The Experts below are selected from a list of 321 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Antonio Mutti - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chromium in exhaled breath condensate ebc erythrocytes plasma and urine in the biomonitoring of Chrome Plating workers exposed to soluble cr vi
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2010Co-Authors: Matteo Goldoni, Andrea Caglieri, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Olga Acampa, Giuseppe De Palma, Petra Gergelova, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium (Cr) levels measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC-Cr) and urine (Cr-U) at the beginning and end of working shifts were related to those measured in erythrocytes (Cr-RBC) and plasma in 14 non-smoking male Chrome-Plating workers exposed to Cr(VI) in soluble aerosol form who did not report any significant current or past respiratory disease. Cr-U mainly correlated with Cr-P (Cr in plasma) at the end of the working shift (r2 = 0.59, p < 0.01), whereas Cr-RBC correlated with EBC-Cr (r2 = 0.32, p < 0.05); at the beginning of the shift, the only significant correlation was between Cr-U and Cr-RBC (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.01). The clearance of Cr(III) arising from Cr(VI) reduction was rapid, thus making Cr-U and Cr-P ideal biomarkers of the most recent exposure, whereas Cr-RBC may represent the fraction of Cr(VI) that reaches the bloodstream in non-reduced form and therefore depends on the airway inhaled dose represented by EBC-Cr. Cr-RBC clearance is slower and not only involves the free diffusion of Cr(III) from RBC to plasma, but probably also involves more complicated kinetic phenomena involving other tissues and organs, which may explain the correlation between Cr-RBC and Cr-U and the lack of correlation Cr-RBC and Cr-P at least 36 h after the last exposure. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the idea that measuring Cr in EBC can significantly contribute to traditional biomonitoring by providing specific information at the target organ level and integrating our knowledge of Cr toxicokinetics.
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determination of hexavalent chromium in exhaled breath condensate and environmental air among Chrome Plating workers
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2006Co-Authors: Matteo Goldoni, Andrea Caglieri, Diana Poli, Maria Vittoria Vettori, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium speciation has attracted attention because of the different toxicity of Cr(III), which is considered relatively non-toxic, and Cr(VI), which can cross cell membranes mainly as a chromate anion and has been classified as a class I human carcinogen. The aims of the present study were to measure soluble Cr(VI) levels in environmental samples, to develop a simple method of quantifying Cr(VI) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and to follow the kinetics of EBC Cr(VI) in Chrome Plating workers. Personal air samples were collected from 10 Chrome platers; EBC was collected from the same workers immediately after the work shift on Tuesday and before the work shift on the following Wednesday. Environmental and EBC Cr(VI) levels were determined by means of colorimetry and electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry, respectively. The method of detecting Cr(VI) in environmental air was based on the extraction of the Cr(VI)-diphenylcarbazide (Cr(VI)–DPC) complex in 1-butanol, whereas EBC Cr(VI) was determined using a solvent extraction of Cr(VI) as an ion pair with tetrabutylammonium ion, and subsequent direct determination of the complex (Cr(VI)–DPC) in EBC. Kinetic data showed that airborne Cr(VI) was reduced by 50% in airway lining fluid sampled at the end of exposure and that there was a further 50% reduction after about 15 h. The persistence of Cr(VI) in EBC supports the use of EBC in assessing target tissue levels of Cr(VI).
