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Gerald E Edwards - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an assessment of the capacity for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase to contribute to c4 photosynthesis
Plant Science, 2015Co-Authors: Nuria K Koteyeva, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Three C4 acid decarboxylases, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), and NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) were recruited from C3 plants to support C4 photosynthesis. In Poaceae, there are established lineages having PEPCK type species, and some NADP-ME lineages in which PEPCK contributes to C4. Besides family Poaceae, recently PEPCK has been reported to function in C4 photosynthesis in eudicot species including Cleome gynandra (Cleomaceae), Trianthema portulacastrum and Zaleya pentandra (Aizoaceae). We evaluated PEPCK by enzyme assay and western blots in representatives of Poaceae, Aizoaceae, Cleomaceae, and Chenopodiaceae compared to that in the PEPCK type C4 grass Spartina anglica. Eragrostis nutans was identified as the first NAD-ME type C4 grass having substantial amounts of PEPCK. In the eudicots, including C. gynandra, Cleome angustifolia, T. portulacastrum, Z. pentandra, and nine C4 members of family Chenopodiaceae (which has the most C4 species and diversity in forms among eudicot families), amounts of PEPCK were generally very low (barely detectable up to 4% of that in S. anglica). Based on these results, C4 species can be classified biochemically according to the dominant decarboxylase recruited for C4 function; and, Poaceae remains the only family in which PEPCK is known to have a significant role in C4 photosynthesis.
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chapter 4 c4 photosynthesis kranz forms and single cell c4 in terrestrial plants
2010Co-Authors: Gerald E Edwards, Elena V VoznesenskayaAbstract:Plants identified as having C4 photosynthesis have a C4 metabolic cycle with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase as the initial catalyst for fixation of atmospheric CO2, and a C4 acid decarboxylase (NADP-malic enzyme, NAD-malic enzyme, or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), which releases CO2 for fixation by the C3 cycle. Effective donation of CO2 to Rubisco minimizes competition by O2 and photorespiration, and thus increases photosynthesis under conditions where CO2 is limiting. To achieve this, fixation of atmospheric CO2 in the cytosol by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase must be separated from the donation of CO2 to Rubisco by the decarboxylation of C4 acids. In most documented C4 plants, this is accomplished through evolution of various forms of Kranz anatomy, with fixation of atmospheric CO2 in mesophyll cells and donation of CO2 from C4 acids to Rubisco in bundle sheath cells. In the family Chenopodiaceae, two alternative means of accomplishing this spatial separation evolved within individual photosynthetic cells, whereby one cytoplasmic compartment specializes in fixation of atmospheric CO2 in the carboxylation phase of the C4 cycle, and the other cytoplasmic compartment specializes in donating CO2 from C4 acids to Rubisco. In this chapter, biochemical and structural variations of Kranz anatomy in three major C4-containing families, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Chenopodiaceae, as well as other known forms for dicots, are summarized. Then, the phylogeny, biogeography, development, and structure-function relationships of the single-cell C4 systems are discussed in comparison to Kranz type C4 plants.
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salsola arbusculiformis a c3 c4intermediate in salsoleae Chenopodiaceae
Annals of Botany, 2001Co-Authors: Elena V Voznesenskaya, Vladimir I Pyankov, Vincent R Franceschi, Elena G Artyusheva, Olavi Kiirats, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Salsola arbusculiformis is identified as a C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate species based on anatomical, biochemical and physiological characteristics. This is the first report of a naturally occurring intermediate species in the Chenopodiaceae, the family with the largest number of C4 species amongst the dicots. In the genus Salsola, most species have Salsoloid anatomy with Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C4 photosynthesis, while a few species have Sympegmoid anatomy and were found to have non-Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C3 photosynthesis. In the cylindrical leaves of C4 Salsola with Salsoloid type anatomy, there is a continuous layer of distinct, chlorenchymatous Kranz type bundle sheath cells surrounded by a single layer of mesophyll cells; whereas species with Sympegmoid type anatomy have an indistinct bundle sheath with few chloroplasts and multiple layers of chlorenchymatous mesophyll cells. However, S. arbusculiformis has intermediate anatomical features. While it has two-to-three layers of mesophyll cells, characteristic of Sympegmoid anatomy, it has distinctive, Kranz-like bundle sheath cells with numerous chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of its CO2 compensation point and CO2 response of photosynthesis show S. arbusculiformis functions as an intermediate species with reduced levels of photorespiration. The primary means of reducing photorespiration is suggested to be by refixing photorespired CO2 in bundle sheath cells, since analysis of photosynthetic enzymes (activity and immunolocalization) and 14 CO2 labelling of initial fixation products suggests minimal operation of a C4 cycle. # 2001 Annals of Botany Company
