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  • New or Otherwise Interesting Records of Cladonia Species from Turkey
    Herzogia, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mustafa Kocakaya, Teuvo Ahti, Mehmet Gökhan Halici, Zekiye Kocakaya
    Abstract:

    Kocakaya, M., Halici, M. G., Ahti, T. & Kocakaya, Z. 2018. New or otherwise interesting records of Cladonia species from Turkey. – Herzogia 31: 327–331.Six Cladonia species (C. conista, C. graeca, C. magyarica, C. peziziformis, C. scabriuscula and C. subturgida) are reported from Turkey; C. graeca, C. peziziformis and C. subturgida for the first time, for which comments on their habitats, substrates and distribution are provided.

  • Cladonia ignatii, an Overlooked New Lichen in Eastern North America
    Herzogia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Teuvo Ahti, Raquel Pino-bodas, John W. Mccarthy
    Abstract:

    Ahti T., Pino-Bodas R. & Mccarthy J.W. 2018: Cladonia ignatii, an overlooked new lichen in eastern North America. – Herzogia 31: 630 – 638.Cladonia ignatii is described as a new species from eastern North America (type from SW Ontario, Canada). It is a segregate of C. ramulosa, but can be distinguished by soredioid-isidioid structures on ecorticate podetia and basal squamules. Its distinction is also supported by DNA sequences (ITS rDNA and rpb2). Records are known from Ontario, Maine, Maryland, Missouri, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin.

  • Phylogeny of Cladonia uncialis (Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes) and its allies
    The Lichenologist, 2015
    Co-Authors: Soili Stenroos, Raquel Pino-bodas, Diana Weckman, Teuvo Ahti
    Abstract:

    The species from Cladonia section Unciales are characterized by the absence of squamules and soredia on the corticate podetia and the presence of usnic acid. Different subspecies, varieties and forms have been distinguished in the type species C. uncialis. In this study, a molecular phylogeny of Cladonia uncialis and members of the traditionally recognized section Unciales, along with additional potentially allied species, was constructed. DNA sequences from three gene loci, namely ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA and s-tubulin, were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Eleven species were analyzed for the first time using DNA sequence data. Cladonia uncialis subsp. uncialis and subsp. biuncialis were recognized as distinct taxa. The recognition of C. pseudostellata as a species was not supported by the analyses, but it represents a hypothamnolic acid chemotype, which is reported here as new to Europe (Scotland). The presence of subsp. biuncialis in North America (Newfoundland) was substantiated. The subsp. uncialis usually lacks squamatic acid, but in the eastern United States a morph referred to as subsp. uncialis does normally contain that acid. However, this morph did not attain taxonomic recognition based on phylogenetic analyses. All the other taxa formerly included in sect. Unciales turned out to belong to other groups of Cladonia, mainly Amaurocraeae, Borya, Divaricatae, and Perviae. The formerly recognized genus Cladina (reindeer lichens) is non-monophyletic, consisting of three groups within Cladonia, making the concept Cladina even nomenclaturally useless. Alternative topology tests rejected the monophyly of C. pseudostellata, section Unciales and Cladina.

  • the phenotypic features used for distinguishing species within the Cladonia furcata complex are highly homoplasious
    Lichenologist, 2015
    Co-Authors: Raquel Pinobodas, Teuvo Ahti, Soili Stenroos, María P. Martín, Ana Rosa Burgaz, Mats Wedin, Thorsten H Lumbsch
    Abstract:

    The phenotypic features used for distinguishing species within the Cladonia furcata complex are highly homoplasious

  • Cladonia corymbescens consists of two species
    Mycotaxon, 2015
    Co-Authors: Teuvo Ahti, Raquel Pino-bodas, Soili Stenroos
    Abstract:

    e lichen Cladonia corymbescens (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota) has been reported to have two main ranges, one in Melanesia and Australasia and another in the Himalayas and surrounding areas. When specimens from New Caledonia, Bhutan, and �怀ailand were subjected to molecular sequencing (ITS rDNA and RPB2), two distinct clades were detected. �怀e clades were also supported by morphological and geographical di�耀erences supporting recognition of two distinct species. Cladonia corymbescens s. str. is present in the Philippines, Melanesia, and Australasia, while the South East Asian mainland material is referred to C. pseudo�耀ssa, a new combination at species level.

