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Stanton A Glantz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tobacco Industry promotions and pricing after tax increases an analysis of internal Industry documents
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2020Co-Authors: Dorie E Apollonio, Stanton A GlantzAbstract:Author(s): Apollonio, Dorie E; Glantz, Stanton A | Abstract: BackgroundIncreasing Tobacco taxes, and through them, prices, is an effective public health strategy to decrease Tobacco use. The Tobacco Industry has developed multiple promotional strategies to undercut these effects; this study assessed promotions directed to wholesalers and retailers and manufacturer price changes that blunt the effects of tax and price increases.MethodsWe reviewed Tobacco Industry documents and contemporaneous research literature dated 1987 to 2016 to identify the nature, extent, and effectiveness of Tobacco Industry promotions and price changes used after state-level Tobacco tax increases.ResultsTobacco companies have created promotions to reduce the effectiveness of Tobacco tax increases by encouraging established users to purchase Tobacco in lower-tax jurisdictions and sometimes lowering manufacturer pricing to "undershift" smaller tax increases, so that Tobacco prices increased by less than the amount of the tax.ConclusionsPolicymakers should address Industry efforts to undercut an effective public health intervention through regulating minimum prices, limiting Tobacco Industry promotions, and by enacting tax increases that are large, immediate, and result in price increases.ImplicationsTobacco companies view excise tax increases on Tobacco products as a critical business threat. To keep users from quitting or reducing Tobacco use in response to tax increases, they have shifted manufacturer pricing and developed specific promotions that encourage customers to shop for lower-taxed products. Health authorities should address Tobacco Industry efforts to undercut the effects of taxes by regulating prices and promotions and passing large and immediate tax increases.
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Tobacco Industry promotional strategies targeting american indians alaska natives and exploiting tribal sovereignty
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2019Co-Authors: Lauren Kass Lempert, Stanton A GlantzAbstract:Background American Indians/Alaska Natives have the highest commercial Tobacco use in the United States, resulting in higher Tobacco-caused deaths and diseases than the general population. Some American Indians/Alaska Natives use commercial Tobacco for ceremonial as well as recreational uses. Because federally recognized Tribal lands are sovereign, they are not subject to state cigarette taxes and smoke-free laws. This study analyzes Tobacco Industry promotional efforts specifically targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal lands to understand appropriate policy responses in light of American Indians'/Alaska Natives' unique sovereign status and culture. Methods We analyzed previously secret Tobacco Industry documents available at the Truth Tobacco Documents Library (https://Industrydocuments.library.ucsf.edu/Tobacco/). Results Tobacco companies used promotional strategies targeting American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploiting Tribal lands that leveraged the federally recognized Tribes' unique sovereign status exempting them from state cigarette taxes and smoke-free laws, and exploited some Tribes' existing traditional uses of ceremonial Tobacco and poverty. Tactics included price reductions, coupons, giveaways, gaming promotions, charitable contributions, and sponsorships. In addition, Tobacco companies built alliances with Tribal leaders to help improve their corporate image, advance ineffective Youth Smoking Prevention programs, and defeat Tobacco control policies. Conclusions The Industry's promotional tactics likely contribute to disparities in smoking prevalence and smoking-related diseases among American Indians//Alaska Natives. Proven policy interventions to address these disparities including Tobacco price increases, cigarette taxes, comprehensive smoke-free laws, and Industry denormalization campaigns to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease could be considered by Tribal communities. The sovereign status of federally recognized Tribes does not prevent them from adopting these measures. Implications American Indians/Alaska Natives suffer disparities in smoking prevalence and smoking-related diseases as compared with other groups. The Tobacco Industry has used promotional tactics including price reductions, coupons and giveaways, casino and bingo promotions, charitable contributions and sponsorships, and so-called Youth Smoking Prevention (YSP) programs to specifically target American Indians/Alaska Natives and exploit Tribal sovereignty, which likely contribute to disparities in Tobacco use and related diseases and deaths among this population. Tribal and public health policy makers should consider rejecting ineffective YSP programs and instead consider adopting proven policy interventions including Tobacco price increases, cigarette and casino taxes, comprehensive smokefree laws, and anti-Industry denormalization campaigns to reduce smoking and smoking-related disease.
