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Stanton A. Glantz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of the Arizona tobacco control program on Cigarette Consumption and healthcare expenditures.
Social science & medicine (1982), 2010Co-Authors: James Lightwood, Stanton A. GlantzAbstract:This research investigates the relationship between per capita tobacco control expenditures, Cigarette Consumption, and healthcare expenditures in the state of Arizona. Arizona's tobacco control program, which was established in 1994, concentrates on youth uptake of smoking and avoids public policy and commentary on the tobacco industry. We use a cointegrating time series analysis using aggregate data on healthcare and tobacco control expenditures, Cigarette Consumption and prices and other data. We find there is a strong association between per capita healthcare expenditure and per capita Cigarette Consumption. In the long run, a marginal increase in annual Cigarette Consumption of one pack per capita increases per capita healthcare expenditure by $19.5 (SE $5.45) in Arizona. A cumulative increase of $1.00 in the difference between control state and Arizona per capita tobacco control expenditures increases the difference in Cigarette Consumption by 0.190 (SE 0.0780) packs per capita. Between 1996 and 2004, Arizona's tobacco control program was associated with a cumulative reduction in Cigarette Consumption of 200 million packs (95% CI 39.0 million packs, 364 million packs) worth $500 million (95% CI: $99 million, $896 million) in pre-tax Cigarette sales to the tobacco industry. The cumulative healthcare savings was $2.33 billion (95% CI $0.37 billion, $5.00 billion) and the cumulative reduction in Cigarette. Arizona's tobacco control expenditures are associated with reduced Cigarette Consumption and healthcare expenditures, amounting to about 10 times the cost of the program through 2004. This return on investment, while large, was less than the more aggressive California program, which did not limit its focus to youth and included tobacco industry denomalization messages.
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effect of increased social unacceptability of Cigarette smoking on reduction in Cigarette Consumption
University of California at San Francisco Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, 2006Co-Authors: Benjamin Alamar, Stanton A. GlantzAbstract:Taxes on Cigarettes have long been used to help reduce Cigarette Consumption. Social factors also affect Cigarette Consumption, but this impact has not been quantified. We computed a social unacceptability index based on individuals' responses to questions regarding locations where smoking should be allowed. A regression analysis showed that the social unacceptability index and price had similar elasticities and that their effects were independent of each other. If, through an active tobacco control campaign, the average individual's views on the social unacceptability of smoking changed to more closely resemble the views of California residents, there would be a 15% drop in Cigarette Consumption, equivalent to a 1.17 dollars increase in the excise tax on Cigarettes.
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Association of the California Tobacco Control Program with declines in Cigarette Consumption and mortality from heart disease.
The New England journal of medicine, 2000Co-Authors: Caroline Fichtenberg, Stanton A. GlantzAbstract:Background The California Tobacco Control Program, a large, aggressive antitobacco program implemented in 1989 and funded by a voter-enacted Cigarette surtax, accelerated the decline in Cigarette Consumption and in the prevalence of smoking in California. Since the excess risk of heart disease falls rapidly after the cessation of smoking, we tested the hypothesis that this program was associated with lower rates of death from heart disease. Methods Data on per capita Cigarette Consumption and age-adjusted rates of death from heart disease in California and the United States from 1980 to 1997 were fitted in multiple regression analyses. The regression analyses included the rates in the rest of the United States and variables that allowed for changes in the rates after 1988, when the tobacco-control program was approved, and after 1992, when the program was cut back. Results Between 1989 and 1992, the rates of decline in per capita Cigarette Consumption and mortality from heart disease in California, relati...