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occurrence of c3 and c4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
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occurrence of c 3 and c 4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
Vladimir I Pyankov - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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european plants with c4 photosynthesis geographical and taxonomic distribution and relations to climate parameters
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, H Ziegler, Hossein Akhani, Claudia Deigele, Ulrich LuttgeAbstract:A survey of C4 plants in Europe was performed with 216 species based on information in the literature and new studies. C4 species were found in 10 families: the eudicots Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Molluginaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae and Zygophyllaceae and the monocots Cyperaceae and Poaceae. The majority of the C4 species belong to four families, Amaranthaceae (23), Chenopodiaceae (65), Cyperaceae (27) and Poaceae (88). In central and southern Europe, the abundance of native C4 plants varied between 44 and 88% of total C4 plants occurring, the rest being invasive C4 species. The occurrence of total C4 species, C4 monocots and C4 Chenopodiaceae was assessed for five major phyto-geographical regions of Europe (north-west, north-east, central, south-west, and south-east). The abundance of C4 plants of total C4 dicots, C4 Chenopodiaceae, total C4 monocots, C4 Poaceae and C4 Cyperaceae was related to the climatic variables of annual mean daily temperature, annual precipitation and DeMartonne's aridity index. The abundance of total C4 plants decreases with increasing temperature and expression of aridity (decreasing aridity index) and is not correlated with precipitation. The abundance of total C4 dicots and C4 Chenopodiaceae is correlated with precipitation and aridity but not temperature, whereas the abundance of total C4 monocots, C4 Poaceae and C4 Cyperaceae is correlated with temperature and aridity but not precipitation. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 163, 283–304.
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salsola arbusculiformis a c3 c4intermediate in salsoleae Chenopodiaceae
Annals of Botany, 2001Co-Authors: Elena V Voznesenskaya, Vladimir I Pyankov, Vincent R Franceschi, Elena G Artyusheva, Olavi Kiirats, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Salsola arbusculiformis is identified as a C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate species based on anatomical, biochemical and physiological characteristics. This is the first report of a naturally occurring intermediate species in the Chenopodiaceae, the family with the largest number of C4 species amongst the dicots. In the genus Salsola, most species have Salsoloid anatomy with Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C4 photosynthesis, while a few species have Sympegmoid anatomy and were found to have non-Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C3 photosynthesis. In the cylindrical leaves of C4 Salsola with Salsoloid type anatomy, there is a continuous layer of distinct, chlorenchymatous Kranz type bundle sheath cells surrounded by a single layer of mesophyll cells; whereas species with Sympegmoid type anatomy have an indistinct bundle sheath with few chloroplasts and multiple layers of chlorenchymatous mesophyll cells. However, S. arbusculiformis has intermediate anatomical features. While it has two-to-three layers of mesophyll cells, characteristic of Sympegmoid anatomy, it has distinctive, Kranz-like bundle sheath cells with numerous chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of its CO2 compensation point and CO2 response of photosynthesis show S. arbusculiformis functions as an intermediate species with reduced levels of photorespiration. The primary means of reducing photorespiration is suggested to be by refixing photorespired CO2 in bundle sheath cells, since analysis of photosynthetic enzymes (activity and immunolocalization) and 14 CO2 labelling of initial fixation products suggests minimal operation of a C4 cycle. # 2001 Annals of Botany Company
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c4 plants in the vegetation of mongolia their natural occurrence and geographical distribution in relation to climate
Oecologia, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Peter D Gunin, Shagadar Tsoog, Clanton C BlackAbstract:The natural geographical occurrence, carbon assimilation, and structural and biochemical diversity of species with C4 photosynthesis in the vegetation of Mongolia was studied. The Mongolian flora was screened for C4 plants by using 13C/12C isotope fractionation, determining the early products of 14CO2 fixation, microscopy of leaf mesophyll cell anatomy, and from reported literature data. Eighty C4 species were found among eight families: Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Molluginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae and Zygophyllaceae. Most of the C4 species were in three families: Chenopodiceae (41 species), Poaceae (25 species) and Polygonaceae, genus Calligonum (6 species). Some new C4 species in Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae were detected. C4 Chenopodiaceae species make up 45% of the total chenopods and are very important ecologically in saline areas and in cold arid deserts. C4 grasses make up about 10% of the total Poaceae species and these species naturally concentrate in steppe zones. Naturalized