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the Tobacco Industry and children s rights
Pediatrics, 2018Co-Authors: Yvette Van Der Eijk, Stella Aguinaga Bialous, Stanton A GlantzAbstract:The manufacture, use, and marketing of Tobacco present a serious threat to children's right to health. This makes the Convention on the Rights of the Child a potentially powerful Tobacco-control tool and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), which oversees the convention's implementation, a potential leader in Tobacco control. UNICEF actively supported Tobacco control initiatives in the late 1990s, but since the early 2000s UNICEF's role in Tobacco control has been minimal. Using the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents library, an online collection of previously secret Tobacco Industry documents, we sought to uncover information on the Tobacco Industry's ties with UNICEF. We found that from 1997 to 2000, when UNICEF was actively promoting Tobacco control to support children's rights, the Tobacco Industry saw children's rights and UNICEF as potentially powerful threats to business that needed to be closely monitored and neutralized. The Industry then positioned itself as a partner with UNICEF on youth smoking prevention initiatives as a way to avoid meaningful Tobacco control measures that could save children's lives. After UNICEF's corporate engagement guidelines were loosened in 2003, Tobacco companies successfully engaged with UNICEF directly and via front groups, including the Eliminating Child Labour in Tobacco Growing Foundation. This was part of an overall Tobacco Industry strategy to improve its corporate image, infiltrate the United Nations, and weaken global Tobacco-control efforts. As part of its mission to protect children's rights, UNICEF should end all partnerships with the Tobacco Industry and its front groups.
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Tobacco Industry research on nicotine replacement therapy if anyone is going to take away our business it should be us
American Journal of Public Health, 2017Co-Authors: Dorie E Apollonio, Stanton A GlantzAbstract:Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is recommended for Tobacco cessation on the basis of pharmaceutical Industry research showing its effectiveness when combined with counseling. The Tobacco Industry opposed NRT when it first appeared in the 1980s but by 2016 was marketing its own NRT products. We used internal Tobacco Industry documents dated 1960 through 2010 to identify the Industry's perceptions of NRT. As early as the 1950s, Tobacco companies developed nonsmoked nicotine replacements for cigarettes, but they stopped out of concern that marketing such products would trigger Food and Drug Administration regulation of cigarettes. In the 1990s, after pharmaceutical companies began selling prescription NRT, Tobacco companies found that many smokers used NRT to supplement smoking rather than to quit. In 2009, once the Food and Drug Administration began regulating Tobacco, Tobacco companies restarted their plans to capture the nicotine market. Although the Tobacco Industry initially viewed NRT as a threat, it found that smokers often combined NRT with smoking rather than using it as a replacement and began marketing their own NRT products.
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old wine in new bottles Tobacco Industry s submission to european commission Tobacco product directive public consultation
Health Policy, 2015Co-Authors: Heikki Hiilamo, Stanton A GlantzAbstract:Between September and December 2010 the European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General (DGSANCO) held a public consultation on a possible revision of the European Union Tobacco Products Directive (2001/37/EC). We used content analysis of the Tobacco Industry's and related parties’ 300 submissions to the public consultation to determine if Tobacco Industry and its allies in Europe are prepared to reduce harm of the Tobacco products as their public statements assert. The Industry submission resorted to traditional Tobacco Industry arguments where illicit trade and freedom of choice were emphasized and misrepresented the conclusions of a DGSANCO-commissioned scientific report on smokeless Tobacco products. Retailers and wholesalers referred to employment and economic growth more often than respondents from other categories. The pattern of responses in the submission differed dramatically from independent public opinion polls of EU citizens’ support for Tobacco control policies. None of the major Tobacco manufacturers or their lobbying organizations supported any of the DGSANCO's proposed evidence based interventions (pictorial health warnings, plain packaging or point-of-sale display bans) to reduce harms caused by cigarette smoking.