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Lower Levels of Cigarette Consumption Found in Smoke-Free Workplaces in California
Archives of internal medicine, 1993Co-Authors: Tracey J. Woodruff, Brad Rosbrook, John P. Pierce, Stanton A. GlantzAbstract:Objective: We examined the relationship between workplace smoking policies and smoking prevalence and Cigarette Consumption. Methods: California residents were questioned by telephone with the 1990 California Tobacco Survey. All respondents (11 704) above age 18 years who were employed indoors were used. Respondents were asked about smoking status, workplace smoking policy, desire to quit, and smoking history. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship of workplace smoking policy to smoking status, accounting for demographic variables. Results: Prevalence of regular smokers was significantly lower in smoke-free workplaces than in those with no restrictions (13.7% vs 20.6%, P P P =.014). Conclusions: Employees in smoke-free workplaces have a lower smoking prevalence and, among continuing smokers, lower Cigarette Consumption than individuals working where smoking is permitted. We estimate Cigarette Consumption among employees indoors is 21% below that if there were no smoking restrictions in California workplaces. Furthermore, if all California workplaces were smoke-free, Cigarette Consumption among employees would be 41% below that if there were no workplace smoking restrictions, approximately a $406 million annual loss in sales to the tobacco industry. This study supports the hypothesis that smoke-free workplace policies are an effective public health measure for decreasing smoking prevalence and Cigarette Consumption among continuing smokers. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1485-1493)
Hai-yen Sung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A major state tobacco tax increase, the master settlement agreement, and Cigarette Consumption: the California experience.
American journal of public health, 2005Co-Authors: Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. Keeler, Michael K. Ong, Mei Ling SheuAbstract:Objectives. We evaluated the combined effects on California Cigarette Consumption of an additional 50¢ per pack state tax imposed by Proposition 10 of January 1999 and a 45¢ per pack increase in Cigarette prices stemming from the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) of November 1998.Methods. We used quarterly Cigarette sales data for the period 1984–2002 to estimate a time-series intervention model adjusting for seasonal variations and time trend.Results. Over the period 1999 through 2002, the combined effect was to reduce Cigarette Consumption by 2.4 packs per capita per quarter (1.3 billion packs total over the 4-year period) and to raise state tax revenues by $2.1 billion. These effects were similar to the effects of a 25¢ per pack tax increase enacted by Proposition 99 a decade earlier, although with decreased relative effectiveness as measured by percentage of reduction in Cigarette Consumption divided by percentage of increase in taxation (−0.44 vs −0.60).Conclusions. A major increase in price through ...
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The US National Tobacco Settlement: the effects of advertising and price changes on Cigarette Consumption
Applied Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Theodore E. Keeler, Michael K. Ong, Hai-yen SungAbstract:This paper provides an econometric analysis of the effects of Cigarette price and advertising changes stemming from the United States Tobacco Settlement of 1998. This is done by estimation of a demand function for Cigarettes, based on data from both before and after the Settlement. The model is estimated using monthly time series data for the period 1990–2000. Results show that the increase in Cigarette prices stemming from the Settlement reduced per capita Cigarette Consumption in the USA by 8.3%. However, the Cigarette companies also increased advertising in the years immediately preceding and following the Settlement. This study estimates that this increased advertising partially offsets the effects of the higher prices, increasing Cigarette Consumption by 2.7 to 4.7%, and hence blunting the effects of the price increase by 33–57%.
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Cigarette Consumption and sales of nicotine replacement products.
Tobacco Control, 2000Co-Authors: Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. Keeler, Martin D. MarciniakAbstract:BACKGROUND The first nicotine replacement product, Nicorette Gum, was marketed in 1984 as an adjuvant to help smokers quit smoking. In 1992, sales of nicotine patches were begun. Before 1996, nicotine gums and nicotine patches were prescribed by physicians and supplemented with behavioural counselling. Since 1996, nicotine gums and patches became available over the counter. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of sales of nicotine replacement products on national Cigarette Consumption. DESIGN National time series quarterly Cigarette Consumption, sales of nicotine gums and patches data between 1976 and 1998 are used to estimate a time series autoregressive moving average intervention model. PARTICIPANTS National reported statistics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Per capita Cigarette sales. RESULTS A 10% increase in sales of nicotine replacement products will lead to a 0.04% reduction in Cigarette sales. The model indicates that a 0.076% reduction in Cigarette Consumption is associated with the availability of nicotine patches after 1992. The over the counter dummy variable (after 1996) has a negative sign, but is not significant, perhaps due to only a few quarters of data in the study period. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine replacement products (nicotine gums and nicotine patches) play a significant role in reducing Cigarette Consumption, in addition to the negative effect of increasing Cigarette price and the overall trend of declining Cigarette Consumption (as reflected by the time trend variable). The findings of this study suggest that additional efforts for promoting sales of nicotine replacement products will be another effective alternative to discouraging Cigarette Consumption.