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the effect of inhaled chromium on different exhaled breath condensate biomarkers among Chrome Plating workers
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Andrea Caglieri, Matteo Goldoni, Maria Vittoria Vettori, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Olga Acampa, Roberta Andreoli, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium is a transition element occurring in the environment (soil, rocks, plants, dust, and gases), primarily in the elemental, trivalent [Cr(III)], and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] oxidation states. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are environmentally stable, and their toxicologic profiles are well known; Cr(III) has limited toxicologic properties [De Flora et al. 1990; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1990] and is considered to be an essential trace metal in humans (Anderson 1981), whereas various Cr(VI) compounds are considered to be human carcinogens [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2000; De Flora 2000; Ding and Shi 2002; IARC 1990; Kawanishi et al. 2002; O’Brien et al. 2003], are known to induce both acute and chronic toxic effects (ATSDR 2000), and are of the greatest occupational and environmental health concern. The respiratory tract is the main target organ of Cr(VI) toxicity associated with both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) inhalation (ATSDR 2000; De Flora 2000): acute exposure may cause shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing (Sobaszek et al. 2000). Chronic exposure leads to ulcerations and perforations of the nasal septum, chronic bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function, pneumonia, and other respiratory effects (Bradshaw et al. 1998). On the basis of experimental and epidemiologic evidence (De Flora 2000; Gibb et al. 2000; Luippold et al. 2005; Park et al. 2004), IARC has classified Cr(VI) as a class 1 carcinogen (recognized human carcinogen). Cr(VI) compounds are used in several industrial applications (Chrome Plating, welding inox steel and other special steels, painting, leather tanning, and wood preserving). Occupational exposure mainly occurs by inhalation, but it may involve the gastrointestinal tract and skin (De Flora 2000). Therefore, the respiratory tract is the primary target organ for Cr(VI) compounds. Experimental work on the rat showed that lung accumulation of Cr(VI) can be observed even after intravenous administration (Mutti et al. 1979). The mechanism of Cr(VI) cytotoxicity is not completely understood, but several studies have shown that Cr(VI) compounds induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptotic cell death, and altered gene expression (Bagchi et al. 2002; Wise et al. 2002; Zhitkovich 2005). The reduction in Cr(VI) levels induced by redox-active enzymes and small molecules generates intermediate unstable states, such as Cr(V) or Cr(IV), that may mediate the formation of free hydroxyl, thiyl, ascorbate, and carbon-based radicals (Ding and Shi 2002; Levina and Lay 2005; O’Brien et al. 2003) that are capable of damaging macromolecular targets, such as DNA (Stohs et al. 2001). Interestingly, although Cr(III) reacts with DNA and proteins, it is unable to cross cell membranes. The opposite occurs for Cr(VI) species, which do not react with nucleophilic targets but can easily cross cell membrane through anion channels. Once inside the cell, Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced to the trivalent state, and Cr(III) then interacts with cell proteins and DNA (Levina and Lay 2005). Improved work areas, procedures, and hygiene measures have minimized occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds and led to a reduction in traditional adverse effects on the lung, such as tracheobronchitis or pneumonia; however, long-term Cr(VI) exposure may still cause airway disorders, including airway irritation, sensitization, and lung cancer. Sensitive tests are therefore needed to evaluate early biochemical changes that occur in the respiratory tract after Cr(VI) exposure. Furthermore, because the respiratory tract is the primary route of exposure to Cr(VI), the quantification of biomarkers of free radical production at the target organ level could improve the sensitivity and specificity of putative biomarkers. We have recently shown that exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a fluid formed as a result of the cooling of expired air, is a suitable matrix not only for assessing the biomarkers of oxidative stress in exposed workers [malondialdehyde (MDA)] but also for quantifying the levels of some pneumotoxic substances in the lung, in particular, cobalt (Goldoni et al. 2004). The synergistic effect of tungsten to power the lipid peroxidation caused by cobalt has also been demonstrated (Goldoni et al. 2004). The aim of the present study was to investigate Cr levels in the EBC of workers employed in the Chrome-Plating industry and to assess early biochemical changes in the airways by analyzing EBC biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA.