Ruth E. Malone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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US Media Coverage of Tobacco Industry Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives
Journal of Community Health, 2018Co-Authors: Patricia A. Mcdaniel, E. Anne Lown, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:Media coverage of Tobacco Industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives represents a competitive field where Tobacco control advocates and the Tobacco Industry vie to shape public and policymaker understandings about Tobacco control and the Industry. Through a content analysis of 649 US news items, we examined US media coverage of Tobacco Industry CSR and identified characteristics of media items associated with positive coverage. Most coverage appeared in local newspapers, and CSR initiatives unrelated to Tobacco, with non-controversial beneficiaries, were most commonly mentioned. Coverage was largely positive. Tobacco control advocates were infrequently cited as sources and rarely authored opinion pieces; however, when their voices were included, coverage was less likely to have a positive slant. Media items published in the South, home to several Tobacco company headquarters, were more likely than those published in the West to have a positive slant. The absence of Tobacco control advocates from media coverage represents a missed opportunity to influence opinion regarding the negative public health implications of Tobacco Industry CSR. Countering the media narrative of virtuous companies doing good deeds could be particularly beneficial in the South, where the burdens of Tobacco-caused disease are greatest, and coverage of Tobacco companies more positive.
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african media coverage of Tobacco Industry corporate social responsibility initiatives
Global Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Patricia A. Mcdaniel, Brie Cadman, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:Media coverage of Tobacco Industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives represents a competitive field where Tobacco control advocates and the Tobacco Industry vie to shape public and policymaker understandings about Tobacco control and the Industry. Through a content analysis of 649 US news items, we examined US media coverage of Tobacco Industry CSR and identified characteristics of media items associated with positive coverage. Most coverage appeared in local newspapers, and CSR initiatives unrelated to Tobacco, with non-controversial beneficiaries, were most commonly mentioned. Coverage was largely positive. Tobacco control advocates were infrequently cited as sources and rarely authored opinion pieces; however, when their voices were included, coverage was less likely to have a positive slant. Media items published in the South, home to several Tobacco company headquarters, were more likely than those published in the West to have a positive slant. The absence of Tobacco control advocates from media coverage represents a missed opportunity to influence opinion regarding the negative public health implications of Tobacco Industry CSR. Countering the media narrative of virtuous companies doing good deeds could be particularly beneficial in the South, where the burdens of Tobacco-caused disease are greatest, and coverage of Tobacco companies more positive.
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journal policy on research funded by the Tobacco Industry
Thorax, 2013Co-Authors: Fiona Godlee, Ruth E. Malone, Adam Timmis, Catherine M Otto, Andrew Bush, Ian D Pavord, Trish GrovesAbstract:As editors of the BMJ , Heart , Thorax and BMJ Open , we have decided that the journals will no longer consider for publication any study that is partly or wholly funded by the Tobacco Industry. Our new policy is consistent with those of other journals including PLoS Medicine , PLoS One , PLoS Biology ;1 Journal of Health Psychology ;2 journals published by the American Thoracic Society;3 and the BMJ 's own Tobacco Control. 4 Critics may argue—as many did when journals stopped publishing cigarette advertisements—that publishing such research does not constitute endorsing its findings and that, as long as funding sources are fully disclosed, readers can consider that information and make up their own minds about the quality of the work. Peer review should prevail, goes this line of thinking: it's not the editor's job to make these kinds of judgments. However, this view ignores the growing body of evidence that biases and research misconduct are often impossible …
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Tobacco Industry denormalisation as a Tobacco control intervention a review
Tobacco Control, 2012Co-Authors: Ruth E. Malone, Quinn Grundy, Lisa BeroAbstract:Objective To conduct a review of research examining the effects of Tobacco Industry denormalisation (TID) on smoking-related and attitude-related outcomes. Methods The authors searched Pubmed and Scopus databases for articles published through December 2010 (see figure 1). We included all peer-reviewed TID studies we could locate that measured smoking-related outcomes and attitudes toward the Tobacco Industry. Exclusion criteria included: non-English language, focus on Tobacco use rather than TID, perceived ad efficacy as sole outcome, complex program interventions without a separately analysable TID component and non peer-reviewed literature. We analysed the literature qualitatively and summarised findings by outcome measured. Results After excluding articles not meeting the search criteria, the authors reviewed 60 studies examining TID and 9 smoking-related outcomes, including smoking prevalence, smoking initiation, intention to smoke and intention to quit. The authors also reviewed studies of attitudes towards the Tobacco Industry and its regulation. The majority of studies suggest that TID is effective in reducing smoking prevalence and initiation and increasing intentions to quit. Evidence is mixed for some other outcomes, but some of the divergent findings may be explained by study designs. Conclusions A robust body of evidence suggests that TID is an effective Tobacco control intervention at the population level that has a clear exposure–response effect. TID may also contribute to other Tobacco control outcomes not explored in this review (including efforts to ‘directly erode Industry power’), and thus may enhance public support and political will for structural reforms to end the Tobacco epidemic.
