more likely than low frequency Users to report forgoing opportunities for physical activity in order to Use their Cell Phones for sedentary behaviors. Second, low frequency Users were more likely to report being connected to active peer groups through their Cell Phones and to cite this as a motivation for physical activity. Third, high levels of Cell Phone Use indicated a broader pattern of sedentary behaviors apart from Cell Phone Use, such as watching television. Cell Phone Use, like traditional sedentary behaviors, may disrupt physical activity and reduce cardiorespiratory fitness.
Yuting Zhang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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driver s visual performance in rear end collision avoidance process under the influence of Cell Phone Use
Transportation Research Record, 2018Co-Authors: Andry Rakotonirainy, Xuedong Yan, Yuting ZhangAbstract:Rear-end crash is the most common type of on-road traffic crash, and Cell Phone Use contributes to the increase of rear-end crashes. The effects of Cell Phone Use on driving performance have been thoroughly investigated in previous research with various measurements. However, change in driver’s visual performance while using a Cell Phone in situations with high rear-end risk has not yet been fully understood. This driving simulator study investigated drivers’ eye movement performance in a rear-end collision avoidance maneuver during Cell Phone conversation. Eye movement data of 36 participants were collected in a car-following scenario featuring imminent rear-end collision. The whole collision avoidance process was divided into four stages for eye movement data analysis, including normal driving stage, brake response stage, deceleration adjusting stage, and speed recovering stage. Results showed that the average pupil size, fixation duration, and dwell time on the leading vehicle increased significantly during the brake response and deceleration adjusting stages. This indicated that the drivers’ cognitive workload increased during these stages. Drivers Used blink inhibition and quick saccade as a visual compensation strategy to mitigate the increased workload from Cell Phone Use during the brake response stage. However, in the deceleration adjusting stage, the Cell Phone Use condition led to a lower fixation frequency on the leading vehicle than in the no Phone Use condition. Professional drivers were found to pay more visual attention to the leading vehicle than non-professional drivers in the normal driving stage.
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a rear end collision risk assessment model based on drivers collision avoidance process under influences of Cell Phone Use and gender a driving simulator based study
Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2016Co-Authors: Xiaomeng Li, Jiawei Wu, Essam Radwan, Yuting ZhangAbstract:Driver’s collision avoidance performance has a direct link to the collision risk and crash severity. Previous studies demonstrated that the distracted driving, such as using a Cell Phone while driving, disrupted the driver’s performance on road. This study aimed to investigate the manner and extent to which Cell Phone Use and driver’s gender affected driving performance and collision risk in a rear-end collision avoidance process. Forty-two licensed drivers completed the driving simulation experiment in three Phone Use conditions: no Phone Use, hands-free, and hand-held, in which the drivers drove in a car-following situation with potential rear-end collision risks caUsed by the leading vehicle’s sudden deceleration. Based on the experiment data, a rear-end collision risk assessment model was developed to assess the influence of Cell Phone Use and driver’s gender. The Cell Phone Use and driver’s gender were found to be significant factors that affected the braking performances in the rear-end collision avoidance process, including the brake reaction time, the deceleration adjusting time and the maximum deceleration rate. The minimum headway distance between the leading vehicle and the simulator during the rear-end collision avoidance process was the final output variable, which could be Used to measure the rear-end collision risk and judge whether a collision occurred. The results showed that although Cell Phone Use drivers took some compensatory behaviors in the collision avoidance process to reduce the mental workload, the collision risk in Cell Phone Use conditions was still higher than that without the Phone Use. More importantly, the results proved that the hands-free condition did not eliminate the safety problem associated with distracted driving becaUse it impaired the driving performance in the same way as much as the Use of hand-held Phones. In addition, the gender effect indicated that although female drivers had longer reaction time than male drivers in critical situation, they were more quickly in braking with larger maximum deceleration rate, and they tended to keep a larger safety margin with the leading vehicle compared to male drivers. The findings shed some light on the further development of advanced collision avoidance technologies and the targeted intervention strategies about Cell Phone Use while driving.