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Cigarette Consumption and sales of nicotine replacement products.
Tobacco control, 2000Co-Authors: Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. Keeler, M MarciniakAbstract:The first nicotine replacement product, Nicorette Gum, was marketed in 1984 as an adjuvant to help smokers quit smoking. In 1992, sales of nicotine patches were begun. Before 1996, nicotine gums and nicotine patches were prescribed by physicians and supplemented with behavioural counselling. Since 1996, nicotine gums and patches became available over the counter. To examine the effect of sales of nicotine replacement products on national Cigarette Consumption. National time series quarterly Cigarette Consumption, sales of nicotine gums and patches data between 1976 and 1998 are used to estimate a time series autoregressive moving average intervention model. National reported statistics. Per capita Cigarette sales. A 10% increase in sales of nicotine replacement products will lead to a 0.04% reduction in Cigarette sales. The model indicates that a 0.076% reduction in Cigarette Consumption is associated with the availability of nicotine patches after 1992. The over the counter dummy variable (after 1996) has a negative sign, but is not significant, perhaps due to only a few quarters of data in the study period. Nicotine replacement products (nicotine gums and nicotine patches) play a significant role in reducing Cigarette Consumption, in addition to the negative effect of increasing Cigarette price and the overall trend of declining Cigarette Consumption (as reflected by the time trend variable). The findings of this study suggest that additional efforts for promoting sales of nicotine replacement products will be another effective alternative to discouraging Cigarette Consumption.
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reducing Cigarette Consumption in california tobacco taxes vs an anti smoking media campaign
American Journal of Public Health, 1995Co-Authors: Tehwei Hu, Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. KeelerAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effects of taxation vs an anti-smoking media campaign on Cigarette Consumption in California. METHODS: Quarterly Cigarette sales data reported by the California State Board of Equalization between 1980 and 1992 were used to estimate a time-series model, adjusted for seasonal variations and time trends. RESULTS: The estimated results show that sales of Cigarettes were reduced by 819 million packs from the third quarter of 1990 through the fourth quarter of 1992 owing to an additional 25-cent state tax increase, while the anti-smoking media campaign reduced the Cigarette sales by 232 million packs during the same period. CONCLUSIONS: Both taxation and anti-smoking media campaigns are effective means of reducing Cigarette Consumption. The strength of those effects, however, is influenced by the magnitude of the taxes and the amount of media campaign expenditures.
Theodore E. Keeler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A major state tobacco tax increase, the master settlement agreement, and Cigarette Consumption: the California experience.
American journal of public health, 2005Co-Authors: Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. Keeler, Michael K. Ong, Mei Ling SheuAbstract:Objectives. We evaluated the combined effects on California Cigarette Consumption of an additional 50¢ per pack state tax imposed by Proposition 10 of January 1999 and a 45¢ per pack increase in Cigarette prices stemming from the Master Settlement Agreement (MSA) of November 1998.Methods. We used quarterly Cigarette sales data for the period 1984–2002 to estimate a time-series intervention model adjusting for seasonal variations and time trend.Results. Over the period 1999 through 2002, the combined effect was to reduce Cigarette Consumption by 2.4 packs per capita per quarter (1.3 billion packs total over the 4-year period) and to raise state tax revenues by $2.1 billion. These effects were similar to the effects of a 25¢ per pack tax increase enacted by Proposition 99 a decade earlier, although with decreased relative effectiveness as measured by percentage of reduction in Cigarette Consumption divided by percentage of increase in taxation (−0.44 vs −0.60).Conclusions. A major increase in price through ...