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the we card program Tobacco Industry youth smoking prevention as Industry self preservation
American Journal of Public Health, 2010Co-Authors: Dorie E Apollonio, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:The "We Card" program is the most ubiquitous Tobacco Industry "youth smoking prevention" program in the United States, and its retailer materials have been copied in other countries. The program's effectiveness has been questioned, but no previous studies have examined its development, goals, and uses from the Tobacco Industry's perspective. On the basis of our analysis of Tobacco Industry documents released under the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement, we concluded that the We Card program was undertaken for 2 primary purposes: to improve the Tobacco Industry's image and to reduce regulation and the enforcement of existing laws. Policymakers should be cautious about accepting Industry self-regulation at face value, both because it redounds to the Industry's benefit and because it is ineffective.
Anna Gilmore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tobacco Industry data on illicit Tobacco trade a systematic review of existing assessments
Tobacco Control, 2019Co-Authors: Allen Gallagher, Karen Evansreeves, Jennifer Hatchard, Anna GilmoreAbstract:Objective To examine the quality of Tobacco Industry-funded data on the illicit Tobacco trade (ITT) through a systematic review of existing assessments of Industry-funded data on ITT. Data sources Papers and reports assessing Tobacco Industry-funded data on ITT were obtained via searches of 8 academic databases, Google searches and correspondence with ITT experts. Study selection Inclusion criteria identified 35 English-language papers containing an original assessment of Tobacco Industry-funded data. Data extraction Using a coding framework, information was extracted from the assessments regarding the quality of Tobacco Industry data. Documents were second-coded, achieving 94% intercoder reliability with all disagreements resolved. Data synthesis Of the 35 assessments reviewed, 31 argued that Tobacco Industry estimates were higher than independent estimates. Criticisms identified problems with data collection (29), analytical methods (22) and presentation of results (21), which resulted in inflated ITT estimates or data on ITT that were presented in a misleading manner. Lack of transparency from data collection right through to presentation of findings was a key issue with insufficient information to allow replication of the findings frequently cited. Conclusions Tobacco Industry data on ITT are not reliable. At present, the Tobacco Industry continues to fund and disseminate ITT research through initiatives such as PMI IMPACT. If Industry data on ITT cannot meet the standards of accuracy and transparency set by high-quality research publications, a solution may be to tax Tobacco companies and administer the resulting funds to experts, independent of the Tobacco Industry, who use previously developed reliable models for measuring ITT.
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the policy dystopia model an interpretive analysis of Tobacco Industry political activity
PLOS Medicine, 2016Co-Authors: Selda Ulucanlar, Gary Fooks, Anna GilmoreAbstract:BACKGROUND: Tobacco Industry interference has been identified as the greatest obstacle to the implementation of evidence-based measures to reduce Tobacco use. Understanding and addressing Industry interference in public health policy-making is therefore crucial. Existing conceptualisations of corporate political activity (CPA) are embedded in a business perspective and do not attend to CPA's social and public health costs; most have not drawn on the unique resource represented by internal Tobacco Industry documents. Building on this literature, including systematic reviews, we develop a critically informed conceptual model of Tobacco Industry political activity. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We thematically analysed published papers included in two systematic reviews examining Tobacco Industry influence on taxation and marketing of Tobacco; we included 45 of 46 papers in the former category and 20 of 48 papers in the latter (n = 65). We used a grounded theory approach to build taxonomies of "discursive" (argument-based) and "instrumental" (action-based) Industry strategies and from these devised the Policy Dystopia Model, which shows that the Industry, working through different constituencies, constructs a metanarrative to argue that proposed policies will lead to a dysfunctional future of policy failure and widely dispersed adverse social and economic consequences. Simultaneously, it uses diverse, interlocking insider and outsider instrumental strategies to disseminate this narrative and enhance its persuasiveness in order to secure its preferred policy outcomes. Limitations are that many papers were historical (some dating back to the 1970s) and focused on high-income regions. CONCLUSIONS: The model provides an evidence-based, accessible way of understanding diverse corporate political strategies. It should enable public health actors and officials to preempt these strategies and develop realistic assessments of the Industry's claims.