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  • Global Biodiversity Patterns of the Photobionts Associated with the Genus Cladonia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)
    Microbial Ecology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Raquel Pino-bodas, Soili Stenroos
    Abstract:

    The diversity of lichen photobionts is not fully known. We studied here the diversity of the photobionts associated with Cladonia , a sub-cosmopolitan genus ecologically important, whose photobionts belong to the green algae genus Asterochloris . The genetic diversity of Asterochloris was screened by using the ITS rDNA and actin type I regions in 223 specimens and 135 species of Cladonia collected all over the world. These data, added to those available in GenBank, were compiled in a dataset of altogether 545 Asterochloris sequences occurring in 172 species of Cladonia . A high diversity of Asterochloris associated with Cladonia was found. The commonest photobiont lineages associated with this genus are A. glomerata , A. italiana , and A. mediterranea . Analyses of partitioned variation were carried out in order to elucidate the relative influence on the photobiont genetic variation of the following factors: mycobiont identity, geographic distribution, climate, and mycobiont phylogeny. The mycobiont identity and climate were found to be the main drivers for the genetic variation of Asterochloris . The geographical distribution of the different Asterochloris lineages was described. Some lineages showed a clear dominance in one or several climatic regions. In addition, the specificity and the selectivity were studied for 18 species of Cladonia . Potentially specialist and generalist species of Cladonia were identified. A correlation was found between the sexual reproduction frequency of the host and the frequency of certain Asterochloris OTUs. Some Asterochloris lineages co-occur with higher frequency than randomly expected in the Cladonia species.

  • Phylogeny of Cladonia uncialis (Cladoniaceae, Lecanoromycetes) and its allies
    The Lichenologist, 2015
    Co-Authors: Soili Stenroos, Raquel Pino-bodas, Diana Weckman, Teuvo Ahti
    Abstract:

    The species from Cladonia section Unciales are characterized by the absence of squamules and soredia on the corticate podetia and the presence of usnic acid. Different subspecies, varieties and forms have been distinguished in the type species C. uncialis. In this study, a molecular phylogeny of Cladonia uncialis and members of the traditionally recognized section Unciales, along with additional potentially allied species, was constructed. DNA sequences from three gene loci, namely ITS rDNA, IGS rDNA and s-tubulin, were analyzed using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood, and Bayesian methods. Eleven species were analyzed for the first time using DNA sequence data. Cladonia uncialis subsp. uncialis and subsp. biuncialis were recognized as distinct taxa. The recognition of C. pseudostellata as a species was not supported by the analyses, but it represents a hypothamnolic acid chemotype, which is reported here as new to Europe (Scotland). The presence of subsp. biuncialis in North America (Newfoundland) was substantiated. The subsp. uncialis usually lacks squamatic acid, but in the eastern United States a morph referred to as subsp. uncialis does normally contain that acid. However, this morph did not attain taxonomic recognition based on phylogenetic analyses. All the other taxa formerly included in sect. Unciales turned out to belong to other groups of Cladonia, mainly Amaurocraeae, Borya, Divaricatae, and Perviae. The formerly recognized genus Cladina (reindeer lichens) is non-monophyletic, consisting of three groups within Cladonia, making the concept Cladina even nomenclaturally useless. Alternative topology tests rejected the monophyly of C. pseudostellata, section Unciales and Cladina.

  • the phenotypic features used for distinguishing species within the Cladonia furcata complex are highly homoplasious
    Lichenologist, 2015
    Co-Authors: Raquel Pinobodas, Teuvo Ahti, Soili Stenroos, María P. Martín, Ana Rosa Burgaz, Mats Wedin, Thorsten H Lumbsch
    Abstract:

    The phenotypic features used for distinguishing species within the Cladonia furcata complex are highly homoplasious

  • Cladonia corymbescens consists of two species
    Mycotaxon, 2015
    Co-Authors: Teuvo Ahti, Raquel Pino-bodas, Soili Stenroos
    Abstract:

    e lichen Cladonia corymbescens (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota) has been reported to have two main ranges, one in Melanesia and Australasia and another in the Himalayas and surrounding areas. When specimens from New Caledonia, Bhutan, and �怀ailand were subjected to molecular sequencing (ITS rDNA and RPB2), two distinct clades were detected. �怀e clades were also supported by morphological and geographical di�耀erences supporting recognition of two distinct species. Cladonia corymbescens s. str. is present in the Philippines, Melanesia, and Australasia, while the South East Asian mainland material is referred to C. pseudo�耀ssa, a new combination at species level.

  • Multilocus approach to species recognition in the Cladonia humilis complex (Cladoniaceae, Ascomycota).
    American journal of botany, 2013
    Co-Authors: Raquel Pino-bodas, Teuvo Ahti, Soili Stenroos, María P. Martín, Ana R. Burgaz
    Abstract:

     Premise of the study: The members of the Cladonia humilis complex are characterized by a well-developed primary thallus and broadly scyphose podetia. In the present study, this complex was phylogenetically analyzed to test the boundaries between the species and to determine the usefulness of the phenotypic characters to distinguish them. The species C. conista , C. cyathomorpha , C. hammeri , C. humilis , C. kurokawae , C. nashii , C. pulvinella , and C. subconistea were examined.  Methods: Four DNA loci were sequenced and analyzed to test the monophyly of the species. For the phylogenetic reconstructions, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian methods were employed. The genealogical sorting index was used to quantify the exclusive ancestry of the nonmonophyletic species on the tree.  Key results: The performed phylogenetic analyses showed that the C. humilis complex is not monophyletic. Cladonia nashii is not closely related to the remaining taxa within the complex. Seven monophyletic lineages were identifi ed, most of which comprise specimens belonging to more than one chemotype. Cladonia hammeri and C. pulvinella are conspecifi c, and this taxon is not present in Europe.  Conclusions: This study suggests that morphological characters and secondary metabolites have less taxonomical value than thought in the Cladonia humilis complex. Use of multilocus phylogeny is recommended to delimit species.

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  • A New Cladonia from California
    The Bryologist, 2001
    Co-Authors: Samuel Hammer
    Abstract:

    Abstract Cladonia lacryma sp. nov., a previously overlooked species from north coastal California and adjacent Oregon, is characterized by the teardrop-like shape of its podetium. The unusual shape develops when the indistinct, immature cup is deformed by the vertical growth of a single proliferation along its margin. Cladonia lacryma is similar to other species in section Cladonia, which are characterized by closed cups and the presence of fumarprotocetraric acid. The pattern of growth dynamics of C. lacryma suggests its affinity with C. prolifica, which grows on similar soil types in California.

  • Modular growth in verticillate podetia of Cladonia
    Mycologia, 1996
    Co-Authors: Samuel Hammer
    Abstract:

    Verticillate proliferations are characteristic of the podetia in certain species of Cladonia section Cladonia that have been informally classified in the Cladonia cervicornis group. The proliferations form at the center of the closed scyphus and they usually give rise to further tiers of central proliferations. They are initially formed from meristematic tissue that persists in the upper layer of the scyphus, which becomes surrounded by nonmeristematic tissue dur- ing widening of the scyphus. Once the supporting scyphus attains a certain width, this meristematic tis- sue becomes active, producing a vertical prolifera- tion. The proliferation, which starts as an indistinct mass of fungal tissue, later becomes lichenized and differentiates into a characteristic podetial morphol- ogy that includes a stipe and scyphus. The vertical proliferation represents a new module of the pode- tium.

  • Prothallus Structure in Cladonia
    The Bryologist, 1996
    Co-Authors: Samuel Hammer
    Abstract:

    All of the taxa in the lichen genus Cladonia that were examined for this study possess a prothallus. This non-lichenized, exclusively fungal component of the thallus was found in both organic and inorganic substrates. It was usually found in contact with the primary squamule or with another part of the photosynthetic thallus such as the podetium. Most prothallus mycelial aggregations were diffuse. Some formed rhizine-like bundles, aggregations, or non-cellular masses. Most of the species had more than one prothallus form. Secreted materials, which bind the hyphae of the prothallus to one another and to particles of substrate were observed. The prothallus may provide a mode of vegetative reproduction in Cladonia lichens, and it may play a role in soil stabilization. In this study, the genus Cladonia was surveyed in order to describe the prothallus and its characteristics. The prothallus is an exclusively fungal component of the lichen thallus, in which contact with the algal photobiont is infrequent. The prothallus is contiguous with the photosynthetic lichen thallus, but it is found beneath the surface of the substrate. It has a characteristic fungal morphology, in which tubular, elongated hyphal cells ramify, anastomose, and aggregate into various configurations. Most lichens possess a prothallus, and the prothallus is conspicuous in many humicolous and saxicolous species Letrouit-Galinou & Asta 1994; Sanders 1994). All of the major morphological groups crustose, foliose, fruticose, and squamulose lichens, possess taxa with a prothallus. In most of the species of Cladonia and in the genus Cladina the prothallus is inconspicuous but in species of section Cocciferae it is macroscopically visible and conspicuous. Prothalli were present in all of the species that were studied here. Vainio (1887, 1894, 1897) described the prothallus in the species that he included in his monograph. He proposed that the prothallus (or hypothallus) might function as an anchor to the above ground thallus, or that it might translocate materials to the lichenized thallus. He also considered the potential role of the prothallus in dispersal and vegetative reproduction. Krabbe (1891) described the process by which the fungal component of Cladonia came into contact with algal cells, producing a lichen thallus. Zuckel (1896) described the "wandering" hypothallus in Peltigera venosa (L.) Hoffm. and Solorina saccata (L.) Ach., in which the fungal mycelium forms rhizines that run horizontally through the ground, producing new thalli. Gallee (1913, 1920, 1954) applied the concept of "hypothallus wanderer" to questions of dispersal and reproduction in Cladonia. He suggested that the prothallus might provide the lichen with the ability to exploit new habitats outside of its immediate microenvironment. He contrasted two morphologies in the prothallus and attributed taxonomic importance to them. He distinguished between diffuse prothalli, and prothalli with thick hyphal bundles devoid of intercellular spaces. Both of these forms and their intermediates were found in the present study. Hannemann (1973) illustrated the prothallus rhizomorphs of a few Cladonia species and described them as "rhizoptes" or "Rhizinenstriigen," ("rhizine-strands"), a term later used by Ott et al. (1993). Thogersen (1977) illustrated the prothallus of Cladonia macrophylla (Schaer.) Stenh., but no explanation was provided with the illustration. Jahns (1988) suggested that the prothallus might serve to attach the thallus to its substrate and in addition, might function in water and mineral uptake. Ahmadjian (1993) briefly discussed mycelial growth in Cladonia and suggested that the prothallus might be a free-living symbiont with a potential role in the establishment new lichen colonies. Ott et al. (1993) concluded that the hyphae of the prothallus are reservoirs or conduits for subsurface moisture. Hammer (1996) discussed the role of the prothallus as a soil stabilizer in lichen-dominated habitats. The genus Cladonia was surveyed here in order to describe the prothallus and its characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Approximately 500 specimens in the genera Cladina, Cladonia, and Trapeliopsis were examined for the present study. The specimens were obtained from fresh collections that were not curated or from herbarium specimens at the Farlow Herbarium (FH). Connections with the photosynthetic thallus were confirmed by dissection. The speci0007-2745/96/212-217$O.OO/O This content downloaded from 207.46.13.51 on Sun, 19 Jun 2016 06:07:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1996] HAMMER: FUNGAL AGGREGATIONS 213 C,,rCl;t, 2---~-~ ,, I / : 9L: Y1 ?L `4 L~E~V `\?

  • Primary tissue and the structure of the podetium in Cladonia
    Mycologia, 1995
    Co-Authors: Samuel Hammer
    Abstract:

    The podetium is an erect, tubular, lichen- ized structure that constitutes the secondary thallus (thallus verticalis) in the lichen genus Cladonia. The primary tissue, an assemblage of meristematic cells, is present from the inception of the podetium through maturity. Assuming that it is homologous throughout, primary tissue can be compared among species of Cla? donia to clarify taxonomic relationships. The current infrageneric classification within the genus is in part artificial because the characters upon which the taxa are based are formed in various ways. Some examples are: 1) Species in the informal Furcatae group are placed within sections Perviae or Cladonia, but they differ from the species in either section on the basis of the configuration and ontogeny of their primary tissue. 2) Certain scyphus-forming species in sections Cladonia and Cocciferae produce proliferations that re- semble species in section Perviae. 3) Some scyphus- forming species in section Cladonia produce prolif? erations that resemble species in the Furcatae group.

  • Carotenoids in representatives of the lichen genus Cladonia in North America
    The Bryologist, 1994
    Co-Authors: Bazyli Czeczuga, Samuel Hammer
    Abstract:

    The study of carotenoids in 20 taxa of Cladonia from North America revealed antheraxanthin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, capsochrome, f3-apo-2'carotenal, a-carotene, 3-carotene, 3-cryptoxanthin, a-doradexanthin, 3'-epilutein, flavoxanthin, lutein, lutein epoxide, mutatoxanthin, violaxanthin, and zeaxanthin. The total carotenoid content of the material ranged from 10.93 gg g-' in C. ecmocyna to 52.31 gg g-' in C. cervicornis. Representatives of the lichen genus Cladonia are widespread in a variety of environments throughout the world. The purportedly wide distribution of many species results in their exposure to markedly differing habitats and may exercise a profound effect on their morphological and chemical characteristics. Variation within Cladonia species and the detection of new species based on consistent, genetically derived character states have been the focus of intensive activity. The interpretation of such variations and their appropriate taxonomic treatment depends upon the discovery and elucidation of reliable characters, including secondary chemistry. Recent chemotaxonomic work in Cladonia and other genera has focused on the unique secondary phenolic compounds and fatty acids produced by lichens (Huovinen et al. 1989a,b, 1990). The analysis of carotenoids in representatives of the Cladoniaceae from northeastern Poland (Czeczuga 1985), Germany (Czeczuga & Doll 1991), and other northern hemisphere localities (Czeczuga et al. 1991) demonstrated that a number of carotenoids are characteristic and perhaps diagnostic in Cladonia. The present study is a continuation of investigations utilizing carotenoids as taxonomic indicators in Cladonia. In this study, we compare the carotenoid contents of various taxa from North America, with a focus on Cladoniae of the western United States, and California in particular. Although the carotenoid contents of Cladonia species from Europe have been intensively studied, this is the first assay of thalli exclusively from North America. The present study was initiated in order to provide preliminary observations on several questions. In this study, we endeavored to establish whether significant differences occur between the carotenoids of North American taxa and those of their Old World counterparts. Of primary interest was the question of carotenoid distribution patterns as a corollary to taxonomic groupings. We attempted to detect patterns between morphologically and phenolically similar species at various taxonomic levels regarding their carotenoid contents. For example, specimens 2, 3, 4, and 20 (Table 2) are morphologically similar on the basis of central proliferations from their podetia, and share a fumarprotocetraric acid-based phenolic chemistry. They share an informal status as members of a C. cervicornis moiety within Cladonia section Cladonia (Ahti 1978). We also assayed species (Table 2, specimens 1, 17, 18) that are taxonomically recognized within Cladonia section Perviae. Two of these were recently described from western North America (Hammer 1989a, 1992) and may be closely related; thus, similarities or differences in their carotenoid contents would be of great interest. Patterns in carotenoid distribution were also sought amongst phenolically similar but morphologically dissimilar taxa; specimens 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, and 16 (Table 2) are apparently morphologically unrelated although they all contain fumarprotocetraric acid and belong to section Cladonia (Huovinen et al. 1990). Finally, we chose specimens from several subgeneric groups to compare the carotenoid contents of various sections in Cladonia. In many cases specimens from critical localities were studied. These were chosen in part for their historical or biogeographical importance. For example, specimen 10 (Table 2) was collected at or near C. A. Robbins' locus of activity in Wareham, Massachusetts (Robbins 1924). Robbins' collecting work and his taxonomic efforts in Cladonia were influential in subsequent decades (Thomson 1967), ' Present address: College of General Studies, Boston University, 871 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215. 0007-2745/94/67-70$0.55/0 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.101 on Sat, 08 Oct 2016 06:00:32 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 68 THE BRYOLOGIST [VOL. 97 TABLE 1. Carotenoids from 20 taxa of Cladonia. Carotenoid structures are shown in Figure 1. Carotenoid Structure Semisystematic name 1. Antheraxanthin D-R-E 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro-f,f-carotene-3,3'-diol 2. Astaxanthin G-R-G 3,3'-dihydroxy-/3,-carotene-4,4'-dione 3. Canthaxanthin F-R-F f,f-carotene-4,4'-dione 4. Capsochrome H-RI-I 5,8-epoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-5,8-dihydro-f3,x-carotene-6'-one 5. f3-apo-2'-Carotenal B-R-J 3',4'-didehydro-2'-apo-fl-carotene-2'-al 6. a-Carotene A-R-B f#m-carotene 7. #-Carotene B-R-B #,#-carotene 8. /-Cryptoxanthin B-R-D #,#-carotene-3-ol 9. a-Doradexanthin C-R-G 3,3'-dihydroxy-3,e-carotene-4-one 10. 3'-Epilutein C-R-D 3,E-carotene-3,3'-diol (stereoisomeric) 11. Flavoxanthin C-RI-H 5,8-epoxy-5,8-dihydro--,e-carotene-3,3-diol 12. Lutein C-R-D f,e-carotene-3,3'-diol 13. Lutein epoxide C-R-E 5,6-epoxy-5,6-dihydro--,e-carotene-3,3'-diol 14. Mutatoxanthin D-R2-H 5,8-epoxy-5,8-dihydro-f,f-carotene-3,3'-diol 15. Violaxanthin E-R-E 5,6,5',6'-diepoxy-5,6,5',6'-tetrahydro-j3,3-carotene-3,3'-diol 16. Zeaxanthin D-R-D (,f-carotene-3,3'-diol but his collecting sites were not revisited until quite recently (Hammer, unpubl.). Other collecting sites included in this paper reflect questions regarding numerous Cladonia species that appear to be limited in their distribution and perhaps endemic to western North America (Hammer 1989a,b, 1991; Hammer & Ahti 1990). Their circumscribed range suggests that these species may possess specific environmental requirements. The geographical isolation of some populations has led to a modified sibling-species hypothesis, which presumes the presence of unique secondary phenolics among certain members of geographically isolated populations (Hammer 1989b). Likewise, the presence of

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  • Comparative studies of the polysaccharides isolated from lichenized fungi of the genus Cladonia: significance as chemotypes
    FEMS microbiology letters, 2001
    Co-Authors: Elaine R. Carbonero, Sandra M. Woranovicz-barreira, Philip A.j. Gorin, Guilherme L. Sassaki, Patrícia M. Stuelp, Marcello Iacomini
    Abstract:

    Beta-D-glucans of the laminaran type were prepared from 15 Cladonia spp., Cladonia bellidiflora, Cladonia boryi, Cladonia clathrata, Cladonia connexa, Cladonia crispatula, Cladonia furcata, Cladonia gracilis, Cladonia ibitipocae, Cladonia imperialis, Cladonia miniata, Cladonia penicillata, Cladonia salmonea, Cladonia signata, Cladonia substellata and Cladonia uncialis. They were extracted with 10% aqueous KOH at 100 degrees C, giving polysaccharides with varying yields and proportions of mannose, galactose and glucose. Their aqueous solutions were freeze-thawed giving precipitates of mixed alpha-glucan (nigeran) and beta-glucans, which were isolated and suspended in aqueous 0.5% KOH at 50 degrees C, which preferentially dissolved the beta-glucan. In the case of the C. uncialis product, it was subjected to methylation analysis, which gave rise to 2,4,6-tri-O-methylglucitol acetate only, corresponding to (1-->3)-linkages. Its specific rotation (+4 degrees ) and one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were consistent with beta-linkages. 13C and (1)H-1 signals were observed, respectively, at delta 102.8 (C-1), 86.0 (C-3), 76.2 (C-5), 72.6 (C-2), 68.3 (C-4) and 60.7 (C-6), and 4.55 (H-1), 3.31 (H-2), 3.49 (H-3), 3.27 (H-4), 3.27 (H-5), 3.48 (H-6) and 3.72 (H-6'). Similar (13)C-NMR spectra were obtained from the glucans from the other 14 Cladonia spp. The beta-D-glucans of the laminaran type seems to be present in all Cladonia spp. being significant for chemotyping since it was observed in every species studied.

  • Galactomannoglucans of lichenized fungi of Cladonia spp.: significance as chemotypes
    FEMS microbiology letters, 1999
    Co-Authors: Sandra M. Woranovicz-barreira, Philip A.j. Gorin, Patrícia Lanzi Sassaki, Marcelo Pinto Marcelli, Marcello Iacomini
    Abstract:

    Abstract The chemical structures of the glucans, galactoglucomannans and galactomannoglucans of two species of the Cladonia , section Cocciferae , Cladonia miniata and Cladonia salmonea , were determined and compared. α- D -Glucans of the nigeran type were isolated from both species, in common with all Cladonia spp., along with galactoglucomannans containing (1→6)-linked main-chains of α- D -Man p units substituted by structurally different and typical side-chains. Isolated were previously unreported galactomannoglucans, with (1→3)-linked main-chains of β- D -Glc p units, substituted at O -2,6 by side-chains. These consisted of β- D -Gal f , 6- O -substituted β- D -Gal f and 2- O -, 4- O -, 6- O - and 2,3-di- O -substituted α- D -Man p units. According to 13 C NMR spectroscopy, a similar galactomannoglucan was isolated from the Cladonia spp. Cladonia signata, Cladonia crispatula, Cladonia penicillata, Cladonia imperialis, Cladonia clathrata, Cladonia connexa, Cladonia substellata and Cladonia ibitipocae . Its presence could also contribute to the classic taxonomy of lichenized fungi.