grasses with Kranz anatomy,of genera such as Setaria, Echinochloa, Eragrostis, Panicum and Chloris, were found in almost all the botanical-geographical regions of Mongolia, where they commonly occur in annually disturbed areas and desert oases. We analyzed the relationships between the occurrence of C4 plants in 16 natural botanical-geographical regions of Mongolia and their major climatic influences. The proportion of C4 species increases with decreasing geographical latitude and along the north-to-south temperature gradient; however grasses and chenopods differ in their responses to climate. The abundance of Chenopodiaceae species was closely correlated with aridity, but the distribution of the C4 grasses was more dependent on temperature. Also, we found a unique distribution of different C4 Chenopodiaceae structural and biochemical subtypes along the aridity gradient. NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) tree-like species with a salsoloid type of Kranz anatomy, such as Haloxylon ammodendron and Iljinia regelii, plus shrubby Salsola and Anabasis species, were the plants most resistant to ecological stress and conditions in highly arid Gobian deserts with less than 100 mm of annual precipitation. Most of the annual C4 chenopod species were halophytes, succulent, and occurred in saline and arid environments in steppe and desert regions. The relative abundance of C3 succulent chenopod species also increased along the aridity gradient. Native C4 grasses were mainly annual and perennial species from the Cynodonteae tribe with NAD-ME and PEP-carboxykinase (PEP-CK) photosynthetic types. They occurred across much of Mongolia, but were most common in steppe zones where they are often dominant in grazing ecosystems.
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occurrence of c3 and c4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
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occurrence of c 3 and c 4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
Elena V Voznesenskaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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an assessment of the capacity for phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase to contribute to c4 photosynthesis
Plant Science, 2015Co-Authors: Nuria K Koteyeva, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Three C4 acid decarboxylases, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), and NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) were recruited from C3 plants to support C4 photosynthesis. In Poaceae, there are established lineages having PEPCK type species, and some NADP-ME lineages in which PEPCK contributes to C4. Besides family Poaceae, recently PEPCK has been reported to function in C4 photosynthesis in eudicot species including Cleome gynandra (Cleomaceae), Trianthema portulacastrum and Zaleya pentandra (Aizoaceae). We evaluated PEPCK by enzyme assay and western blots in representatives of Poaceae, Aizoaceae, Cleomaceae, and Chenopodiaceae compared to that in the PEPCK type C4 grass Spartina anglica. Eragrostis nutans was identified as the first NAD-ME type C4 grass having substantial amounts of PEPCK. In the eudicots, including C. gynandra, Cleome angustifolia, T. portulacastrum, Z. pentandra, and nine C4 members of family Chenopodiaceae (which has the most C4 species and diversity in forms among eudicot families), amounts of PEPCK were generally very low (barely detectable up to 4% of that in S. anglica). Based on these results, C4 species can be classified biochemically according to the dominant decarboxylase recruited for C4 function; and, Poaceae remains the only family in which PEPCK is known to have a significant role in C4 photosynthesis.
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chapter 4 c4 photosynthesis kranz forms and single cell c4 in terrestrial plants
2010Co-Authors: Gerald E Edwards, Elena V VoznesenskayaAbstract:Plants identified as having C4 photosynthesis have a C4 metabolic cycle with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase as the initial catalyst for fixation of atmospheric CO2, and a C4 acid decarboxylase (NADP-malic enzyme, NAD-malic enzyme, or phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), which releases CO2 for fixation by the C3 cycle. Effective donation of CO2 to Rubisco minimizes competition by O2 and photorespiration, and thus increases photosynthesis under conditions where CO2 is limiting. To achieve this, fixation of atmospheric CO2 in the cytosol by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase must be separated from the donation of CO2 to Rubisco by the decarboxylation of C4 acids. In most documented C4 plants, this is accomplished through evolution of various forms of Kranz anatomy, with fixation of atmospheric CO2 in mesophyll cells and donation of CO2 from C4 acids to Rubisco in bundle sheath cells. In the family Chenopodiaceae, two alternative means of accomplishing this spatial separation evolved within individual photosynthetic cells, whereby one cytoplasmic compartment specializes in fixation of atmospheric CO2 in the carboxylation phase of the C4 cycle, and the other cytoplasmic compartment specializes in donating CO2 from C4 acids to Rubisco. In this chapter, biochemical and structural variations of Kranz anatomy in three major C4-containing families, Poaceae, Cyperaceae, and Chenopodiaceae, as well as other known forms for dicots, are summarized. Then, the phylogeny, biogeography, development, and structure-function relationships of the single-cell C4 systems are discussed in comparison to Kranz type C4 plants.