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The US National Tobacco Settlement: the effects of advertising and price changes on Cigarette Consumption
Applied Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Theodore E. Keeler, Michael K. Ong, Hai-yen SungAbstract:This paper provides an econometric analysis of the effects of Cigarette price and advertising changes stemming from the United States Tobacco Settlement of 1998. This is done by estimation of a demand function for Cigarettes, based on data from both before and after the Settlement. The model is estimated using monthly time series data for the period 1990–2000. Results show that the increase in Cigarette prices stemming from the Settlement reduced per capita Cigarette Consumption in the USA by 8.3%. However, the Cigarette companies also increased advertising in the years immediately preceding and following the Settlement. This study estimates that this increased advertising partially offsets the effects of the higher prices, increasing Cigarette Consumption by 2.7 to 4.7%, and hence blunting the effects of the price increase by 33–57%.
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Cigarette Consumption and sales of nicotine replacement products.
Tobacco Control, 2000Co-Authors: Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. Keeler, Martin D. MarciniakAbstract:BACKGROUND The first nicotine replacement product, Nicorette Gum, was marketed in 1984 as an adjuvant to help smokers quit smoking. In 1992, sales of nicotine patches were begun. Before 1996, nicotine gums and nicotine patches were prescribed by physicians and supplemented with behavioural counselling. Since 1996, nicotine gums and patches became available over the counter. OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of sales of nicotine replacement products on national Cigarette Consumption. DESIGN National time series quarterly Cigarette Consumption, sales of nicotine gums and patches data between 1976 and 1998 are used to estimate a time series autoregressive moving average intervention model. PARTICIPANTS National reported statistics. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Per capita Cigarette sales. RESULTS A 10% increase in sales of nicotine replacement products will lead to a 0.04% reduction in Cigarette sales. The model indicates that a 0.076% reduction in Cigarette Consumption is associated with the availability of nicotine patches after 1992. The over the counter dummy variable (after 1996) has a negative sign, but is not significant, perhaps due to only a few quarters of data in the study period. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine replacement products (nicotine gums and nicotine patches) play a significant role in reducing Cigarette Consumption, in addition to the negative effect of increasing Cigarette price and the overall trend of declining Cigarette Consumption (as reflected by the time trend variable). The findings of this study suggest that additional efforts for promoting sales of nicotine replacement products will be another effective alternative to discouraging Cigarette Consumption.
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Cigarette Consumption and sales of nicotine replacement products.
Tobacco control, 2000Co-Authors: Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. Keeler, M MarciniakAbstract:The first nicotine replacement product, Nicorette Gum, was marketed in 1984 as an adjuvant to help smokers quit smoking. In 1992, sales of nicotine patches were begun. Before 1996, nicotine gums and nicotine patches were prescribed by physicians and supplemented with behavioural counselling. Since 1996, nicotine gums and patches became available over the counter. To examine the effect of sales of nicotine replacement products on national Cigarette Consumption. National time series quarterly Cigarette Consumption, sales of nicotine gums and patches data between 1976 and 1998 are used to estimate a time series autoregressive moving average intervention model. National reported statistics. Per capita Cigarette sales. A 10% increase in sales of nicotine replacement products will lead to a 0.04% reduction in Cigarette sales. The model indicates that a 0.076% reduction in Cigarette Consumption is associated with the availability of nicotine patches after 1992. The over the counter dummy variable (after 1996) has a negative sign, but is not significant, perhaps due to only a few quarters of data in the study period. Nicotine replacement products (nicotine gums and nicotine patches) play a significant role in reducing Cigarette Consumption, in addition to the negative effect of increasing Cigarette price and the overall trend of declining Cigarette Consumption (as reflected by the time trend variable). The findings of this study suggest that additional efforts for promoting sales of nicotine replacement products will be another effective alternative to discouraging Cigarette Consumption.
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reducing Cigarette Consumption in california tobacco taxes vs an anti smoking media campaign
American Journal of Public Health, 1995Co-Authors: Tehwei Hu, Hai-yen Sung, Theodore E. KeelerAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effects of taxation vs an anti-smoking media campaign on Cigarette Consumption in California. METHODS: Quarterly Cigarette sales data reported by the California State Board of Equalization between 1980 and 1992 were used to estimate a time-series model, adjusted for seasonal variations and time trends. RESULTS: The estimated results show that sales of Cigarettes were reduced by 819 million packs from the third quarter of 1990 through the fourth quarter of 1992 owing to an additional 25-cent state tax increase, while the anti-smoking media campaign reduced the Cigarette sales by 232 million packs during the same period. CONCLUSIONS: Both taxation and anti-smoking media campaigns are effective means of reducing Cigarette Consumption. The strength of those effects, however, is influenced by the magnitude of the taxes and the amount of media campaign expenditures.
