The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Yaakov Stern - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cognitive Reserve in model systems for mechanistic discovery the importance of longitudinal studies
Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 2021Co-Authors: Joseph A Mcquail, Yaakov Stern, Gerd Kempermann, Amy R Dunn, Carol A Barnes, Peter R Rapp, Catherine C Kaczorowski, Thomas C FosterAbstract:The goal of this review article is to provide a resource for longitudinal studies, using animal models, directed at understanding and modifying the relationship between cognition and brain structure and function throughout life. We propose that forthcoming longitudinal studies will build upon a wealth of knowledge gleaned from prior cross-sectional designs to identify early predictors of variability in Cognitive function during aging, and characterize fundamental neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the vulnerability to, and the trajectory of, Cognitive decline. Finally, we present examples of biological measures that may differentiate mechanisms of the Cognitive Reserve at the molecular, cellular, and network level.
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whitepaper defining and investigating Cognitive Reserve brain Reserve and brain maintenance
Alzheimers & Dementia, 2020Co-Authors: Yaakov Stern, Eider M Arenazaurquijo, David Bartresfaz, Sylvie Belleville, Marc Cantilon, Gael Chetelat, Michael Ewers, Nicolai Franzmeier, Gerd Kempermann, William S KremenAbstract:Abstract Several concepts, which in the aggregate get might be used to account for "resilience" against age- and disease-related changes, have been the subject of much research. These include brain Reserve, Cognitive Reserve, and brain maintenance. However, different investigators have use these terms in different ways, and there has never been an attempt to arrive at consensus on the definition of these concepts. Furthermore, there has been confusion regarding the measurement of these constructs and the appropriate ways to apply them to research. Therefore the Reserve, resilience, and protective factors professional interest area, established under the auspices of the Alzheimer's Association, established a whitepaper workgroup to develop consensus definitions for Cognitive Reserve, brain Reserve, and brain maintenance. The workgroup also evaluated measures that have been used to implement these concepts in research settings and developed guidelines for research that explores or utilizes these concepts. The workgroup hopes that this whitepaper will form a reference point for researchers in this area and facilitate research by supplying a common language.
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influence of Cognitive Reserve in schizophrenia a systematic review
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2020Co-Authors: Paula Herrero, Yaakov Stern, Israel Contador, Bernardino Fernandezcalvo, Abraham Sanchez, Francisco RamosAbstract:Abstract Objective To perform a systematic review of the influence of sociobehavioural indicators of Cognitive Reserve (CR) in the risk of schizophrenia, the clinical manifestations of the disease, and Cognitive intervention programs (CRT) carried out with these patients. Method A cross search was made by two independent reviewers in Pubmed and PsycINFO databases using keywords “schizophrenia” and “Cognitive Reserve.” Twenty-one studies which analyzed different CR proxies were selected and the level of evidence was classified according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Result People with higher CR may have a lower risk of developing schizophrenia and a later onset of disease. In addition, they present better neuropsychological and functional performance in the illness course. However, the suspected influence of CR on the effectiveness of CRT in patients with schizophrenia is currently unresolved. Conclusion Our findings suggest that higher CR delays the clinical diagnosis threshold and severity of the symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. However, effect of singular sociobehavioral measures on clinical expression and benefits of intervention program need further investigation.
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brain Reserve Cognitive Reserve compensation and maintenance operationalization validity and mechanisms of Cognitive resilience
Neurobiology of Aging, 2019Co-Authors: Yaakov Stern, Richard N Jones, Carol A Barnes, Cheryl L Grady, Naftali RazAbstract:Significant individual differences in the trajectories of Cognitive aging and in age-related changes of brain structure and function have been reported in the past half-century. In some individuals, significant pathological changes in the brain are observed in conjunction with relatively well-pReserved Cognitive performance. Multiple constructs have been invoked to explain this paradox of resilience, including brain Reserve, Cognitive Reserve, brain maintenance, and compensation. The aim of this session of the Cognitive Aging Summit III was to examine the overlap and distinctions in definitions and measurement of these constructs, to discuss their neural and behavioral correlates and to propose plausible mechanisms of individual Cognitive resilience in the face of typical age-related neural declines.
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a task invariant Cognitive Reserve network
NeuroImage, 2018Co-Authors: Yaakov Stern, Jason Steffener, Qolamreza R Razlighi, Yunglin Gazes, Christian G HabeckAbstract:The concept of Cognitive Reserve (CR) can explain individual differences in susceptibility to Cognitive or functional impairment in the presence of age or disease-related brain changes. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that CR helps maintain performance in the face of pathology across multiple Cognitive domains. We therefore tried to identify a single, "task-invariant" CR network that is active during the performance of many disparate tasks. In imaging data acquired from 255 individuals age 20-80 while performing 12 different Cognitive tasks, we used an iterative approach to derive a multivariate network that was expressed during the performance of all tasks, and whose degree of expression correlated with IQ, a proxy for CR. When applied to held out data or forward applied to fMRI data from an entirely different activation task, network expression correlated with IQ. Expression of the CR pattern accounted for additional variance in fluid reasoning performance over and above the influence of cortical thickness, and also moderated between cortical thickness and reasoning performance, consistent with the behavior of a CR network. The identification of a task-invariant CR network supports the idea that life experiences may result in brain processing differences that might provide Reserve against age- or disease-related changes across multiple tasks.
Linda Clare - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social isolation Cognitive Reserve and cognition in older people with depression and anxiety
Aging & Mental Health, 2019Co-Authors: Isobel E M Evans, David J Llewellyn, Fiona E Matthews, Robert T Woods, Carol Brayne, Linda ClareAbstract:Objectives: Poor social connections may be associated with poor cognition in older people who are not experiencing mental health problems, and the trajectory of this association may be moderated by Cognitive Reserve. However, it is unclear whether this relationship is the same for older people with symptoms of depression and anxiety. This paper aims to explore social relationships and Cognitive function in older people with depression and anxiety. Method: Baseline and two-year follow-up data were analysed from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study-Wales (CFAS-Wales). We compared levels of social isolation, loneliness, social contact, Cognitive function, and Cognitive Reserve at baseline amongst older people with and without depression or anxiety. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between isolation and cognition at baseline and two-year follow-up in a subgroup of older people meeting pre-defined criteria for depression or anxiety. A moderation analysis tested for the moderating effect of Cognitive Reserve. Results: Older people with depression or anxiety perceived themselves as more isolated and lonely than those without depression or anxiety, despite having an equivalent level of social contact with friends and family. In people with depression or anxiety, social isolation was associated with poor Cognitive function at baseline, but not with Cognitive change at two-year follow-up. Cognitive Reserve did not moderate this association. Conclusion: Social isolation was associated with poor Cognitive function at baseline, but not two-year follow-up. This may be attributed to a reduction in mood-related symptoms at follow-up, linked to improved Cognitive function.
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social isolation Cognitive Reserve and cognition in healthy older people
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Isobel E M Evans, David J Llewellyn, Fiona E Matthews, Robert T Woods, Carol Brayne, Linda ClareAbstract:There is evidence to suggest that social isolation is associated with poor Cognitive health, although findings are contradictory. One reason for inconsistency in reported findings may be a lack of consideration of underlying mechanisms that could influence this relationship. Cognitive Reserve is a theoretical concept that may account for the role of social isolation and its association with Cognitive outcomes in later life. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between social isolation and cognition in later life, and to consider the role of Cognitive Reserve in this relationship. Baseline and two year follow-up data from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study-Wales (CFAS-Wales) were analysed. Social isolation was assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale-6 (LSNS-6), Cognitive function was assessed using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), and Cognitive Reserve was assessed using a proxy measure of education, occupational complexity, and Cognitive activity. Linear regression modelling was used to assess the relationship between social isolation and cognition. To assess the role of Cognitive Reserve in this relationship, moderation analysis was used to test for interaction effects. After controlling for age, gender, education, and physically limiting health conditions, social isolation was associated with Cognitive function at baseline and two year follow-up. Cognitive Reserve moderated this association longitudinally. Findings suggest that maintaining a socially active lifestyle in later life may enhance Cognitive Reserve and benefit Cognitive function. This has important implications for interventions that may target social isolation to improve Cognitive function.
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potentially modifiable lifestyle factors Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive function in later life a cross sectional study
PLOS Medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Fiona E Matthews, Carol Brayne, Linda Clare, Julia C Teale, Catherine Macleod, Bob Woods, Cfaswales Study TeamAbstract:Background Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors may influence Cognitive health in later life and offer potential to reduce the risk of Cognitive decline and dementia. The concept of Cognitive Reserve has been proposed as a mechanism to explain individual differences in rates of Cognitive decline, but its potential role as a mediating pathway has seldom been explored using data from large epidemiological studies. We explored the mediating effect of Cognitive Reserve on the cross-sectional association between lifestyle factors and Cognitive function in later life using data from a population-based cohort of healthy older people. Methods and findings We analysed data from 2,315 Cognitively healthy participants aged 65 y and over in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales (CFAS-Wales) cohort collected in 2011–2013. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the overall associations between five lifestyle factors—Cognitive and social activity, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking—and cognition, adjusting for demographic factors and chronic conditions. Mediation analysis tested for indirect effects of the lifestyle factors on cognition via Cognitive Reserve. After controlling for age, gender, and the presence of chronic conditions, Cognitive and social activity, physical activity, healthy diet, and light-to-moderate alcohol consumption were positively associated with Cognitive function, together accounting for 20% (95% CI 17%–23%) of variance in Cognitive test scores. Cognitive Reserve was an important mediator of this association, with indirect effects via Cognitive Reserve contributing 21% (95% CI 15%–27%) of the overall effect on cognition. The main limitations of the study derive from the cross-sectional nature of the data and the challenges of accurately measuring the latent construct of Cognitive Reserve. Conclusions Cross-sectional associations support the view that enhancing Cognitive Reserve may benefit cognition, and maintenance of Cognitive health may be supported by a healthy and active lifestyle, in later life.
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lifestyle factors Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive function results from the Cognitive function and ageing study wales a population based cohort
The Lancet, 2016Co-Authors: Julia C Teale, Fiona E Matthews, Carol Brayne, Bob Woods, Linda ClareAbstract:Abstract Background A wide range of lifestyle factors has been related to Cognitive decline and dementia but the mechanisms have not been investigated completely. Cognitive Reserve, the ability to optimise or maximise Cognitive performance by drawing on a range of brain networks and Cognitive strategies, accumulates throughout the life course and might have a mediating role in the pathway between lifestyle factors and Cognitive function in later life. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mediating effect of Cognitive Reserve on the association between Cognitive function and lifestyle factors in a large cohort of older people in Wales. Methods This analysis was based on 2315 participants in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales, a longitudinal population-based study of people aged 65 and over in two areas in Wales (Gwynedd and Anglesey, Neath and Port Talbot), excluding people living in institutions or having dementia, depression, or Cognitive impairment at baseline. Lifestyle factors included physical activity, smoking (never, former, current), frequency of alcohol consumption (from abstinent to almost every day), dietary pattern (intake of fruit, vegetables, fish, and wholemeal bread), and Cognitive and social activity. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the associations between lifestyle factors, Cognitive Reserve (measured by education and occupational complexity), and Cognitive function and to estimate the indirect effects through Cognitive Reserve with bootstrapping CIs. All measures were standardised to provide comparable coefficients. Findings All lifestyle factors apart from smoking (no association) were positively associated with Cognitive function and explained 20% of variation across individuals after adjusting for age, sex, and chronic conditions. Cognitive Reserve contributed 22% of the indirect effect (standardised coefficient of total indirect effect 0·08, 95% CI 0·07–0·11) on the overall association between Cognitive function and four lifestyle factors (standardised coefficient of total effect for four lifestyle factors 0·39, 0·32–0·46). The strongest indirect effect was seen in dietary pattern (standardised coefficient 0·04, 0·03–0·05). Interpretation Cognitive Reserve appears to be an important mediator in the pathway between lifestyle and Cognitive function. This special mechanism for brain health in older age could inform the development of dementia prevention and risk reduction strategies. Funding Economic and Social Research Council.
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the effects of Cognitive Reserve and lifestyle on cognition and dementia in parkinson s disease a longitudinal cohort study
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2016Co-Authors: Linda Clare, John V Hindle, Catherine S Hurt, David J Burn, Richard G Brown, Michael Samuel, Kenneth WilsonAbstract:OBJECTIVE: Cognitive Reserve theory seeks to explain the observed mismatch between the degree of brain pathology and clinical manifestations. Early-life education, midlife social and occupational activities and later-life Cognitive and social interactions are associated with a more favourable Cognitive trajectory in older people. Previous studies of Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested a possible role for the effects of Cognitive Reserve, but further research into different proxies for Cognitive Reserve and longitudinal studies is required. This study examined the effects of Cognitive lifestyle on cross-sectional and longitudinal measures of cognition and dementia severity in people with PD. METHODS: Baseline assessments of cognition, and of clinical, social and demographic information, were completed by 525 participants with PD. Cognitive assessments were completed by 323 participants at 4-year follow-up. Cognition was assessed using the measures of global cognition dementia severity. Cross-sectional and longitudinal serial analyses of covariance for cognition and binomial regression for dementia were performed. RESULTS: Higher educational level, socio-economic status and recent social engagement were associated with better cross-sectional global cognition. In those with normal cognition at baseline, higher educational level was associated with better global cognition after 4 years. Increasing age and low levels of a measure of recent social engagement were associated with an increased risk of dementia. CONCLUSIONS: Higher Cognitive Reserve has a beneficial effect on performance on Cognitive tests and a limited effect on Cognitive decline and dementia risk in PD.
Fiona E Matthews - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social isolation Cognitive Reserve and cognition in older people with depression and anxiety
Aging & Mental Health, 2019Co-Authors: Isobel E M Evans, David J Llewellyn, Fiona E Matthews, Robert T Woods, Carol Brayne, Linda ClareAbstract:Objectives: Poor social connections may be associated with poor cognition in older people who are not experiencing mental health problems, and the trajectory of this association may be moderated by Cognitive Reserve. However, it is unclear whether this relationship is the same for older people with symptoms of depression and anxiety. This paper aims to explore social relationships and Cognitive function in older people with depression and anxiety. Method: Baseline and two-year follow-up data were analysed from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study-Wales (CFAS-Wales). We compared levels of social isolation, loneliness, social contact, Cognitive function, and Cognitive Reserve at baseline amongst older people with and without depression or anxiety. Linear regression was used to assess the relationship between isolation and cognition at baseline and two-year follow-up in a subgroup of older people meeting pre-defined criteria for depression or anxiety. A moderation analysis tested for the moderating effect of Cognitive Reserve. Results: Older people with depression or anxiety perceived themselves as more isolated and lonely than those without depression or anxiety, despite having an equivalent level of social contact with friends and family. In people with depression or anxiety, social isolation was associated with poor Cognitive function at baseline, but not with Cognitive change at two-year follow-up. Cognitive Reserve did not moderate this association. Conclusion: Social isolation was associated with poor Cognitive function at baseline, but not two-year follow-up. This may be attributed to a reduction in mood-related symptoms at follow-up, linked to improved Cognitive function.
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social isolation Cognitive Reserve and cognition in healthy older people
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: Isobel E M Evans, David J Llewellyn, Fiona E Matthews, Robert T Woods, Carol Brayne, Linda ClareAbstract:There is evidence to suggest that social isolation is associated with poor Cognitive health, although findings are contradictory. One reason for inconsistency in reported findings may be a lack of consideration of underlying mechanisms that could influence this relationship. Cognitive Reserve is a theoretical concept that may account for the role of social isolation and its association with Cognitive outcomes in later life. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between social isolation and cognition in later life, and to consider the role of Cognitive Reserve in this relationship. Baseline and two year follow-up data from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study-Wales (CFAS-Wales) were analysed. Social isolation was assessed using the Lubben Social Network Scale-6 (LSNS-6), Cognitive function was assessed using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), and Cognitive Reserve was assessed using a proxy measure of education, occupational complexity, and Cognitive activity. Linear regression modelling was used to assess the relationship between social isolation and cognition. To assess the role of Cognitive Reserve in this relationship, moderation analysis was used to test for interaction effects. After controlling for age, gender, education, and physically limiting health conditions, social isolation was associated with Cognitive function at baseline and two year follow-up. Cognitive Reserve moderated this association longitudinally. Findings suggest that maintaining a socially active lifestyle in later life may enhance Cognitive Reserve and benefit Cognitive function. This has important implications for interventions that may target social isolation to improve Cognitive function.
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potentially modifiable lifestyle factors Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive function in later life a cross sectional study
PLOS Medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Fiona E Matthews, Carol Brayne, Linda Clare, Julia C Teale, Catherine Macleod, Bob Woods, Cfaswales Study TeamAbstract:Background Potentially modifiable lifestyle factors may influence Cognitive health in later life and offer potential to reduce the risk of Cognitive decline and dementia. The concept of Cognitive Reserve has been proposed as a mechanism to explain individual differences in rates of Cognitive decline, but its potential role as a mediating pathway has seldom been explored using data from large epidemiological studies. We explored the mediating effect of Cognitive Reserve on the cross-sectional association between lifestyle factors and Cognitive function in later life using data from a population-based cohort of healthy older people. Methods and findings We analysed data from 2,315 Cognitively healthy participants aged 65 y and over in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales (CFAS-Wales) cohort collected in 2011–2013. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the overall associations between five lifestyle factors—Cognitive and social activity, physical activity, diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking—and cognition, adjusting for demographic factors and chronic conditions. Mediation analysis tested for indirect effects of the lifestyle factors on cognition via Cognitive Reserve. After controlling for age, gender, and the presence of chronic conditions, Cognitive and social activity, physical activity, healthy diet, and light-to-moderate alcohol consumption were positively associated with Cognitive function, together accounting for 20% (95% CI 17%–23%) of variance in Cognitive test scores. Cognitive Reserve was an important mediator of this association, with indirect effects via Cognitive Reserve contributing 21% (95% CI 15%–27%) of the overall effect on cognition. The main limitations of the study derive from the cross-sectional nature of the data and the challenges of accurately measuring the latent construct of Cognitive Reserve. Conclusions Cross-sectional associations support the view that enhancing Cognitive Reserve may benefit cognition, and maintenance of Cognitive health may be supported by a healthy and active lifestyle, in later life.
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lifestyle factors Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive function results from the Cognitive function and ageing study wales a population based cohort
The Lancet, 2016Co-Authors: Julia C Teale, Fiona E Matthews, Carol Brayne, Bob Woods, Linda ClareAbstract:Abstract Background A wide range of lifestyle factors has been related to Cognitive decline and dementia but the mechanisms have not been investigated completely. Cognitive Reserve, the ability to optimise or maximise Cognitive performance by drawing on a range of brain networks and Cognitive strategies, accumulates throughout the life course and might have a mediating role in the pathway between lifestyle factors and Cognitive function in later life. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential mediating effect of Cognitive Reserve on the association between Cognitive function and lifestyle factors in a large cohort of older people in Wales. Methods This analysis was based on 2315 participants in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study Wales, a longitudinal population-based study of people aged 65 and over in two areas in Wales (Gwynedd and Anglesey, Neath and Port Talbot), excluding people living in institutions or having dementia, depression, or Cognitive impairment at baseline. Lifestyle factors included physical activity, smoking (never, former, current), frequency of alcohol consumption (from abstinent to almost every day), dietary pattern (intake of fruit, vegetables, fish, and wholemeal bread), and Cognitive and social activity. Linear regression modelling was used to investigate the associations between lifestyle factors, Cognitive Reserve (measured by education and occupational complexity), and Cognitive function and to estimate the indirect effects through Cognitive Reserve with bootstrapping CIs. All measures were standardised to provide comparable coefficients. Findings All lifestyle factors apart from smoking (no association) were positively associated with Cognitive function and explained 20% of variation across individuals after adjusting for age, sex, and chronic conditions. Cognitive Reserve contributed 22% of the indirect effect (standardised coefficient of total indirect effect 0·08, 95% CI 0·07–0·11) on the overall association between Cognitive function and four lifestyle factors (standardised coefficient of total effect for four lifestyle factors 0·39, 0·32–0·46). The strongest indirect effect was seen in dietary pattern (standardised coefficient 0·04, 0·03–0·05). Interpretation Cognitive Reserve appears to be an important mediator in the pathway between lifestyle and Cognitive function. This special mechanism for brain health in older age could inform the development of dementia prevention and risk reduction strategies. Funding Economic and Social Research Council.
Laura B Zahodne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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dynamic change of Cognitive Reserve associations with changes in brain cognition and diagnosis
Neurobiology of Aging, 2019Co-Authors: Brianne M Bettcher, Laura B Zahodne, Alden L Gross, Brandon E Gavett, Keith F Widaman, Evan Fletcher, Maritza N Dowling, Rachel F Buckley, Eider M Arenazaurquijo, Timothy J HohmanAbstract:Abstract Cognitive Reserve is inherently a dynamic construct; however, traditional methods of estimating Reserve have focused on static proxy variables. A recently proposed psychometric approach entails modeling Reserve as residual cognition not explained by demographic and brain variables. In this study, we extended this approach to longitudinal measurement and examined how change in Reserve relates to clinical outcomes in late life and influences the effect of brain atrophy on Cognitive decline. Results indicated that Cognitive Reserve changes were associated with progression of clinical diagnosis. More rapid depletion of Cognitive Reserve was associated with faster decline in nonmemory Cognitive functions, even after accounting for longitudinal brain atrophy. The effect of longitudinal brain atrophy on Cognitive decline differed based on the extent to which an individual's Reserve changed. Whereas depletion of Reserve appeared to unmask the effects of brain atrophy on Cognitive decline, maintenance of Reserve buffered against the negative effects of brain atrophy. Study results highlight that changes in Reserve may have important implications for individual differences in Cognitive aging trajectories.
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is residual memory variance a valid method for quantifying Cognitive Reserve a longitudinal application
Neuropsychologia, 2015Co-Authors: Laura B Zahodne, Jennifer J Manly, Adam M Brickman, Atul Narkhede, Erica Y Griffith, Vanessa A Guzman, Nicole Schupf, Yaakov SternAbstract:Cognitive Reserve describes the mismatch between brain integrity and Cognitive performance. Older adults with high Cognitive Reserve are more resilient to age-related brain pathology. Traditionally, Cognitive Reserve is indexed indirectly via static proxy variables (e.g., years of education). More recently, cross-sectional studies have suggested that Reserve can be expressed as residual variance in episodic memory performance that remains after accounting for demographic factors and brain pathology (whole brain, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes). The present study extends these methods to a longitudinal framework in a community-based cohort of 244 older adults who underwent two comprehensive neuropsychological and structural magnetic resonance imaging sessions over 4.6 years. On average, residual memory variance decreased over time, consistent with the idea that Cognitive Reserve is depleted over time. Individual differences in change in residual memory variance predicted incident dementia, independent of baseline residual memory variance. Multiple-group latent difference score models revealed tighter coupling between brain and language changes among individuals with decreasing residual memory variance. These results suggest that changes in residual memory variance may capture a dynamic aspect of Cognitive Reserve and could be a useful way to summarize individual Cognitive responses to brain changes. Change in residual memory variance among initially non-demented older adults was a better predictor of incident dementia than residual memory variance measured at one time-point.
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examining the association between late life depressive symptoms Cognitive function and brain volumes in the context of Cognitive Reserve
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2015Co-Authors: Deirdre Oshea, Jennifer J Manly, Laura B Zahodne, Robert Fieo, Jamie L Hamilton, Yaakov SternAbstract:Objective The present study aimed to investigate whether Cognitive Reserve moderated the association between depressive symptoms and cognition, as well as brain volumes in a sample of older adults. Methods Non-demented participants (n = 3484) were selected from the Washington Heights/Hamilton Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project (Northern Manhattan). A subsample of these participants without dementia (n = 703), who had brain imaging data, was also selected for a separate analysis. Depressive symptomatology was assessed with the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Reading level and years of education were used as measures of Cognitive Reserve. Four distinct Cognitive composite scores were calculated: executive function, memory, visual–spatial, and language. Results Multiple regression analysis revealed interaction effects between both measures of Cognitive Reserve and depressive symptoms on all the Cognitive outcome measures except for visual–spatial ability. Those with greater Reserve showed greater Cognitive decrements than those with lower levels of Reserve as depressive symptoms increased. A borderline interaction effect was revealed between reading level and depressive symptoms on total brain volumes. Those with lower reading scores showed greater volume loss as depressive symptoms increased than those with higher reading scores. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the association between late-life depressive symptoms and core aspects of cognition varies depending on one's level of Cognitive Reserve. Those that had greater levels of education and/or reading ability showed a greater decrease in memory, executive, and language performances as depressive symptoms increased than those with lower years of education and reading ability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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quantifying Cognitive Reserve in older adults by decomposing episodic memory variance replication and extension
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2013Co-Authors: Laura B Zahodne, Karen L Siedlecki, Charles Decarli, Jennifer J Manly, Adam M Brickman, Yaakov SternAbstract:The theory of Cognitive Reserve attempts to explain why some individuals are more resilient to age-related brain pathology. Efforts to explore Reserve have been hindered by measurement difficulties. Reed et al. (2010) proposed quantifying Reserve as residual variance in episodic memory performance that remains after accounting for demographic factors and brain pathology (whole brain, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes). This residual variance represents the discrepancy between an individual’s predicted and actual memory performance. The goals of the present study were to extend these methods to a larger, community-based sample and to investigate whether the residual Reserve variable is explained by age, predicts longitudinal changes in language, and predicts dementia conversion independent of age. Results support this operational measure of Reserve. The residual Reserve variable was associated with higher reading ability, lower likelihood of meeting criteria for mild Cognitive impairment, lower odds of dementia conversion in dependent of age, and less decline in language abilities over 3 years. Finally, the residual Reserve variable moderated the negative impact of memory variance explained by brain pathology on language decline. This method has the potential to facilitate research on the mechanisms of Cognitive Reserve and the efficacy of interventions designed to impart Reserve.
Jennifer J Manly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is residual memory variance a valid method for quantifying Cognitive Reserve a longitudinal application
Neuropsychologia, 2015Co-Authors: Laura B Zahodne, Jennifer J Manly, Adam M Brickman, Atul Narkhede, Erica Y Griffith, Vanessa A Guzman, Nicole Schupf, Yaakov SternAbstract:Cognitive Reserve describes the mismatch between brain integrity and Cognitive performance. Older adults with high Cognitive Reserve are more resilient to age-related brain pathology. Traditionally, Cognitive Reserve is indexed indirectly via static proxy variables (e.g., years of education). More recently, cross-sectional studies have suggested that Reserve can be expressed as residual variance in episodic memory performance that remains after accounting for demographic factors and brain pathology (whole brain, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes). The present study extends these methods to a longitudinal framework in a community-based cohort of 244 older adults who underwent two comprehensive neuropsychological and structural magnetic resonance imaging sessions over 4.6 years. On average, residual memory variance decreased over time, consistent with the idea that Cognitive Reserve is depleted over time. Individual differences in change in residual memory variance predicted incident dementia, independent of baseline residual memory variance. Multiple-group latent difference score models revealed tighter coupling between brain and language changes among individuals with decreasing residual memory variance. These results suggest that changes in residual memory variance may capture a dynamic aspect of Cognitive Reserve and could be a useful way to summarize individual Cognitive responses to brain changes. Change in residual memory variance among initially non-demented older adults was a better predictor of incident dementia than residual memory variance measured at one time-point.
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examining the association between late life depressive symptoms Cognitive function and brain volumes in the context of Cognitive Reserve
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2015Co-Authors: Deirdre Oshea, Jennifer J Manly, Laura B Zahodne, Robert Fieo, Jamie L Hamilton, Yaakov SternAbstract:Objective The present study aimed to investigate whether Cognitive Reserve moderated the association between depressive symptoms and cognition, as well as brain volumes in a sample of older adults. Methods Non-demented participants (n = 3484) were selected from the Washington Heights/Hamilton Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project (Northern Manhattan). A subsample of these participants without dementia (n = 703), who had brain imaging data, was also selected for a separate analysis. Depressive symptomatology was assessed with the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Reading level and years of education were used as measures of Cognitive Reserve. Four distinct Cognitive composite scores were calculated: executive function, memory, visual–spatial, and language. Results Multiple regression analysis revealed interaction effects between both measures of Cognitive Reserve and depressive symptoms on all the Cognitive outcome measures except for visual–spatial ability. Those with greater Reserve showed greater Cognitive decrements than those with lower levels of Reserve as depressive symptoms increased. A borderline interaction effect was revealed between reading level and depressive symptoms on total brain volumes. Those with lower reading scores showed greater volume loss as depressive symptoms increased than those with higher reading scores. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the association between late-life depressive symptoms and core aspects of cognition varies depending on one's level of Cognitive Reserve. Those that had greater levels of education and/or reading ability showed a greater decrease in memory, executive, and language performances as depressive symptoms increased than those with lower years of education and reading ability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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quantifying Cognitive Reserve in older adults by decomposing episodic memory variance replication and extension
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2013Co-Authors: Laura B Zahodne, Karen L Siedlecki, Charles Decarli, Jennifer J Manly, Adam M Brickman, Yaakov SternAbstract:The theory of Cognitive Reserve attempts to explain why some individuals are more resilient to age-related brain pathology. Efforts to explore Reserve have been hindered by measurement difficulties. Reed et al. (2010) proposed quantifying Reserve as residual variance in episodic memory performance that remains after accounting for demographic factors and brain pathology (whole brain, hippocampal, and white matter hyperintensity volumes). This residual variance represents the discrepancy between an individual’s predicted and actual memory performance. The goals of the present study were to extend these methods to a larger, community-based sample and to investigate whether the residual Reserve variable is explained by age, predicts longitudinal changes in language, and predicts dementia conversion independent of age. Results support this operational measure of Reserve. The residual Reserve variable was associated with higher reading ability, lower likelihood of meeting criteria for mild Cognitive impairment, lower odds of dementia conversion in dependent of age, and less decline in language abilities over 3 years. Finally, the residual Reserve variable moderated the negative impact of memory variance explained by brain pathology on language decline. This method has the potential to facilitate research on the mechanisms of Cognitive Reserve and the efficacy of interventions designed to impart Reserve.
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explaining differences in episodic memory performance among older african americans and whites the roles of factors related to Cognitive Reserve and test bias
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2011Co-Authors: Denise Fyffe, Jennifer J Manly, David A Bennett, Shubhabrata Mukherjee, Lisa L Barnes, Paul K CraneAbstract:Older African Americans tend to perform poorly in comparison with older Whites on episodic memory tests. Observed group differences may reflect some combination of biological differences, measurement bias, and other confounding factors that differ across groups. Cognitive Reserve refers to the hypothesis that factors, such as years of education, Cognitive activity, and socioeconomic status, promote brain resilience in the face of pathological threats to brain integrity in late life. Educational quality, measured by reading test performance, has been postulated as an important aspect of Cognitive Reserve. Previous studies have not concurrently evaluated test bias and other explanations for observed differences between older African Americans and Whites. We combined data from two studies to address this question. We analyzed data from 273 African American and 720 White older adults. We assessed DIF using an item response theory/ordinal logistic regression approach. DIF and factors associated with Cognitive Reserve did not explain the relationship between race, and age- and sex-adjusted episodic memory test performance. However, reading level did explain this relationship. The results reinforce the importance of considering education quality, as measured by reading level, when assessing cognition among diverse older adults.
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conceptual and measurement challenges in research on Cognitive Reserve
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2011Co-Authors: Richard N Jones, Jennifer J Manly, Maria M Glymour, Dorene M Rentz, Angela L Jefferson, Yaakov SternAbstract:Cognitive Reserve, broadly conceived, encompasses aspects of brain structure and function that optimize individual performance in the presence of injury or pathology. Reserve is defined as a feature of brain structure and/or function that modifies the relationship between injury or pathology and performance on neuropsychological tasks or clinical outcomes. Reserve is challenging to study for two reasons. The first is: Reserve is a hypothetical construct, and direct measures of Reserve are not available. Proxy variables and latent variable models are used to attempt to operationalize Reserve. The second is: in vivo measures of neuronal pathology are not widely available. It is challenging to develop and test models involving a risk factor (injury or pathology), a moderator (Reserve) and an outcome (performance or clinical status) when neither the risk factor nor the moderator are measured directly. We discuss approaches for quantifying Reserve with latent variable models, with emphasis on their application in the analysis of data from observational studies. Increasingly latent variable models are used to generate composites of Cognitive Reserve based on multiple proxies. We review the theoretical and ontological status of latent variable modeling approaches to Cognitive Reserve, and suggest research strategies for advancing the field. (JINS, 2011, 17, 593–601)