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salsola arbusculiformis a c3 c4intermediate in salsoleae Chenopodiaceae
Annals of Botany, 2001Co-Authors: Elena V Voznesenskaya, Vladimir I Pyankov, Vincent R Franceschi, Elena G Artyusheva, Olavi Kiirats, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Salsola arbusculiformis is identified as a C 3 ‐C 4 intermediate species based on anatomical, biochemical and physiological characteristics. This is the first report of a naturally occurring intermediate species in the Chenopodiaceae, the family with the largest number of C4 species amongst the dicots. In the genus Salsola, most species have Salsoloid anatomy with Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C4 photosynthesis, while a few species have Sympegmoid anatomy and were found to have non-Kranz type bundle sheath cells and C3 photosynthesis. In the cylindrical leaves of C4 Salsola with Salsoloid type anatomy, there is a continuous layer of distinct, chlorenchymatous Kranz type bundle sheath cells surrounded by a single layer of mesophyll cells; whereas species with Sympegmoid type anatomy have an indistinct bundle sheath with few chloroplasts and multiple layers of chlorenchymatous mesophyll cells. However, S. arbusculiformis has intermediate anatomical features. While it has two-to-three layers of mesophyll cells, characteristic of Sympegmoid anatomy, it has distinctive, Kranz-like bundle sheath cells with numerous chloroplasts and mitochondria. Measurements of its CO2 compensation point and CO2 response of photosynthesis show S. arbusculiformis functions as an intermediate species with reduced levels of photorespiration. The primary means of reducing photorespiration is suggested to be by refixing photorespired CO2 in bundle sheath cells, since analysis of photosynthetic enzymes (activity and immunolocalization) and 14 CO2 labelling of initial fixation products suggests minimal operation of a C4 cycle. # 2001 Annals of Botany Company
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occurrence of c3 and c4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
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occurrence of c 3 and c 4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
Clanton C Black - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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c4 plants in the vegetation of mongolia their natural occurrence and geographical distribution in relation to climate
Oecologia, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Peter D Gunin, Shagadar Tsoog, Clanton C BlackAbstract:The natural geographical occurrence, carbon assimilation, and structural and biochemical diversity of species with C4 photosynthesis in the vegetation of Mongolia was studied. The Mongolian flora was screened for C4 plants by using 13C/12C isotope fractionation, determining the early products of 14CO2 fixation, microscopy of leaf mesophyll cell anatomy, and from reported literature data. Eighty C4 species were found among eight families: Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Molluginaceae, Poaceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae and Zygophyllaceae. Most of the C4 species were in three families: Chenopodiceae (41 species), Poaceae (25 species) and Polygonaceae, genus Calligonum (6 species). Some new C4 species in Chenopodiaceae, Poaceae and Polygonaceae were detected. C4 Chenopodiaceae species make up 45% of the total chenopods and are very important ecologically in saline areas and in cold arid deserts. C4 grasses make up about 10% of the total Poaceae species and these species naturally concentrate in steppe zones. Naturalized grasses with Kranz anatomy,of genera such as Setaria, Echinochloa, Eragrostis, Panicum and Chloris, were found in almost all the botanical-geographical regions of Mongolia, where they commonly occur in annually disturbed areas and desert oases. We analyzed the relationships between the occurrence of C4 plants in 16 natural botanical-geographical regions of Mongolia and their major climatic influences. The proportion of C4 species increases with decreasing geographical latitude and along the north-to-south temperature gradient; however grasses and chenopods differ in their responses to climate. The abundance of Chenopodiaceae species was closely correlated with aridity, but the distribution of the C4 grasses was more dependent on temperature. Also, we found a unique distribution of different C4 Chenopodiaceae structural and biochemical subtypes along the aridity gradient. NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME) tree-like species with a salsoloid type of Kranz anatomy, such as Haloxylon ammodendron and Iljinia regelii, plus shrubby Salsola and Anabasis species, were the plants most resistant to ecological stress and conditions in highly arid Gobian deserts with less than 100 mm of annual precipitation. Most of the annual C4 chenopod species were halophytes, succulent, and occurred in saline and arid environments in steppe and desert regions. The relative abundance of C3 succulent chenopod species also increased along the aridity gradient. Native C4 grasses were mainly annual and perennial species from the Cynodonteae tribe with NAD-ME and PEP-carboxykinase (PEP-CK) photosynthetic types. They occurred across much of Mongolia, but were most common in steppe zones where they are often dominant in grazing ecosystems.