John P. Pierce - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the california tobacco control program s effect on adult smokers 2 daily Cigarette Consumption levels
Tobacco Control, 2007Co-Authors: Wael K Aldelaimy, John P. Pierce, Karen Messer, Martha M White, Dennis R Trinidad, Elizabeth A GilpinAbstract:Objective: To investigate the association of the California Comprehensive Tobacco Control Program with self-reported population trends of Cigarette Consumption during 1992–2002. Setting and Participants: Participants were non-Hispanic white daily smokers (aged 20–64 years, n = 24 317) from the Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey (1992–2002). We compared age-specific trends in Consumption among daily smokers in three groups of states with differing tobacco control initiatives: California (CA; high Cigarette price/comprehensive programme), New York and New Jersey (high Cigarette price/no comprehensive programme), and tobacco-growing states (TGS; low Cigarette price/no comprehensive programme). Results: There was a general decline in Cigarette Consumption across all age groups in each category of states between 1992 and 2002, except the oldest age group in the TGS. The largest annual decline in the average number of Cigarettes per day was observed among daily smokers in CA who were aged ⩾35 years (−0.41 Cigarettes/day/year (95% CI −0.52 to −0.3)). This rate was significantly higher than the −0.22 Cigarettes/day/year (95% CI −0.3 to −0.16; p Conclusions: The California Tobacco Control Program was associated with significant declines in Cigarette Consumption among daily smokers aged ⩾35 years of age, which in turn should lead to declines in tobacco-related health effects. The decline in Consumption among young adult smokers was a national trend.
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what contributed to the major decline in per capita Cigarette Consumption during california s comprehensive tobacco control programme
Tobacco Control, 2006Co-Authors: Elizabeth A Gilpin, Karen Messer, Martha M White, John P. PierceAbstract:Objectives: California experienced a notable decline in per capita Cigarette Consumption during its comprehensive tobacco control programme. This study examines what proportion of the decline occurred from: (1) fewer ever smokers in the population, (2) more ever smokers quitting, and (3) current smokers smoking less. Design, subjects: Per capita Cigarette Consumption computed from Cigarette sales and from adult respondents to the large, cross-sectional, population-based California Tobacco Surveys of 1990 (n = 24 296), 1996 (n = 18 616) and 2002 (n = 20 525) were examined for similar trends. Main outcome measure: Changes (period 1: 1990–1996; period 2: 1996–2002) in per capita Cigarette Consumption from self-reported survey data were partitioned for the entire population and for demographic subgroups into the three components mentioned above. Results: In periods 1 and 2, most of the decline in per capita Cigarette Consumption for the population as a whole was from current smokers smoking less followed by a reduction in ever smokers. The decline from smokers smoking less was particularly evident among young adults (18–29 years) in period 1. While the portion of the decline due to quitting in the entire population in period 1 was negligible, in period 2 it accounted for 22% of the total per capita decline. The decline from quitting in period 2 was mostly observed among women. Conclusions: Rather than near-term benefits from smokers quitting, population health benefits from reduced per capita Cigarette Consumption will likely occur over the longer term from fewer people becoming ever smokers, and more less-addicted smokers eventually quitting successfully.