Gang Yu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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removal of f 53b as pfos alternative in Chrome Plating wastewater by uv sulfite reduction
Water Research, 2019Co-Authors: Jun Huang, Giovanni Cagnetta, Gang YuAbstract:Abstract Chrome mist suppressants are key chemicals used in the Chrome Plating industry to reduce exposure of workers by inhalation to airborne chromic acid pollution. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonated compounds are excellent mist suppressants, thanks to their chemical stability and surface activity. Therefore, despite mounting evidence for their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, it is likely that such chemicals will continue to be used for the foreseeable future because of their importance and lack of alternatives. The present study is aimed at assessing the feasibility of advanced reduction as an effective technology to treat Chrome Plating industry wastewater. In particular, wastewater containing a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (i.e. F–53B), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) used to prepare Chrome mist suppressant in China, was treated by UV-activated sulfite. Results demonstrates that in ultrapure water F–53B can be easily degraded within 1 min—much faster than PFOS. Stoichiometric fluoride recovery was also achieved, confirming significant defluorination of the pollutant. Such superior reducibility was due to the presence of chlorine atoms, as corroborated by quantum chemical calculations. F–53B degradation was also achieved in Chrome Plating industrial wastewater, which yielded results were slower than those achieved in the laboratory nonetheless obtained complete abatement within 60 min. These results suggest that the proposed advanced reduction process is one of the safest options to control PFAS discharge in the environment and reduce the related risks to ecosystems.
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Removal of F–53B as PFOS alternative in Chrome Plating wastewater by UV/Sulfite reduction
Water Research, 2019Co-Authors: Jun Huang, Giovanni Cagnetta, Gang YuAbstract:Abstract Chrome mist suppressants are key chemicals used in the Chrome Plating industry to reduce exposure of workers by inhalation to airborne chromic acid pollution. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonated compounds are excellent mist suppressants, thanks to their chemical stability and surface activity. Therefore, despite mounting evidence for their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, it is likely that such chemicals will continue to be used for the foreseeable future because of their importance and lack of alternatives. The present study is aimed at assessing the feasibility of advanced reduction as an effective technology to treat Chrome Plating industry wastewater. In particular, wastewater containing a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (i.e. F–53B), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) used to prepare Chrome mist suppressant in China, was treated by UV-activated sulfite. Results demonstrates that in ultrapure water F–53B can be easily degraded within 1 min—much faster than PFOS. Stoichiometric fluoride recovery was also achieved, confirming significant defluorination of the pollutant. Such superior reducibility was due to the presence of chlorine atoms, as corroborated by quantum chemical calculations. F–53B degradation was also achieved in Chrome Plating industrial wastewater, which yielded results were slower than those achieved in the laboratory nonetheless obtained complete abatement within 60 min. These results suggest that the proposed advanced reduction process is one of the safest options to control PFAS discharge in the environment and reduce the related risks to ecosystems.
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efficient adsorption of pfos and f53b from Chrome Plating wastewater and their subsequent degradation in the regeneration process
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Huang, Ziwen Du, Shubo Deng, Yu Wang, Xinyu Lu, Bin Wang, Yujue Wang, Baoshan Xing, Gang YuAbstract:Abstract Wastewater from Chrome Plating industry contains high concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative (chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate, namely F53B). It was the first time that simultaneous removal of PFOS and F53B from the actual wastewater was investigated using a granular reactivated carbon (R-CAC) prepared from commercial coconut-based activated carbon (CAC) through one-step KOH activation. The R-CAC removed much more PFOS and F53B than CAC, and even more than the best resin and chitosan reported. Both initial adsorption rate and adsorbed amount of F53B on R-CAC were much higher than PFOS, and adsorption isotherms of PFOS and F53B were described well by the Langmuir model. The coexisting organic matters in the wastewater were able to occupy the sorption sites for PFOS and F53B, significantly influencing their adsorption on R-CAC. The spent R-CAC was effectively regenerated by a novel method, hydrothermal-activated persulfate oxidation. The adsorbed PFOS and F53B as well as co-existing organic pollutants on R-CAC were degraded by persulfate free radicals, making sorption sites become available. The best regeneration efficiency of R-CAC was 93.3% and 97.6% for PFOS and F53B, respectively. This study accomplished the highly efficient adsorption and degradation of PFOS and F53B in actual wastewater.