Jacob E Barkley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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mobile Phone Use among college students is a sedentary leisure behavior which may interfere with exercise
Computers in Human Behavior, 2016Co-Authors: Jacob E Barkley, Andrew LeppAbstract:Research suggests that Cell Phone Use is related to sedentary behavior, that Cell Phone Use during exercise reduces intensity, and that high frequency Cell Phone Users are less fit than other Users. Thus, Cell Phone Use appears connected to health and fitness behaviors and should be better understood within this context. The present study investigated the sedentary nature of Cell Phone Use, and examined the likelihood of CellPhone Use interfering with exercise behavior. DesignA validated survey was administered to a random sample of students from a public US university (N?=?226). ResultsMean self-reported Cell Phone Use was 380?min day-1, 87% reported Cell Phone Use primarily occurs while sitting, and 70% of Use was for leisure. Cell Phone Use was positively related to sedentary behavior (β?=?0.30, p?Cell Phone Use during moderate (p?=?0.006) and mild (p?Cell Phone Use increased. ConclusionLike other screens (e.g., TVs), Cell Phone Use appears to be a sedentary leisure behavior. Furthermore, high frequency Use increases the likelihood that it will occur during exercise, likely lowering exercise intensity.
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the impact of Cell Phone Use on the intensity and liking of a bout of treadmill exercise
PLOS ONE, 2015Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Gabriel J Sanders, Michael J Rebold, Jacob E BarkleyAbstract:This study Used a within-subjects design to assess the effect of three common Cellular telePhone (Cell Phone) functions (texting, talking, listening to music) on planned exercise. Forty-four young adults (n = 33 females, 21.8 ± 1.3 years) each participated in four, separate, 30-minute exercise conditions on a treadmill in a random order. During each condition, the treadmill speed display was covered and grade was fixed at zero. However, participants were able to alter treadmill speed as desired. Throughout the texting and talking conditions, research personnel Used a pre-determined script to simulate Cell Phone conversations. During the music condition, participants Used their Cell Phone to listen to music of their choice. Finally, participants completed a control condition with no Cell Phone access. For each condition, average treadmill speed, heart rate and liking (via visual analog scale) were assessed. Treadmill speed (3.4 ± 1.3 miles∙hour-1), heart rate (122.3 ± 24.3 beats∙min-1) and liking (7.5 ± 1.5 cm) in the music condition were significantly (p ≤ 0.014) greater than all other conditions. Treadmill speed in the control condition (3.1 ± 1.2 miles∙hour-1) was significantly (p = 0.04) greater than both texting and talking (2.8 ± 1.1 miles∙hour-1 each). Heart rate during the control condition (115.4 ± 22.8 beats∙min-1) was significantly (p = 0.04) greater than texting (109.9 ± 16.4 beats∙min-1) but not talking (112.6 ± 16.1 beats∙min-1). Finally, liking during the talking condition (5.4 ± 2.2 cm) was greater (p = 0.05) than the control (4.3 ± 2.2 cm) but not the texting (5.1 ± 2.2 cm) conditions. In conclusion, using a Cell Phone for listening to music can increase the intensity (speed and heart rate) and liking of a bout of treadmill exercise. However, other common Cell Phone Uses (texting and talking) can interfere with treadmill exercise and reduce intensity.
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the relationship between Cell Phone Use and academic performance in a sample of u s college students
SAGE Open, 2015Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Jacob E Barkley, Aryn C KarpinskiAbstract:The Cell Phone is ever-present on college campUses and is frequently Used in settings where learning occurs. This study assessed the relationship between Cell Phone Use and actual college grade point average (GPA) after controlling for known predictors. As such, 536 undergraduate students from 82 self-reported majors at a large, public university were sampled. A hierarchical regression (R2 = .449) demonstrated that Cell Phone Use was significantly (p < .001) and negatively (β = −.164) related to actual college GPA after controlling for demographic variables, self-efficacy for self-regulated learning, self-efficacy for academic achievement, and actual high school GPA, which were all significant predictors (p < .05). Thus, after controlling for other established predictors, increased Cell Phone Use was associated with decreased academic performance. Although more research is needed to identify the underlying mechanisms, findings suggest a need to sensitize students and educators about the potential academic...