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occurrence of c3 and c4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
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occurrence of c 3 and c 4 photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of salsola species Chenopodiaceae
Photosynthesis Research, 2000Co-Authors: Vladimir I Pyankov, Clanton C Black, Elena V Voznesenskaya, Alexander N Kuzmin, Eric Ganko, Vincent R Franceschi, Gerald E EdwardsAbstract:Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C4 photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C3 and C4 pathways, 14C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and 13C/12C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C4 type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C3 and C4 types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C4 type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C4 type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C3 type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C4 photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.
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Biogeography of the xerophytic genus Anabasis L. (Chenopodiaceae).
Ecology and evolution, 2019Co-Authors: Maximilian Lauterbach, Alexander P Sukhorukov, Marie Claire Veranso-libalah, Gudrun KadereitAbstract:Aim Using the extremophile genus Anabasis, which includes c. 28 succulent, xerophytic C4 species, and is widely distributed in arid regions of Northern Africa, Arabia, and Asia, we investigate biogeographical relationships between the Irano-Turanian floristic region (ITfr) and its neighboring regions. We test whether the spread of arid and semi-arid biomes in Eurasia coincides with the biogeography of this drought-adapted genus, and whether the ITfr acted as source area of floristic elements for adjacent regions. Location Deserts and semi-deserts of Northern Africa, Mediterranean, Arabia, West and Central Asia. Methods Four cpDNA markers (rpL16 intron, atpB-rbcL, trnQ-rps16, and ndhF-rpL32 spacers) were sequenced for 58 accessions representing 21 Anabasis species. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times were inferred using maximum likelihood and a time-calibrated Bayesian approach. To document the extant distribution of Anabasis, material from 23 herbaria was surveyed resulting in 441 well-documented collections used for the coding of eight floristic regions. Using this coded data, ancestral range was estimated using "BioGeoBEARS" under the DEC model. Results Anabasis originated during the Late Miocene and the ancestral range was probably widespread and disjunct between Western Mediterranean and the Irano-Turanian regions. Diversification started with two divergence events at the Miocene/Pliocene boundary (5.1 and 4.5 mya) leading to Asian clade I with ITfr origin which is sister to a slightly younger Asian clade II, which originated in the Western ITfr, and a Mediterranean/North African clade with an origin in the Western Mediterranean. Main conclusions Anabasis did not follow aridification and continuously expanded its distribution area, in fact its probably wide ancestral distribution area seems to have been fragmented during the very Late Miocene and the remnant lineages then expanded into neighboring arid regions. This genus supports the role of the ITfr as source area for xerophytic elements in the Mediterranean and Central Asia.
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Typification of the Name Kochia saxicola (Chenopodiaceae)
Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature, 2013Co-Authors: Duilio Iamonico, Gudrun KadereitAbstract:The typification of the name Kochia saxicola Guss. [= Eokochia saxicola (Guss.) Freitag & G. Kadereit] (Chenopodiaceae) is here discussed, and a specimen from the Gussone collection (NAP) is designated as the lectotype. The distribution of the species is given and remarks on its IUCN conservation status are provided.
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a synopsis of Chenopodiaceae subfam betoideae and notes on the taxonomy of beta
Willdenowia, 2006Co-Authors: Gudrun Kadereit, Sandra Hohmann, Joachim W KadereitAbstract:Abstract Kadereit, G., Hohmann, S. & Kadereit, J. W.: A synopsis of Chenopodiaceae subfam. Betoideae and notes on the taxonomy of Beta. — Willdenowia 36 (Special Issue): 9–19. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.36.36101 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) A synopsis of the phylogeny and systematics of subfamily Betoideae of the Chenopodiaceae is provided and a modified subfamilial classification proposed. Betoideae contain five or six genera, i.e. Beta, Patellifolia, Aphanisma, Oreobliton and Hablitzia. The inclusion of Acroglochin in Betoideae is not clearly resolved by molecular evidence. The five genera (excl. Acroglochin) fall into two clades. These are Beteae with Beta only, and Hablitzieae with the remaining four genera. Of these four genera, Patellifolia formerly has been regarded as a section of Beta (B. sect. Procumbentes). The closer relationship of Patellifolia to Hablitzieae rather than to Beta is supported not only by molecular but also by flower morphological characte...