Matteo Goldoni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chromium in exhaled breath condensate ebc erythrocytes plasma and urine in the biomonitoring of Chrome Plating workers exposed to soluble cr vi
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2010Co-Authors: Matteo Goldoni, Andrea Caglieri, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Olga Acampa, Giuseppe De Palma, Petra Gergelova, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium (Cr) levels measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC-Cr) and urine (Cr-U) at the beginning and end of working shifts were related to those measured in erythrocytes (Cr-RBC) and plasma in 14 non-smoking male Chrome-Plating workers exposed to Cr(VI) in soluble aerosol form who did not report any significant current or past respiratory disease. Cr-U mainly correlated with Cr-P (Cr in plasma) at the end of the working shift (r2 = 0.59, p < 0.01), whereas Cr-RBC correlated with EBC-Cr (r2 = 0.32, p < 0.05); at the beginning of the shift, the only significant correlation was between Cr-U and Cr-RBC (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.01). The clearance of Cr(III) arising from Cr(VI) reduction was rapid, thus making Cr-U and Cr-P ideal biomarkers of the most recent exposure, whereas Cr-RBC may represent the fraction of Cr(VI) that reaches the bloodstream in non-reduced form and therefore depends on the airway inhaled dose represented by EBC-Cr. Cr-RBC clearance is slower and not only involves the free diffusion of Cr(III) from RBC to plasma, but probably also involves more complicated kinetic phenomena involving other tissues and organs, which may explain the correlation between Cr-RBC and Cr-U and the lack of correlation Cr-RBC and Cr-P at least 36 h after the last exposure. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the idea that measuring Cr in EBC can significantly contribute to traditional biomonitoring by providing specific information at the target organ level and integrating our knowledge of Cr toxicokinetics.
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determination of hexavalent chromium in exhaled breath condensate and environmental air among Chrome Plating workers
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2006Co-Authors: Matteo Goldoni, Andrea Caglieri, Diana Poli, Maria Vittoria Vettori, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium speciation has attracted attention because of the different toxicity of Cr(III), which is considered relatively non-toxic, and Cr(VI), which can cross cell membranes mainly as a chromate anion and has been classified as a class I human carcinogen. The aims of the present study were to measure soluble Cr(VI) levels in environmental samples, to develop a simple method of quantifying Cr(VI) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and to follow the kinetics of EBC Cr(VI) in Chrome Plating workers. Personal air samples were collected from 10 Chrome platers; EBC was collected from the same workers immediately after the work shift on Tuesday and before the work shift on the following Wednesday. Environmental and EBC Cr(VI) levels were determined by means of colorimetry and electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry, respectively. The method of detecting Cr(VI) in environmental air was based on the extraction of the Cr(VI)-diphenylcarbazide (Cr(VI)–DPC) complex in 1-butanol, whereas EBC Cr(VI) was determined using a solvent extraction of Cr(VI) as an ion pair with tetrabutylammonium ion, and subsequent direct determination of the complex (Cr(VI)–DPC) in EBC. Kinetic data showed that airborne Cr(VI) was reduced by 50% in airway lining fluid sampled at the end of exposure and that there was a further 50% reduction after about 15 h. The persistence of Cr(VI) in EBC supports the use of EBC in assessing target tissue levels of Cr(VI).