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the relationship between Cell Phone Use academic performance anxiety and satisfaction with life in college students
Computers in Human Behavior, 2014Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Jacob E Barkley, Aryn C KarpinskiAbstract:While functional differences between today's Cell Phones and traditional computers are becoming less clear, one difference remains plain - Cell Phones are almost always on-hand and allow Users to connect with an array of services and networks at almost any time and any place. The Pew Center's Internet and American Life Project suggests that college students are the most rapid adopters of Cell Phone technology and research is emerging which suggests high frequency Cell Phone Use may be influencing their health and behavior. Thus, we investigated the relationships between total Cell Phone Use (N=496) and texting (N=490) on Satisfaction with Life (SWL) in a large sample of college students. It was hypothesized that the relationship would be mediated by Academic Performance (GPA) and anxiety. Two separate path models indicated that the Cell Phone Use and texting models had good overall fit. Cell Phone Use/texting was negatively related to GPA and positively related to anxiety; in turn, GPA was positively related to SWL while anxiety was negatively related to SWL. These findings add to the debate about student Cell Phone Use, and how increased Use may negatively impact academic performance, mental health, and subjective well-being or happiness.
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the relationship between Cell Phone Use physical and sedentary activity and cardiorespiratory fitness in a sample of u s college students
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2013Co-Authors: Andrew Lepp, Jacob E Barkley, Gabriel J Sanders, Michael J Rebold, Peter GatesAbstract:Today’s Cell Phones increase opportunities for activities traditionally defined as sedentary behaviors (e.g., surfing the internet, playing video games). People who participate in large amounts of sedentary behaviors, relative to those who do not, tend to be less physically active, less physically fit, and at greater risk for health problems. However, Cell Phone Use does not have to be a sedentary behavior as these devices are portable. It can occur while standing or during mild-to-moderate intensity physical activity. Thus, the relationship between Cell Phone Use, physical and sedentary activity, and physical fitness is unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate these relationships among a sample of healthy college students. Participants were first interviewed about their physical activity behavior and Cell Phone Use. Then body composition was assessed and the validated self-efficacy survey for exercise behaviors completed. This was followed by a progressive exercise test on a treadmill to exhaustion. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) during exercise was Used to measure cardiorespiratory fitness. Hierarchical regression was Used to assess the relationship between Cell Phone Use and cardiorespiratory fitness after controlling for sex, self-efficacy, and percent body fat. Interview data was transcribed, coded, and Chi-square analysis was Used to compare the responses of low and high frequency Cell Phone Users. Cell Phone Use was significantly (p = 0.047) and negatively (β = −0.25) related to cardio respiratory fitness independent of sex, self-efficacy, and percent fat which were also significant predictors (p < 0.05). Interview data offered several possible explanations for this relationship. First, high frequency Users were more likely than low frequency Users to report forgoing opportunities for physical activity in order to Use their Cell Phones for sedentary behaviors. Second, low frequency Users were more likely to report being connected to active peer groups through their Cell Phones and to cite this as a motivation for physical activity. Third, high levels of Cell Phone Use indicated a broader pattern of sedentary behaviors apart from Cell Phone Use, such as watching television. Cell Phone Use, like traditional sedentary behaviors, may disrupt physical activity and reduce cardiorespiratory fitness.
David L. Strayer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cognitive distraction while multitasking in the automobile
Psychology of Learning and Motivation, 2011Co-Authors: David L. Strayer, Jason M Watson, Frank A DrewsAbstract:Abstract Driver distraction is a significant source of motor-vehicle accidents. This chapter begins by presenting a framework for conceptualizing the different sources of driver distraction associated with multitasking. Thereafter, the primary focus is on cognitive sources of distraction stemming from the Use of a Cell Phone while driving. We present converging evidence establishing that concurrent Cell Phone Use significantly increases the risk of a motor-vehicle accident. Next, we show that using a Cell Phone induces a form of inattention blindness, where drivers fail to notice information directly in their line of sight. Whereas Cell-Phone Use increases the crash risk, we show that passenger conversations do not. We also show that real-world Cell-Phone interference cannot be practiced away and conclude by considering individual differences in multitasking ability. Although the vast majority of individuals cannot perform this dual-task combination without impairment, a small group of “supertaskers” can, and we discuss the neural regions that support this ability.