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understanding mediterranean californian disjunctions molecular evidence from Chenopodiaceae betoideae
Taxon, 2006Co-Authors: Sandra Hohmann, Joachim W Kadereit, Gudrun KadereitAbstract:Chenopodiaceae subfam. Betoideae is distributed in both western Eurasia (four genera) and western North America (one genus). To understand the origin of this disjunction, the phylogeny of the subfamily was reconstructed and dated using ndhF, matK/trnK, tmL-trnF spacer, and ITS sequence variation, penalized likelihood and Langley-Fitch, and calibration with three different fossils. Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood analyses of the molecular data show that Betoideae are monophyletic, but that relationships of the Himalayan Acroglochin, traditionally included in Betoideae because of the shared possession of a circumscissile capsule, are uncertain. Among the betoidean genera, Beta (excl. sect. Procumbentes) is sister to a clade of Hablitzia, Patellifolia (= Beta sect. Procumbentes), Oreobliton, and Aphanisma. Apart from the strongly supported sister group relationship between the North African Oreobliton and the Califomian Aphanisma interrelationships among these four genera are not unambiguously resolved. The crown group age of Betoideae was estimated to 38.4-27.5 my using different DNA sequences, and the age of the Oreobliton/Aphanisma split to 15.4-8.1 my. Considering all evidence available, we conclude that the western Eurasian-western North American disjunction of Oreoblitom/Aphanisma is more likely to have resulted from the fragmentation of a Beringian than a North Atlantic ancestral range. Irrespective of the geographical location of this ancestral range we postulate that the evolution into dry habitats of Oreobliton and Aphanisma took place in parallel in western Eurasia and western North America. Evidence for this may be the very different life form and habitat of the two genera, of which Oreobliton is a subshrub of rocky ground at montane altitude, and Aphanisma an annual from coastal habitats. Hablitzia, a perennial vine of deciduous forests in the Caucasus area, is sister to Patellifolia/ Oreobliton/Aphanisma in the ndhF and ITS data sets. The habitat requirements of Hablitzia may be similar to those of the ancestor of the subfamily. Comparing the age of the Oreobliton/Aphanisma disjunction with ages estimated for East Asian-eastern North American disjunctions, we conclude that in many cases these two types of disjunction represent different ecological trajectories of essentially the same historical phenomenon.
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origin and age of australian Chenopodiaceae
Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 2005Co-Authors: Gudrun Kadereit, Dietrich Gotzek, Surrey W L Jacobs, Helmut FreitagAbstract:Abstract We studied the age, origins, and possible routes of colonization of the Australian Chenopodiaceae. Using a previously published rbc L phylogeny of the Amaranthaceae–Chenopodiaceae alliance (Kadereit et al. 2003) and new ITS phylogenies of the Camphorosmeae and Salicornieae, we conclude that Australia has been reached in at least nine independent colonization events: four in the Chenopodioideae, two in the Salicornieae, and one each in the Camphorosmeae, Suaedeae, and Salsoleae. Where feasible, we used molecular clock estimates to date the ages of the respective lineages. The two oldest lineages both belong to the Chenopodioideae ( Scleroblitum and Chenopodium sect. Orthosporum / Dysphania ) and date to 42.2–26.0 and 16.1–9.9 Mya, respectively. Most lineages (Australian Camphorosmeae, the Halosarcia lineage in the Salicornieae, Sarcocornia , Chenopodium subg. Chenopodium / Rhagodia , and Atriplex ) arrived in Australia during the late Miocene to Pliocene when aridification and increasing salinity changed the landscape of many parts of the continent. The Australian Camphorosmeae and Salicornieae diversified rapidly after their arrival. The molecular-clock results clearly reject the hypothesis of an autochthonous stock of Chenopodiaceae dating back to Gondwanan times. Instead, they indicate that most lineages arrived in Australia via long-distance dispersal. Some lineages (e.g. the Halosarcia lineage) may have used the Indonesian archipelagos as stepping stones. The authors are aware that estimates of diversification times using a molecular clock can be subject to considerable levels of error. Our estimates of the age of Australian chenopod lineages based on three alternative fossils were made independently from any knowledge about shifts in climatic and geographical conditions in Australia during the times of arrival. In most cases, however, the paleoclimatic scenario indicates habitat shifts suitable for the respective chenopod colonizer, which corroborates our findings and provides a plausible scenario.