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the effect of inhaled chromium on different exhaled breath condensate biomarkers among Chrome Plating workers
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Andrea Caglieri, Matteo Goldoni, Maria Vittoria Vettori, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Olga Acampa, Roberta Andreoli, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium is a transition element occurring in the environment (soil, rocks, plants, dust, and gases), primarily in the elemental, trivalent [Cr(III)], and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] oxidation states. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are environmentally stable, and their toxicologic profiles are well known; Cr(III) has limited toxicologic properties [De Flora et al. 1990; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1990] and is considered to be an essential trace metal in humans (Anderson 1981), whereas various Cr(VI) compounds are considered to be human carcinogens [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2000; De Flora 2000; Ding and Shi 2002; IARC 1990; Kawanishi et al. 2002; O’Brien et al. 2003], are known to induce both acute and chronic toxic effects (ATSDR 2000), and are of the greatest occupational and environmental health concern. The respiratory tract is the main target organ of Cr(VI) toxicity associated with both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) inhalation (ATSDR 2000; De Flora 2000): acute exposure may cause shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing (Sobaszek et al. 2000). Chronic exposure leads to ulcerations and perforations of the nasal septum, chronic bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function, pneumonia, and other respiratory effects (Bradshaw et al. 1998). On the basis of experimental and epidemiologic evidence (De Flora 2000; Gibb et al. 2000; Luippold et al. 2005; Park et al. 2004), IARC has classified Cr(VI) as a class 1 carcinogen (recognized human carcinogen). Cr(VI) compounds are used in several industrial applications (Chrome Plating, welding inox steel and other special steels, painting, leather tanning, and wood preserving). Occupational exposure mainly occurs by inhalation, but it may involve the gastrointestinal tract and skin (De Flora 2000). Therefore, the respiratory tract is the primary target organ for Cr(VI) compounds. Experimental work on the rat showed that lung accumulation of Cr(VI) can be observed even after intravenous administration (Mutti et al. 1979). The mechanism of Cr(VI) cytotoxicity is not completely understood, but several studies have shown that Cr(VI) compounds induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptotic cell death, and altered gene expression (Bagchi et al. 2002; Wise et al. 2002; Zhitkovich 2005). The reduction in Cr(VI) levels induced by redox-active enzymes and small molecules generates intermediate unstable states, such as Cr(V) or Cr(IV), that may mediate the formation of free hydroxyl, thiyl, ascorbate, and carbon-based radicals (Ding and Shi 2002; Levina and Lay 2005; O’Brien et al. 2003) that are capable of damaging macromolecular targets, such as DNA (Stohs et al. 2001). Interestingly, although Cr(III) reacts with DNA and proteins, it is unable to cross cell membranes. The opposite occurs for Cr(VI) species, which do not react with nucleophilic targets but can easily cross cell membrane through anion channels. Once inside the cell, Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced to the trivalent state, and Cr(III) then interacts with cell proteins and DNA (Levina and Lay 2005). Improved work areas, procedures, and hygiene measures have minimized occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds and led to a reduction in traditional adverse effects on the lung, such as tracheobronchitis or pneumonia; however, long-term Cr(VI) exposure may still cause airway disorders, including airway irritation, sensitization, and lung cancer. Sensitive tests are therefore needed to evaluate early biochemical changes that occur in the respiratory tract after Cr(VI) exposure. Furthermore, because the respiratory tract is the primary route of exposure to Cr(VI), the quantification of biomarkers of free radical production at the target organ level could improve the sensitivity and specificity of putative biomarkers. We have recently shown that exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a fluid formed as a result of the cooling of expired air, is a suitable matrix not only for assessing the biomarkers of oxidative stress in exposed workers [malondialdehyde (MDA)] but also for quantifying the levels of some pneumotoxic substances in the lung, in particular, cobalt (Goldoni et al. 2004). The synergistic effect of tungsten to power the lipid peroxidation caused by cobalt has also been demonstrated (Goldoni et al. 2004). The aim of the present study was to investigate Cr levels in the EBC of workers employed in the Chrome-Plating industry and to assess early biochemical changes in the airways by analyzing EBC biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA.