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Lower Levels of Cigarette Consumption Found in Smoke-Free Workplaces in California
Archives of internal medicine, 1993Co-Authors: Tracey J. Woodruff, Brad Rosbrook, John P. Pierce, Stanton A. GlantzAbstract:Objective: We examined the relationship between workplace smoking policies and smoking prevalence and Cigarette Consumption. Methods: California residents were questioned by telephone with the 1990 California Tobacco Survey. All respondents (11 704) above age 18 years who were employed indoors were used. Respondents were asked about smoking status, workplace smoking policy, desire to quit, and smoking history. Logistic regression was used to determine the relationship of workplace smoking policy to smoking status, accounting for demographic variables. Results: Prevalence of regular smokers was significantly lower in smoke-free workplaces than in those with no restrictions (13.7% vs 20.6%, P P P =.014). Conclusions: Employees in smoke-free workplaces have a lower smoking prevalence and, among continuing smokers, lower Cigarette Consumption than individuals working where smoking is permitted. We estimate Cigarette Consumption among employees indoors is 21% below that if there were no smoking restrictions in California workplaces. Furthermore, if all California workplaces were smoke-free, Cigarette Consumption among employees would be 41% below that if there were no workplace smoking restrictions, approximately a $406 million annual loss in sales to the tobacco industry. This study supports the hypothesis that smoke-free workplace policies are an effective public health measure for decreasing smoking prevalence and Cigarette Consumption among continuing smokers. (Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:1485-1493)
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First-year impact of the 1989 California Cigarette tax increase on Cigarette Consumption.
American journal of public health, 1992Co-Authors: R L Flewelling, John P. Pierce, Erica L. Kenney, John P. Elder, M Johnson, Dileep G. BalAbstract:We employed a time series design to evaluate the impact of the 1989 California Cigarette tax increase on Cigarette Consumption in California. Adult per capita Consumption data from 1980 to 1990 were analyzed for California and the United States. Trend data indicated a sharp drop in California Cigarette Consumption coincident with the tax increase. Time-series regression analyses support this observation, and suggest that a 5% to 7% decline in Consumption is attributable to the tax increase.
Ron Borland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of smoke free workplaces on declining Cigarette Consumption in australia and the united states
American Journal of Public Health, 1999Co-Authors: Simon Chapman, Ron Borland, Michelle Scollo, Ross C Brownson, Amanda Dominello, Stephen D WoodwardAbstract:OBJECTIVES: This study estimates the contribution of smoke-free workplaces to the recent national declines in Cigarette Consumption in Australia and the United States. METHODS: Nineteen studies of the impact of smoke-free workplaces on workday Cigarette Consumption were reviewed. The number and cost of Cigarettes forgone were calculated and extrapolated to a scenario in which all indoor work areas were smoke-free. RESULTS: Of the 19 studies, 18 reported declines in daily smoking rates, and 17 reported declines in smoking prevalence. Smoke-free workplaces are currently responsible for an annual reduction of some 602 million Cigarettes, or 1.8% of all Cigarettes that might otherwise be consumed, in Australia, and an annual reduction of 9.7 billion Cigarettes (2%) in the United States. Approximately 22.3% of the 2.7 billion decrease in Cigarette Consumption in Australia between 1988 and 1995 can be attributed to smoke-free workplaces, as can 12.7% of the 76.5 billion decrease in the United States between 198...
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Delayed compensatory Cigarette Consumption after a workplace smoking ban.
Tobacco control, 1997Co-Authors: Neville Owen, Ron BorlandAbstract:OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of workplace smoking bans on Cigarette Consumption among continuing smokers over a two-year period. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys and a longitudinal sample of smokers questioned about their smoking behaviour six months and two years after implementation of a workplace smoking ban. SUBJECTS: Workers in 46 government offices in Australia. The cross-sectional survey six months after the ban included 3388 workers, whereas the survey two years after the ban included 3982 workers. The longitudinal cohort study included 107 workers who were identified as current smokers in both surveys. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Smokers were asked to report usual daily Cigarette Consumption on both workdays and leisure days one month before implementation of the ban, and six months, and two years afterwards. RESULTS: From six months to two years after the ban, the cross-sectional data showed an increase in Cigarette Consumption of 1.3 Cigarettes per day. The longitudinal sample of smokers reported an increase in workday Cigarette Consumption of 1.7 Cigarettes per day. A previous study of workers in the same worksites found a reduction in Consumption of 5.2 Cigarettes per day from before the ban to six months after. Over a two-year period we estimate that the net effect of the workplace smoking ban was to reduce Cigarette Consumption by about 3.5 Cigarettes per day. CONCLUSIONS: Reductions in Cigarette Consumption among smokers frequently seen after implementation of a worksite smoking ban may diminish over time. This effect is more likely to occur when the initial response to a smoking ban is a large reduction in Cigarette Consumption.