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effects of simulator practice and real world experience on Cell Phone related driver distraction
Human Factors, 2008Co-Authors: Joel M Cooper, David L. StrayerAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Our research examined the effects of practice on Cell-Phone-related driver distraction. BACKGROUND: The driving literature is ambiguous as to whether practice can reduce driver distraction from concurrent Cell Phone conversation. METHODS: Drivers reporting either high or low real-world Cell Phone usage were selected to participate in four 90-min simulated driving sessions on successive days. The research consisted of two phases: a practice phase and a novel transfer phase. RESULTS: Dual-task performance deficits persisted through practice and transfer driving conditions. Moreover, groups reporting high and low real-world experience exhibited similar driving impairments when conversing on a hands-free Cell Phone. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that practice is unlikely to eliminate the disruptive effects of concurrent Cell Phone Use on driving. APPLICATION: Multiple regulatory agencies have considered, or are currently considering, legislation to restrict in-vehicle Cell Phone Use. Findings reported herein may be Useful to inform these public policy decisions. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
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driven to distraction dual task studies of simulated driving and conversing on a Cellular telePhone
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: David L. Strayer, William A JohnstonAbstract:Dual-task studies assessed the effects of Cellular-Phone conversations on performance of a simulated driving task. Perfor- mance was not disrupted by listening to radio broadcasts or listening to a book on tape. Nor was it disrupted by a continuous shadowing task using a handheld Phone, ruling out, in this case, dual-task inter- pretations associated with holding the Phone, listening, or speaking. However, significant interference was observed in a word-generation variant of the shadowing task, and this deficit increased with the diffi- culty of driving. Moreover, unconstrained conversations using either a handheld or a hands-free Cell Phone resulted in a twofold increase in the failure to detect simulated traffic signals and slower reactions to those signals that were detected. We suggest that Cellular-Phone Use disrupts performance by diverting attention to an engaging cognitive context other than the one immediately associated with driving. crease in the likelihood of getting into an accident, and that this increased risk was comparable to that found for driving with a blood alcohol level above the legal limit. In addition, these authors found no reliable safety advantages for those individuals who Used a hands-free Cellular device. The authors concluded that the interference associated with Cell-Phone Use was due to attentional factors rather than to pe- ripheral factors such as holding the Phone. The field studies of Redelmeier and Tibshirani (1997) establish a correlation between Cell-Phone Use and motor-vehicle accidents, but they do not necessarily imply that Use of Cell Phones caUses an increase in accident rates. There may be self-selection factors creating an asso- ciation between Cell-Phone Use and accidents. For example, people who drive and Use their Cell Phone may be more likely to engage in risky behavior, and this increase in risk taking may underlie the corre- lation. Similarly, being in a highly emotional state may increase one's likelihood of driving erratically and may also increase one's likelihood of talking on the Cell Phone. In order to assess the possible causal rela- tionship between Cell-Phone Use and automobile accidents, carefully controlled experiments, such as the ones described in this report, are needed.
Anke Huss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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maternal Cell Phone and cordless Phone Use during pregnancy and behaviour problems in 5 year old children
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2013Co-Authors: Monica Guxens, Manon Van Eijsden, Roel Vermeulen, Eva M Loomans, Tanja G M Vrijkotte, Hans Komhout, Rob Van Strien, Anke HussAbstract:Background A previous study found an association between maternal Cell Phone Use during pregnancy and maternal-reported child behaviour problems at age 7. Together with Cell Phones, cordless Phones represent the main exposure source of radiofrequency-electromagnetic fields to the head. Therefore, we assessed the association between maternal Cell Phone and cordless Phone Use during pregnancy and teacher-reported and maternal-reported child behaviour problems at age 5. Methods The study was embedded in the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development study, a population-based birth cohort study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (2003–2004). Teachers and mothers reported child behaviour problems using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire at age 5. Maternal Cell Phone and cordless Phone Use during pregnancy was asked when children were 7 years old. Results A total of 2618 children were included. As compared to non-Users, those exposed to prenatal Cell Phone Use showed an increased but non-significant association of having teacher-reported overall behaviour problems, although without dose-response relationship with the number of calls (OR=2.12 (95% CI 0.95 to 4.74) for <1 call/day, OR=1.58 (95% CI 0.69 to 3.60) for 1–4 calls/day and OR=2.04 (95% CI 0.86 to 4.80) for ≥5 calls/day). ORs for having teacher-reported overall behaviour problems across categories of cordless Phone Use were below 1 or close to unity. Associations of maternal Cell Phone and cordless Phone Use with maternal-reported overall behaviour problems remained non-significant. Non-significant associations were found for the specific behaviour problem subscales. Conclusion Our results do not suggest that maternal Cell Phone or cordless Phone Use during pregnancy increases the odds of behaviour problems in their children.