Jun Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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removal of f 53b as pfos alternative in Chrome Plating wastewater by uv sulfite reduction
Water Research, 2019Co-Authors: Jun Huang, Giovanni Cagnetta, Gang YuAbstract:Abstract Chrome mist suppressants are key chemicals used in the Chrome Plating industry to reduce exposure of workers by inhalation to airborne chromic acid pollution. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonated compounds are excellent mist suppressants, thanks to their chemical stability and surface activity. Therefore, despite mounting evidence for their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, it is likely that such chemicals will continue to be used for the foreseeable future because of their importance and lack of alternatives. The present study is aimed at assessing the feasibility of advanced reduction as an effective technology to treat Chrome Plating industry wastewater. In particular, wastewater containing a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (i.e. F–53B), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) used to prepare Chrome mist suppressant in China, was treated by UV-activated sulfite. Results demonstrates that in ultrapure water F–53B can be easily degraded within 1 min—much faster than PFOS. Stoichiometric fluoride recovery was also achieved, confirming significant defluorination of the pollutant. Such superior reducibility was due to the presence of chlorine atoms, as corroborated by quantum chemical calculations. F–53B degradation was also achieved in Chrome Plating industrial wastewater, which yielded results were slower than those achieved in the laboratory nonetheless obtained complete abatement within 60 min. These results suggest that the proposed advanced reduction process is one of the safest options to control PFAS discharge in the environment and reduce the related risks to ecosystems.
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Removal of F–53B as PFOS alternative in Chrome Plating wastewater by UV/Sulfite reduction
Water Research, 2019Co-Authors: Jun Huang, Giovanni Cagnetta, Gang YuAbstract:Abstract Chrome mist suppressants are key chemicals used in the Chrome Plating industry to reduce exposure of workers by inhalation to airborne chromic acid pollution. Perfluoroalkyl sulfonated compounds are excellent mist suppressants, thanks to their chemical stability and surface activity. Therefore, despite mounting evidence for their persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity, it is likely that such chemicals will continue to be used for the foreseeable future because of their importance and lack of alternatives. The present study is aimed at assessing the feasibility of advanced reduction as an effective technology to treat Chrome Plating industry wastewater. In particular, wastewater containing a chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (i.e. F–53B), an alternative to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) used to prepare Chrome mist suppressant in China, was treated by UV-activated sulfite. Results demonstrates that in ultrapure water F–53B can be easily degraded within 1 min—much faster than PFOS. Stoichiometric fluoride recovery was also achieved, confirming significant defluorination of the pollutant. Such superior reducibility was due to the presence of chlorine atoms, as corroborated by quantum chemical calculations. F–53B degradation was also achieved in Chrome Plating industrial wastewater, which yielded results were slower than those achieved in the laboratory nonetheless obtained complete abatement within 60 min. These results suggest that the proposed advanced reduction process is one of the safest options to control PFAS discharge in the environment and reduce the related risks to ecosystems.
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efficient adsorption of pfos and f53b from Chrome Plating wastewater and their subsequent degradation in the regeneration process
Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Jun Huang, Ziwen Du, Shubo Deng, Yu Wang, Xinyu Lu, Bin Wang, Yujue Wang, Baoshan Xing, Gang YuAbstract:Abstract Wastewater from Chrome Plating industry contains high concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and its alternative (chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate, namely F53B). It was the first time that simultaneous removal of PFOS and F53B from the actual wastewater was investigated using a granular reactivated carbon (R-CAC) prepared from commercial coconut-based activated carbon (CAC) through one-step KOH activation. The R-CAC removed much more PFOS and F53B than CAC, and even more than the best resin and chitosan reported. Both initial adsorption rate and adsorbed amount of F53B on R-CAC were much higher than PFOS, and adsorption isotherms of PFOS and F53B were described well by the Langmuir model. The coexisting organic matters in the wastewater were able to occupy the sorption sites for PFOS and F53B, significantly influencing their adsorption on R-CAC. The spent R-CAC was effectively regenerated by a novel method, hydrothermal-activated persulfate oxidation. The adsorbed PFOS and F53B as well as co-existing organic pollutants on R-CAC were degraded by persulfate free radicals, making sorption sites become available. The best regeneration efficiency of R-CAC was 93.3% and 97.6% for PFOS and F53B, respectively. This study accomplished the highly efficient adsorption and degradation of PFOS and F53B in actual wastewater.