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exposing and addressing Tobacco Industry conduct in low income and middle income countries
The Lancet, 2015Co-Authors: Anna Gilmore, Stella Aguinaga Bialous, Gary Fooks, Jeffrey Drope, Rachel Rose JacksonAbstract:The Tobacco Industry's future depends on increasing Tobacco use in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), which face a growing burden of Tobacco-related disease, yet have potential to prevent full-scale escalation of this epidemic. To drive up sales the Industry markets its products heavily, deliberately targeting non-smokers and keeps prices low until smoking and local economies are sufficiently established to drive prices and profits up. The Industry systematically flaunts existing Tobacco control legislation and works aggressively to prevent future policies using its resource advantage to present highly misleading economic arguments, rebrand political activities as corporate social responsibility, and establish and use third parties to make its arguments more palatable. Increasingly it is using domestic litigation and international arbitration to bully LMICs from implementing effective policies and hijacking the problem of Tobacco smuggling for policy gain, attempting to put itself in control of an illegal trade in which there is overwhelming historical evidence of its complicity. Progress will not be realised until Tobacco Industry interference is actively addressed as outlined in Article 5.3 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Exemplar LMICs show this action can be achieved and indicate that exposing Tobacco Industry misconduct is an essential first step.
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understanding the emergence of the Tobacco Industry s use of the term Tobacco harm reduction in order to inform public health policy
Tobacco Control, 2015Co-Authors: Silvy Peeters, Anna GilmoreAbstract:Objectives To explore the history of transnational Tobacco companies’ use of the term, approach to and perceived benefits of ‘harm reduction’. Methods Analysis of internal Tobacco Industry documents, contemporary Tobacco Industry literature and 6 semistructured interviews. Results The 2001 Institute of Medicine report on Tobacco harm reduction appears to have been pivotal in shaping Industry discourse. Documents suggest British American Tobacco and Philip Morris International adopted the term ‘harm reduction’ from Institute of Medicine, then proceeded to heavily emphasise the term in their corporate messaging. Documents and interviews suggest harm reduction offered the Tobacco Industry two main benefits: an opportunity to (re-) establish dialogue with and access to policy makers, scientists and public health groups and to secure reputational benefits via an emerging corporate social responsibility agenda. Conclusions Transnational Tobacco companies’ harm reduction discourse should be seen as opportunistic tactical adaptation to policy change rather than a genuine commitment to harm reduction. Care should be taken that this does not undermine gains hitherto secured in efforts to reduce the ability of the Tobacco Industry to inappropriately influence policy.
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quantifying the influence of the Tobacco Industry on eu governance automated content analysis of the eu Tobacco products directive
Tobacco Control, 2014Co-Authors: Helia Costa, Anna Gilmore, Martin Mckee, Silvy Peeters, David StucklerAbstract:Objective The Tobacco Industry spends large sums lobbying the European Union (EU) institutions, yet whether such lobbying significantly affects Tobacco policy is not well understood. We used novel quantitative text mining techniques to evaluate the impact of Industry pressure on the contested EU Tobacco Products Directive revision. Design Policy positions of 18 stakeholders including the Tobacco Industry, health NGOs and Tobacco retailers were evaluated using their text submissions to EU consultations and impact assessments. Using Wordscores to calculate word frequencies, we developed a scale ranging from 0–Tobacco Industry to 1–public health organisations, which was then used to track changes in the policy position of the European Commission’s 2010 consultation document, its 2012 final proposal and the European Parliament and Council’s approved legislation in March 2014. Results Several stakeholders’ positions were closer to the Tobacco Industry than that of health NGOs, including retailers (ω=0.35), trade unions (ω=0.34) and publishers (ω=0.33 and ω=0.40). Over time the European Commission’s position shifted towards the Tobacco Industry from ω=0.52 (95% CI 0.50 to 0.54) to ω=0.40 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.42). This transition reflected an increasing use of words pertaining to business and the economy in the Commission’s document. Our findings were robust to alternative methods of scoring policy positions in EU documents. Conclusions Using quantitative text mining techniques, we observed that Tobacco Industry lobbying activity at the EU was associated with significant policy shifts in the EU Tobacco Products Directive legislation towards the Tobacco Industry’s submissions. In the light of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, additional governance strategies are needed to prevent undue influence of the Tobacco Industry on EU policy making.
Gregory N Connolly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tobacco Industry strategies to minimize or mask cigarette smoke opportunities for Tobacco product regulation
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2013Co-Authors: Ryan David Kennedy, Vaughan W Rees, Rachel A Millstein, Gregory N ConnollyAbstract:Introduction: The Tobacco Industry has developed technologies to reduce the aversive qualities of cigarette smoke, including secondhand smoke (SHS). While these product design changes may lessen concerns about SHS, they may not reduce health risks associated with SHS exposure. Tobacco Industry patents were reviewed to understand recent Industry strategies to mask or minimize cigarette smoke from traditional cigarettes.
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geographical information systems as a tool for monitoring Tobacco Industry advertising
Tobacco Control, 2009Co-Authors: Constantine I Vardavas, Gregory N Connolly, Anthony KafatosAbstract:Background: Although the use of a geographical information systems (GIS) approach is usually applied to epidemiological disease outbreaks and environmental exposure mapping, it has significant potential as a Tobacco control research tool in monitoring point-of-purchase (POP) Tobacco advertising. Design: An ecological study design approach was applied so as to primarily evaluate and interpret the spatial density and intensity of POP and Tobacco Industry advertisements within Results: The GIS approach identified 133 POP and 44 billboards within 300 m of the school gates of Heraklion schools. On average 13 POP (range 4–21) and 4.4 billboards (range 1–9) were located per school, and all had at least 1 POP within 20 m of the school gate. On average (SD) 9 (6) Tobacco advertisements per POP (range 0–25) were noted, and 80% of them were below child height. The GIS protocol identified that kiosks, that were excepted from the Greek ban on Tobacco advertising, in comparison to other POP, were found not only to be closer and visible from the school gates (44.1% vs 10.8%, p Conclusions: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a GIS system in monitoring Tobacco Industry advertising on a large population-based scale and implies its use as a standardised method for monitoring Tobacco Industry strategies and Tobacco control efforts.
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Tobacco Industry control of menthol in cigarettes and targeting of adolescents and young adults
American Journal of Public Health, 2008Co-Authors: Jennifer M Kreslake, Geoffrey Ferris Wayne, Hillel R Alpert, Gregory N ConnollyAbstract:Objectives. We examined whether Tobacco manufacturers manipulate the menthol content of cigarettes in an effort to target adolescents and young adults.Methods. We analyzed data from Tobacco Industry documents describing menthol product development, results of laboratory testing of US menthol brands, market research reports, and the 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and Health.Results. The Tobacco Industry attracted new smokers by promoting cigarettes with lower menthol content, which were popular with adolescents and young adults, and provided cigarettes with higher menthol content to long-term smokers. Menthol cigarette sales remained stable from 2000 to 2005 in the United States, despite a 22% decline in overall packs sold.Conclusions. Tobacco companies manipulate the sensory characteristics of cigarettes, including menthol content, thereby facilitating smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Menthol brands that have used this strategy have been the most successful in attracting youth and young adult...
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internal Tobacco Industry research on olfactory and trigeminal nerve response to nicotine and other smoke components
Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2007Co-Authors: Christine L Megerdichian, Geoffrey Ferris Wayne, Vaughan W Rees, Gregory N ConnollyAbstract:Evidence has shown that factors other than the central pharmacological effects of nicotine are important in promoting smoking behavior. One such non-nicotine effect includes sensory stimulation, which may promote smoking by developing learned associations with nicotine's rewarding effects, or by constituting a rewarding experience independent of nicotine. The present study used internal Tobacco Industry documents to examine Industry efforts to understand and manipulate stimulation of the sensory nerves by Tobacco smoke, and the influence of sensory stimulation on smoker behavior. Research focused on sensory nerves of the head and neck, including the olfactory nerve, which carries flavor and odor, and the trigeminal nerve, which carries irritant information. The Tobacco Industry maintained a systematic research program designed to elucidate an understanding of responses of sensory nerves to nicotine and other components of Tobacco smoke, and attempted to develop nicotine-like compounds that would enhance sensory responses in smokers. Industry research appeared intended to aid in the development of new products with greater consumer appeal. The potential influence of sensory response in enhancing nicotine dependence through an associative mechanism was acknowledged by the Tobacco Industry, but evidence for research in this area was limited. These findings add to evidence of Industry manipulation of sensory factors to enhance smoking behavior and may have implications for development of more effective treatment strategies, including more "acceptable" nicotine replacement therapies.
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designing cigarettes for women new findings from the Tobacco Industry documents
Addiction, 2005Co-Authors: Carrie M Carpenter, Geoffrey Ferris Wayne, Gregory N ConnollyAbstract:Aims To examine internal Tobacco Industry research on female smoking patterns and product preferences, and how this research has informed the design of female-targeted cigarettes and impacted smoking behavior among this target population. Design Research was conducted through a systematic web-based search of previously secret Industry documents made publicly available through the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement. Findings This study provides evidence that the Tobacco Industry has conducted extensive research on female smoking patterns, needs and product preferences, and has intentionally modified product design for promotion of cigarette smoking among women. Cigarette manufacturers responded to changing female trends by focusing on social and health concerns as well as promoting dual-sex brands that also featured traditional female style characteristics. Conclusions Product features responsive to female-identified needs and preferences may contribute to differences in female smoking patterns. Assessment of female-targeted product differences should inform smoking cessation and prevention programs tailored to women. Overall, these findings underscore the need for further investigation of effects of targeting on smoking behavior, health outcomes and regulation of Tobacco products by public health agencies.
Patricia A. Mcdaniel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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US Media Coverage of Tobacco Industry Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives
Journal of Community Health, 2018Co-Authors: Patricia A. Mcdaniel, E. Anne Lown, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:Media coverage of Tobacco Industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives represents a competitive field where Tobacco control advocates and the Tobacco Industry vie to shape public and policymaker understandings about Tobacco control and the Industry. Through a content analysis of 649 US news items, we examined US media coverage of Tobacco Industry CSR and identified characteristics of media items associated with positive coverage. Most coverage appeared in local newspapers, and CSR initiatives unrelated to Tobacco, with non-controversial beneficiaries, were most commonly mentioned. Coverage was largely positive. Tobacco control advocates were infrequently cited as sources and rarely authored opinion pieces; however, when their voices were included, coverage was less likely to have a positive slant. Media items published in the South, home to several Tobacco company headquarters, were more likely than those published in the West to have a positive slant. The absence of Tobacco control advocates from media coverage represents a missed opportunity to influence opinion regarding the negative public health implications of Tobacco Industry CSR. Countering the media narrative of virtuous companies doing good deeds could be particularly beneficial in the South, where the burdens of Tobacco-caused disease are greatest, and coverage of Tobacco companies more positive.
