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Francesca Pennecchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • how many shades of grey are in Conformity Assessment due to measurement uncertainty
    Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019
    Co-Authors: Ilya Kuselman, Francesca Pennecchi, Ricardo Bettencourt J N Da Silva, Brynn D Hibbert
    Abstract:

    When a measured value of a property of a material or object differs from the upper or lower specification limit (actual or 'true' value) by the expanded measurement uncertainty or more, there is the clear decision on the material Conformity or nonConformity - 'white' or 'black'. In the interval from the measured value to the specification limit, covered by the expanded measurement uncertainty ('grey zone'), risks of false decisions on Conformity increase. Several kinds of the risks, named 'shades of grey', should be taken into account. For a multicomponent material there are four kinds of particular risks for each property value of the material (e.g. component concentration or content), and four kinds of total risks related to the material as a whole. Therefore, for n > 1 properties under control for the material Conformity Assessment one can distinguish 4(n +1) kinds of risks of false decisions – shades of grey.

  • spreadsheet for evaluation of global risks in Conformity Assessment of a multicomponent material or object
    Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 2019
    Co-Authors: Ricardo Bettencourt J N Da Silva, Francesca Pennecchi, Brynn D Hibbert, Felipe Rebello Lourenco, Ilya Kuselman
    Abstract:

    Abstract A user-friendly MS-Excel spreadsheet is developed for evaluation of global consumer's and producer's risks in Conformity Assessment of chemical composition of a multicomponent material or object, when up to four component concentrations are under control. These risks are probabilities of incorrect Conformity decisions related to a material batch (lot or similar) randomly drawn from a statistical population of such batches. The probabilities characterize the material quality globally, allowing the prediction of false decisions on Conformity of a future batch, based on the future measurement results. The spreadsheet program evaluates risks using Monte Carlo simulations. As input data, the following need to be provided to the software: parameters of normal or lognormal distribution of actual (‘true’) values of the component concentrations (prior distribution); parameters of the distribution of measurements results at the actual value of the component concentration (likelihood function); and correlation matrices for couples of the actual components' concentrations under control and also for corresponding measurement results. The spreadsheet is validated by comparison of the risk estimates with those calculated in R programing environment by numerical integration of the relevant analytical formulae. The developed Excel file and a demonstration videos of its use are available as electronic supplementary material.

  • Conformity Assessment of multicomponent materials or objects risk of false decisions due to measurement uncertainty a case study of denatured alcohols
    Talanta, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ilya Kuselman, Francesca Pennecchi, Ricardo Bettencourt J N Da Silva, Brynn D Hibbert
    Abstract:

    Abstract Risk of a false decision on Conformity of a multicomponent material or object due to measurement uncertainty is discussed. Even if Conformity Assessment for each component of a material sample is successful, the total probability of a false decision (total consumer’s risk or producer’s risk) concerning the sample as a whole might still be significant. A model of the total probability of such false decisions is formulated based on the law (theorem) of total probability. It is shown that the total risk can be evaluated as a combination of the particular risks of Conformity Assessment of sample components. For a more complicated task, i.e. for a larger number of components of a sample under control, the total risk is greater. As a case study, the total probability of false conforming (total consumer’s risk) is evaluated for customs control of completely denatured alcohols, where Conformity Assessment is performed by comparison of chemical analytical test results with the regulatory limits.

  • Conformity Assessment of multicomponent materials or objects: Risk of false decisions due to measurement uncertainty – A case study of denatured alcohols
    Talanta, 2016
    Co-Authors: Ilya Kuselman, Francesca Pennecchi, Ricardo J.n. Bettencourt Da Silva, D. Brynn Hibbert
    Abstract:

    Abstract Risk of a false decision on Conformity of a multicomponent material or object due to measurement uncertainty is discussed. Even if Conformity Assessment for each component of a material sample is successful, the total probability of a false decision (total consumer’s risk or producer’s risk) concerning the sample as a whole might still be significant. A model of the total probability of such false decisions is formulated based on the law (theorem) of total probability. It is shown that the total risk can be evaluated as a combination of the particular risks of Conformity Assessment of sample components. For a more complicated task, i.e. for a larger number of components of a sample under control, the total risk is greater. As a case study, the total probability of false conforming (total consumer’s risk) is evaluated for customs control of completely denatured alcohols, where Conformity Assessment is performed by comparison of chemical analytical test results with the regulatory limits.