Andrea Caglieri - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chromium in exhaled breath condensate ebc erythrocytes plasma and urine in the biomonitoring of Chrome Plating workers exposed to soluble cr vi
Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2010Co-Authors: Matteo Goldoni, Andrea Caglieri, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Olga Acampa, Giuseppe De Palma, Petra Gergelova, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium (Cr) levels measured in exhaled breath condensate (EBC-Cr) and urine (Cr-U) at the beginning and end of working shifts were related to those measured in erythrocytes (Cr-RBC) and plasma in 14 non-smoking male Chrome-Plating workers exposed to Cr(VI) in soluble aerosol form who did not report any significant current or past respiratory disease. Cr-U mainly correlated with Cr-P (Cr in plasma) at the end of the working shift (r2 = 0.59, p < 0.01), whereas Cr-RBC correlated with EBC-Cr (r2 = 0.32, p < 0.05); at the beginning of the shift, the only significant correlation was between Cr-U and Cr-RBC (r2 = 0.74, p < 0.01). The clearance of Cr(III) arising from Cr(VI) reduction was rapid, thus making Cr-U and Cr-P ideal biomarkers of the most recent exposure, whereas Cr-RBC may represent the fraction of Cr(VI) that reaches the bloodstream in non-reduced form and therefore depends on the airway inhaled dose represented by EBC-Cr. Cr-RBC clearance is slower and not only involves the free diffusion of Cr(III) from RBC to plasma, but probably also involves more complicated kinetic phenomena involving other tissues and organs, which may explain the correlation between Cr-RBC and Cr-U and the lack of correlation Cr-RBC and Cr-P at least 36 h after the last exposure. In conclusion, our findings reinforce the idea that measuring Cr in EBC can significantly contribute to traditional biomonitoring by providing specific information at the target organ level and integrating our knowledge of Cr toxicokinetics.
-
determination of hexavalent chromium in exhaled breath condensate and environmental air among Chrome Plating workers
Analytica Chimica Acta, 2006Co-Authors: Matteo Goldoni, Andrea Caglieri, Diana Poli, Maria Vittoria Vettori, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium speciation has attracted attention because of the different toxicity of Cr(III), which is considered relatively non-toxic, and Cr(VI), which can cross cell membranes mainly as a chromate anion and has been classified as a class I human carcinogen. The aims of the present study were to measure soluble Cr(VI) levels in environmental samples, to develop a simple method of quantifying Cr(VI) in exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and to follow the kinetics of EBC Cr(VI) in Chrome Plating workers. Personal air samples were collected from 10 Chrome platers; EBC was collected from the same workers immediately after the work shift on Tuesday and before the work shift on the following Wednesday. Environmental and EBC Cr(VI) levels were determined by means of colorimetry and electrothermal absorption atomic spectrometry, respectively. The method of detecting Cr(VI) in environmental air was based on the extraction of the Cr(VI)-diphenylcarbazide (Cr(VI)–DPC) complex in 1-butanol, whereas EBC Cr(VI) was determined using a solvent extraction of Cr(VI) as an ion pair with tetrabutylammonium ion, and subsequent direct determination of the complex (Cr(VI)–DPC) in EBC. Kinetic data showed that airborne Cr(VI) was reduced by 50% in airway lining fluid sampled at the end of exposure and that there was a further 50% reduction after about 15 h. The persistence of Cr(VI) in EBC supports the use of EBC in assessing target tissue levels of Cr(VI).