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african media coverage of Tobacco Industry corporate social responsibility initiatives
Global Public Health, 2018Co-Authors: Patricia A. Mcdaniel, Brie Cadman, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:Media coverage of Tobacco Industry corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives represents a competitive field where Tobacco control advocates and the Tobacco Industry vie to shape public and policymaker understandings about Tobacco control and the Industry. Through a content analysis of 649 US news items, we examined US media coverage of Tobacco Industry CSR and identified characteristics of media items associated with positive coverage. Most coverage appeared in local newspapers, and CSR initiatives unrelated to Tobacco, with non-controversial beneficiaries, were most commonly mentioned. Coverage was largely positive. Tobacco control advocates were infrequently cited as sources and rarely authored opinion pieces; however, when their voices were included, coverage was less likely to have a positive slant. Media items published in the South, home to several Tobacco company headquarters, were more likely than those published in the West to have a positive slant. The absence of Tobacco control advocates from media coverage represents a missed opportunity to influence opinion regarding the negative public health implications of Tobacco Industry CSR. Countering the media narrative of virtuous companies doing good deeds could be particularly beneficial in the South, where the burdens of Tobacco-caused disease are greatest, and coverage of Tobacco companies more positive.
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Tobacco Industry issues management organizations creating a global corporate network to undermine public health
Globalization and Health, 2008Co-Authors: Patricia A. Mcdaniel, Gina Intinarelli, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:Background The global Tobacco epidemic claims 5 million lives each year, facilitated by the ability of transnational Tobacco companies to delay or thwart meaningful Tobacco control worldwide. A series of cross-company Tobacco Industry "issues management organizations" has played an important role in coordinating and implementing common strategies to defeat Tobacco control efforts at international, national, and regional levels. This study examines the development and enumerates the activities of these organizations and explores the implications of continuing Industry cooperation for global public health.
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The Tobacco Industry and Pesticide Regulations: Case Studies from Tobacco Industry Archives
2005Co-Authors: Patricia A. Mcdaniel, Gina Solomon, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:Tobacco is a heavily pesticide-dependent crop. Because pesticides involve human safety and health issues, they are regulated nationally and internationally; however, little is known about how Tobacco companies respond to regulatory pressures regarding pesticides. This study analyzes internal Tobacco Industry documents to describe Industry activities aimed at influencing pesticide regulations. We use a case study approach based on examination of approximately 2,000 internal company documents and 3,885 pages of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency documents obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests. The cases involve methoprene, the ethylene bisdithiocarbamates, and phosphine. We show how the Tobacco Industry successfully altered the outcome in two cases by hiring ex-agency scientists to write reports favorable to Industry positions regarding pesticide regulations for national (Environmental Protection Agency) and international (World Health Organization) regulatory bodies. We also show how the Industry worked to forestall Tobacco pesticide regulation by attempting to self-regulate in Europe, and how Philip Morris encouraged a pesticide manufacturer to apply for higher tolerance levels in Malaysia and Europe while keeping Tobacco Industry interest a secret from government regulators. This study suggests that the Tobacco Industry is capable of exerting considerable influence over the pesticide regulatory process and that increased scrutiny of this process and protection of the public interest in pesticide regulation may be warranted.
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The Tobacco Industry and Pesticide Regulations: Case Studies from Tobacco Industry Archives
Environmental Health Perspectives, 2005Co-Authors: Patricia A. Mcdaniel, Gina Solomon, Ruth E. MaloneAbstract:Tobacco is a heavily pesticide-dependent crop. Because pesticides involve human safety and health issues, they are regulated nationally and internationally; however, little is known about how Tobacco companies respond to regulatory pressures regarding pesticides. In this study we analyzed internal Tobacco Industry documents to describe Industry activities aimed at influencing pesticide regulations. We used a case study approach based on examination of approximately 2,000 internal company documents and 3,885 pages of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency documents obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests. The cases involved methoprene, the ethylene bisdithiocarbamates, and phosphine. We show how the Tobacco Industry successfully altered the outcome in two cases by hiring ex-agency scientists to write reports favorable to Industry positions regarding pesticide regulations for national (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) and international (World Health Organization) regulatory bodies. We also show how the Industry worked to forestall Tobacco pesticide regulation by attempting to self-regulate in Europe, and how Philip Morris encouraged a pesticide manufacturer to apply for higher tolerance levels in Malaysia and Europe while keeping Tobacco Industry interest a secret from government regulators. This study suggests that the Tobacco Industry is able to exert considerable influence over the pesticide regulatory process and that increased scrutiny of this process and protection of the public interest in pesticide regulation may be warranted.