  • bayesian Conformity Assessment in presence of systematic measurement errors
    Metrologia, 2016
    Co-Authors: Carlo Carobbi, Francesca Pennecchi
    Abstract:

    Conformity Assessment of the distribution of the values of a quantity is investigated by using a Bayesian approach. The effect of systematic, non-negligible measurement errors is taken into account. The analysis is general, in the sense that the probability distribution of the quantity can be of any kind, that is even different from the ubiquitous normal distribution, and the measurement model function, linking the measurand with the observable and non-observable influence quantities, can be non-linear. Further, any joint probability density function can be used to model the available knowledge about the systematic errors. It is demonstrated that the result of the Bayesian analysis here developed reduces to the standard result (obtained through a frequentistic approach) when the systematic measurement errors are negligible. A consolidated frequentistic extension of such standard result, aimed at including the effect of a systematic measurement error, is directly compared with the Bayesian result, whose superiority is demonstrated. Application of the results here obtained to the derivation of the operating characteristic curves used for sampling plans for inspection by variables is also introduced.

P Weidich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Bedeutung und Konsequenzen der Stellenzahl bei der Konformitaetsbewertung / Significance and consequences of the plausible numbers of digits for Conformity Assessment
    2020
    Co-Authors: S Buechler, T Deutler, W Hinrichs, M Von Der Hude, W Kudla, B Maxeiner, K Schulze, P Weidich
    Abstract:

    Die Merkblattreihe "Statistische Auswertung von Pruefergebnissen" dient einer Verbesserung der Vergleichbarkeit von Arbeitsergebnissen mit statistischem Bezug und richtet sich vor allem an Personen, die technische Regelwerke erstellen und in Kraft setzen. Der Teil 6 enthaelt ausfuehrliche Informationen zur geeigneten Stellenzahl von Pruefergebnissen und Empfehlungen, die auch bei der Festlegung von Anforderungswerten beachtet werden sollten. Eine wesentliche Eingangsgroesse ist die Praezision des zugehoerigen Pruefverfahrens. Dadurch ist der Teil 6 auch fuer die Konformitaetsbewertung von Bedeutung, weil der Vergleich von Pruefergebnissen mit Anforderungswerten deren zentrale Taetigkeit ist. In dem Beitrag wird an Beispielen aus der Praxis erlaeutert, welche Konsequenzen sich ergeben koennen, wenn die Stellenzahlen von Anforderungswert und Pruefergebnis differieren. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The series of instructions "Statistical evaluation of test results" serve to improve the comparability of working results which have a statistical basis. It is mainly designed for persons involved in writing technical notes and putting them into force. Part 6 contains information on plausible numbers of digits of test results and recommendations that should be followed when setting up requirements. The precision of the test method plays an important role here. It is relevant for Conformity Assessment as a comparison of test results with quantitative requirements is a basic activity. In the paper examples illustrate the consequences if the numbers of test result and requirement value are not the same. (A)

  • bedeutung und konsequenzen der stellenzahl bei der konformitaetsbewertung significance and consequences of the plausible numbers of digits for Conformity Assessment
    Straße Und Autobahn, 2009
    Co-Authors: S Buechler, T Deutler, W Hinrichs, M Von Der Hude, W Kudla, B Maxeiner, K Schulze, P Weidich
    Abstract:

    Die Merkblattreihe "Statistische Auswertung von Pruefergebnissen" dient einer Verbesserung der Vergleichbarkeit von Arbeitsergebnissen mit statistischem Bezug und richtet sich vor allem an Personen, die technische Regelwerke erstellen und in Kraft setzen. Der Teil 6 enthaelt ausfuehrliche Informationen zur geeigneten Stellenzahl von Pruefergebnissen und Empfehlungen, die auch bei der Festlegung von Anforderungswerten beachtet werden sollten. Eine wesentliche Eingangsgroesse ist die Praezision des zugehoerigen Pruefverfahrens. Dadurch ist der Teil 6 auch fuer die Konformitaetsbewertung von Bedeutung, weil der Vergleich von Pruefergebnissen mit Anforderungswerten deren zentrale Taetigkeit ist. In dem Beitrag wird an Beispielen aus der Praxis erlaeutert, welche Konsequenzen sich ergeben koennen, wenn die Stellenzahlen von Anforderungswert und Pruefergebnis differieren. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The series of instructions "Statistical evaluation of test results" serve to improve the comparability of working results which have a statistical basis. It is mainly designed for persons involved in writing technical notes and putting them into force. Part 6 contains information on plausible numbers of digits of test results and recommendations that should be followed when setting up requirements. The precision of the test method plays an important role here. It is relevant for Conformity Assessment as a comparison of test results with quantitative requirements is a basic activity. In the paper examples illustrate the consequences if the numbers of test result and requirement value are not the same. (A)

William O'donohue - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Psychometrics of the Rape Conformity Assessment and Other Measures: Implications for Rape Prevention
    Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 1998
    Co-Authors: Paul A. Schewe, William O'donohue
    Abstract:

    This study investigated the psychometric properties and aspects of the construct validity of the Rape Conformity Assessment (RCA). In addition, the test–retest reliability and internal consistency of Malamuth's Attraction to Sexual Aggression scale and Burt's Rape Myth Acceptance, Acceptance of Interpersonal Violence (AIV), and Adversarial Sexual Beliefs scales were investigated. One hundred twenty-six undergraduate males in three samples served as subjects. Findings suggest that the RCA may be useful as a disguised measure that addresses the social desirability problem in rape prevention and treatment outcome research. With the exception of the AIV, the psychometric properties of the administered scales were adequate. The Conformity manipulation revealed strong effects, which suggests that the potential to rape should be viewed not only as a trait but also as having situational components.

S Buechler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Bedeutung und Konsequenzen der Stellenzahl bei der Konformitaetsbewertung / Significance and consequences of the plausible numbers of digits for Conformity Assessment
    2020
    Co-Authors: S Buechler, T Deutler, W Hinrichs, M Von Der Hude, W Kudla, B Maxeiner, K Schulze, P Weidich
    Abstract:

    Die Merkblattreihe "Statistische Auswertung von Pruefergebnissen" dient einer Verbesserung der Vergleichbarkeit von Arbeitsergebnissen mit statistischem Bezug und richtet sich vor allem an Personen, die technische Regelwerke erstellen und in Kraft setzen. Der Teil 6 enthaelt ausfuehrliche Informationen zur geeigneten Stellenzahl von Pruefergebnissen und Empfehlungen, die auch bei der Festlegung von Anforderungswerten beachtet werden sollten. Eine wesentliche Eingangsgroesse ist die Praezision des zugehoerigen Pruefverfahrens. Dadurch ist der Teil 6 auch fuer die Konformitaetsbewertung von Bedeutung, weil der Vergleich von Pruefergebnissen mit Anforderungswerten deren zentrale Taetigkeit ist. In dem Beitrag wird an Beispielen aus der Praxis erlaeutert, welche Konsequenzen sich ergeben koennen, wenn die Stellenzahlen von Anforderungswert und Pruefergebnis differieren. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The series of instructions "Statistical evaluation of test results" serve to improve the comparability of working results which have a statistical basis. It is mainly designed for persons involved in writing technical notes and putting them into force. Part 6 contains information on plausible numbers of digits of test results and recommendations that should be followed when setting up requirements. The precision of the test method plays an important role here. It is relevant for Conformity Assessment as a comparison of test results with quantitative requirements is a basic activity. In the paper examples illustrate the consequences if the numbers of test result and requirement value are not the same. (A)

  • bedeutung und konsequenzen der stellenzahl bei der konformitaetsbewertung significance and consequences of the plausible numbers of digits for Conformity Assessment
    Straße Und Autobahn, 2009
    Co-Authors: S Buechler, T Deutler, W Hinrichs, M Von Der Hude, W Kudla, B Maxeiner, K Schulze, P Weidich
    Abstract:

    Die Merkblattreihe "Statistische Auswertung von Pruefergebnissen" dient einer Verbesserung der Vergleichbarkeit von Arbeitsergebnissen mit statistischem Bezug und richtet sich vor allem an Personen, die technische Regelwerke erstellen und in Kraft setzen. Der Teil 6 enthaelt ausfuehrliche Informationen zur geeigneten Stellenzahl von Pruefergebnissen und Empfehlungen, die auch bei der Festlegung von Anforderungswerten beachtet werden sollten. Eine wesentliche Eingangsgroesse ist die Praezision des zugehoerigen Pruefverfahrens. Dadurch ist der Teil 6 auch fuer die Konformitaetsbewertung von Bedeutung, weil der Vergleich von Pruefergebnissen mit Anforderungswerten deren zentrale Taetigkeit ist. In dem Beitrag wird an Beispielen aus der Praxis erlaeutert, welche Konsequenzen sich ergeben koennen, wenn die Stellenzahlen von Anforderungswert und Pruefergebnis differieren. (A) ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: The series of instructions "Statistical evaluation of test results" serve to improve the comparability of working results which have a statistical basis. It is mainly designed for persons involved in writing technical notes and putting them into force. Part 6 contains information on plausible numbers of digits of test results and recommendations that should be followed when setting up requirements. The precision of the test method plays an important role here. It is relevant for Conformity Assessment as a comparison of test results with quantitative requirements is a basic activity. In the paper examples illustrate the consequences if the numbers of test result and requirement value are not the same. (A)

Jānis Mazais - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Assessment of Technical Harmonisation and Conformity in the Global Market
    Intellectual economics, 2020
    Co-Authors: Raimonda Liepiņa, Inga Lapiņa, Jānis Mazais
    Abstract:

    The effects of globalization are increasingly felt all over the world. The world is becoming more homogeneous, since different kinds of products can be offered to a wider range of customers. One of the essential preconditions for free movement of goods between states and unions of states is harmonisation of their technical requirements. The EU has determined requirements for goods in order to avoid any damage they could create for human health, life and environment. Thus, the importance of Conformity Assessment grows along with increase of trade volumes between states. The Conformity Assessment sphere is characterised by guaranteed product safety: product compliance with certain requirements is certified. The article aims to evaluate technical harmonization of product requirements, Conformity Assessment system, to analyse its development and changes before and after Latvia’s accession to the EU single market. The research reflects the relationship between the Conformity Assessment system, its elements and economic development. Main research methods are analysis and comparison. Research restriction—product Conformity Assessment. In the results of the research, the authors conclude that the Conformity Assessment system, which consists of several elements: accreditation, standardization, metrology, is a precondition for successful integration in the global market.

  • Sustainability in Conformity Assessment: Flexibility of Technical Harmonization
    Flexible Systems Management, 2020
    Co-Authors: Raimonda Liepiņa, Inga Lapiņa, Jānis Mazais
    Abstract:

    The beginnings of the European Union (EU) can be attributed to the desire to promote mutual cooperation and trade in order to support production facilitation. This chapter aims to present recommendations for the improvement of the technical harmonization and Conformity Assessment system based on the evaluation of the existing approaches. The necessity for Assessment of the existing technical harmonization approaches arose in line with the development of manufacturing and technologies, changes in management strategies and development of global value chains (GVC) where different stages of the production process are located across different countries. The research mainly employed qualitative research methods: analysis of regulations and binding documents, logical constructive analysis and comparison, interviews with experts. The authors have established an interrelation between the technical harmonization approaches and are proposing to adopt a new approach—the Technical Harmonization Approach. Through that authors encompass all elements that are essential for product quality assurance and Conformity Assessment to facilitate product global supply and distribution. In addition, the authors propose to adopt unified requirements for metrology and Conformity Assessment of products when they are in use within the EU single market. In order to facilitate the application of requirements, the authors have grouped them and propose to separately regulate each of these groups. Through that authors propose development of post sales activities. The development of methodologies of technical harmonization approaches would facilitate the work of manufacturers and other stakeholders; it would promote manufacturing of qualitative products as well as sustainable development of entrepreneurship. It is suggested that the results of this research can be used by a number of stakeholders: manufacturers, traders, consumers, etc. At the same time, the results can be used as a basis for further improvement of technical harmonization approaches and sustainability of Conformity Assessment that would facilitate global trade and help manufacturers to participate in GVCs.

  • Contemporary issues of quality management: relationship between Conformity Assessment and quality management
    Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014
    Co-Authors: Raimonda Liepiņa, Inga Lapiņa, Jānis Mazais
    Abstract:

    Abstract Conformity Assessment is associated with quality and it can be used to assess the quality if explicit requirements for product quality exist. The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate relationship between Conformity Assessment and quality management. Research is done by studying and evaluating each component of the quality management, meanwhile identifying the actions to be taken in each of them. After evaluating the elements of quality management, the activities carried out within its framework and comparing them with the product Conformity Assessment activities, it is proved that Conformity Assessment is closely related to quality management, ensuring that compliant and reliable products are placed on the market, delivered for use and used.