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the effect of inhaled chromium on different exhaled breath condensate biomarkers among Chrome Plating workers
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Andrea Caglieri, Matteo Goldoni, Maria Vittoria Vettori, Massimo Corradi, Pietro Apostoli, Olga Acampa, Roberta Andreoli, Antonio MuttiAbstract:Chromium is a transition element occurring in the environment (soil, rocks, plants, dust, and gases), primarily in the elemental, trivalent [Cr(III)], and hexavalent [Cr(VI)] oxidation states. Both Cr(III) and Cr(VI) are environmentally stable, and their toxicologic profiles are well known; Cr(III) has limited toxicologic properties [De Flora et al. 1990; International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) 1990] and is considered to be an essential trace metal in humans (Anderson 1981), whereas various Cr(VI) compounds are considered to be human carcinogens [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) 2000; De Flora 2000; Ding and Shi 2002; IARC 1990; Kawanishi et al. 2002; O’Brien et al. 2003], are known to induce both acute and chronic toxic effects (ATSDR 2000), and are of the greatest occupational and environmental health concern. The respiratory tract is the main target organ of Cr(VI) toxicity associated with both acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) inhalation (ATSDR 2000; De Flora 2000): acute exposure may cause shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing (Sobaszek et al. 2000). Chronic exposure leads to ulcerations and perforations of the nasal septum, chronic bronchitis, decreased pulmonary function, pneumonia, and other respiratory effects (Bradshaw et al. 1998). On the basis of experimental and epidemiologic evidence (De Flora 2000; Gibb et al. 2000; Luippold et al. 2005; Park et al. 2004), IARC has classified Cr(VI) as a class 1 carcinogen (recognized human carcinogen). Cr(VI) compounds are used in several industrial applications (Chrome Plating, welding inox steel and other special steels, painting, leather tanning, and wood preserving). Occupational exposure mainly occurs by inhalation, but it may involve the gastrointestinal tract and skin (De Flora 2000). Therefore, the respiratory tract is the primary target organ for Cr(VI) compounds. Experimental work on the rat showed that lung accumulation of Cr(VI) can be observed even after intravenous administration (Mutti et al. 1979). The mechanism of Cr(VI) cytotoxicity is not completely understood, but several studies have shown that Cr(VI) compounds induce oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptotic cell death, and altered gene expression (Bagchi et al. 2002; Wise et al. 2002; Zhitkovich 2005). The reduction in Cr(VI) levels induced by redox-active enzymes and small molecules generates intermediate unstable states, such as Cr(V) or Cr(IV), that may mediate the formation of free hydroxyl, thiyl, ascorbate, and carbon-based radicals (Ding and Shi 2002; Levina and Lay 2005; O’Brien et al. 2003) that are capable of damaging macromolecular targets, such as DNA (Stohs et al. 2001). Interestingly, although Cr(III) reacts with DNA and proteins, it is unable to cross cell membranes. The opposite occurs for Cr(VI) species, which do not react with nucleophilic targets but can easily cross cell membrane through anion channels. Once inside the cell, Cr(VI) is rapidly reduced to the trivalent state, and Cr(III) then interacts with cell proteins and DNA (Levina and Lay 2005). Improved work areas, procedures, and hygiene measures have minimized occupational exposure to Cr(VI) compounds and led to a reduction in traditional adverse effects on the lung, such as tracheobronchitis or pneumonia; however, long-term Cr(VI) exposure may still cause airway disorders, including airway irritation, sensitization, and lung cancer. Sensitive tests are therefore needed to evaluate early biochemical changes that occur in the respiratory tract after Cr(VI) exposure. Furthermore, because the respiratory tract is the primary route of exposure to Cr(VI), the quantification of biomarkers of free radical production at the target organ level could improve the sensitivity and specificity of putative biomarkers. We have recently shown that exhaled breath condensate (EBC), a fluid formed as a result of the cooling of expired air, is a suitable matrix not only for assessing the biomarkers of oxidative stress in exposed workers [malondialdehyde (MDA)] but also for quantifying the levels of some pneumotoxic substances in the lung, in particular, cobalt (Goldoni et al. 2004). The synergistic effect of tungsten to power the lipid peroxidation caused by cobalt has also been demonstrated (Goldoni et al. 2004). The aim of the present study was to investigate Cr levels in the EBC of workers employed in the Chrome-Plating industry and to assess early biochemical changes in the airways by analyzing EBC biomarkers of oxidative stress, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA.