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Okko Olli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implementing nuclear non-proliferation in Finland : Regulatory control, international cooperation and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : Annual report 2019
'Helsinki Law Review', 2020Co-Authors: Okko OlliAbstract:Abstract The regulatory control of nuclear materials (nuclear safeguards) is a prerequisite for the peaceful use of nuclear energy in Finland. In order to maintain the Finnish part of the international agreements on nuclear non-proliferation – mainly the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) – this regulatory control is implemented mainly by the Nuclear Materials Safeguards Section of the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK). In addition, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA) and Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (MEAE), have their roles in safeguards. During 2019, STUK together with the ministries continued and further strengthened national cooperation in the areas of non-proliferation, export control and nuclear disarmament. Finland has quite significant nuclear power Production, but the related nuclear industry is rather limited. Most of the declared nuclear materials (uranium, plutonium and thorium) in Finland reside at the nuclear power plants at Olkiluoto and Loviisa. Additionally, there is the shut-down research reactor in Espoo with nuclear fuel still at the site, as well as a dozen minor nuclear material holders in Finland. A new category of nuclear material holder was initiated in 2018 owing to the decision of the MEAE that all Production source material grade uranium in the metal industry must be licensed according to Finnish nuclear energy legislation. STUK therefore granted operating licences to the Boliden Group’s Zinc and Copper Production units at Kokkola and Harjavalta, owing to the uranium-rich intermediate Copper Product. These operations and materials are not considered by the European Commission and are excluded from the EU Safeguards Regulation owing to the non-nuclear use of the source material. In 2019, Dragon Mining Oy was licensed for its uranium-rich gold concentrates. STUK maintains a national nuclear materials accountancy system and verifies that nuclear activities in Finland are carried out in accordance with the Finnish Nuclear Energy Act and Decree, European Union Safeguards Regulation and international agreements. These tasks are performed to verify that Finland can assure itself and the international community of the absence of undeclared nuclear activities and materials. In addition to this, the IAEA evaluates the success of the state safeguards system, and the European Commission participates in safeguarding the materials under its jurisdiction. The results of STUK's nuclear safeguards inspection activities in 2019 continued to demonstrate that Finnish licence holders take good care of their nuclear materials. There were no indications of undeclared nuclear materials or activities, and the inspected materials and activities were in accordance with the stakeholders' declarations. The number of international inspection days per year is approximately 25. According to the statements on inspection results and the conclusion of safeguards implementation provided by the IAEA and the Commission, neither the IAEA nor the Commission made any remarks or required any actions in 2019. At the end of 2018, however, there was an unresolved request for clarification concerning findings in environmental sampling carried out by the IAEA in April 2018. The clarification was consequently prepared and provided to the IAEA in early 2019. In addition, there were a few other follow-ups pending owing to equipment maintenance needs that were resolved in the beginning of 2019. By means of their nuclear materials accountancy and control systems, the stakeholders enabled STUK to fulfil its own obligations under the international agreements relevant to nuclear safeguards. In safeguards, STUK is continuing with 40 annual inspections and 60 inspection days. A major goal of all current Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)-related activities is the entry into force of the CTBT itself. An important prerequisite for such positive political action is that the verification system of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is functioning and able to provide assurance to all parties that it is impossible to carry out a clandestine nuclear test without detection. The Finnish National Data Centre for the CTBT (FiNDC) is committed to its own role in the common endeavour, so that the verification system of the CTBTO can accomplish its detection task. Human resources development at the Nuclear Materials Section during 2019 was focused on comprehensive competence development taking into account the risk assessment of certain areas of expertise and the ability of personnel to cope at work. The objective is to ensure the necessary human resources now and in the future, and to develop the work and work flows to fulfil STUK’s strategy for 2018–2022. As a continuation of technical development work, due to the need to regulate the construction of the disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel at the Olkiluoto repository site, safeguards instrumentation was under development, in particular passive gamma emission tomography and passive neutron albedo reactivity measurement for the verification of spent fuel. In addition, STUK contributed to educational workshops and training courses for authorities that represent nuclear newcomers: countries that aim at uranium Production or nuclear power in cooperation with the IAEA. STUK also contributed to EU-funded projects to promote safeguards and regulators in Tanzania and Vietnam
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Implementing nuclear non-proliferation in Finland : Regulatory control, international cooperation and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty : Annual report 2018
'Helsinki Law Review', 2019Co-Authors: Okko OlliAbstract:Abstract The regulatory control of nuclear materials (nuclear safeguards) is a prerequisite for the peaceful use of nuclear energy in Finland. In order to maintain the Finnish part of the international agreements on nuclear non-proliferation – mainly the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) – this regulatory control is implemented mainly by the Nuclear Materials Safeguards Section of the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority (STUK). In addition, the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA) and Ministry of Economic Affairs and Employment (MEAE), have their roles in safeguards. During 2018, STUK together with the ministries strengthened national cooperation in the areas of non-proliferation, export control and nuclear disarmament. Finland has quite significant nuclear power Production, but the related nuclear industry is rather limited. Most of the declared nuclear materials (uranium, plutonium and thorium) in Finland reside at the nuclear power plants at Olkiluoto and Loviisa. Additionally, there is the shut-down research reactor in Espoo with nuclear fuel at the site, as well as a dozen minor nuclear material holders in Finland. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Commission made their visits to the construction site of the Olkiluoto 3 unit and installed safeguards instrumentation before the first fuel delivery that took place in 2017. The initial inventory verification of the new reactor unit was carried out in February 2018. A new category of nuclear material holder was initiated in 2018 owing to the decision of the MEAE that all Production source material grade uranium in the metal industry must be licensed according to Finnish nuclear energy legislation. STUK therefore granted operating licences to the Boliden Group’s Zinc and Copper Production units at Kokkola and Harjavalta, owing to the uranium-rich intermediate Copper Product. These operations and materials are not considered by the European Commission and are excluded from the EU Safeguards Regulation owing to the non-nuclear use of the source material. STUK maintains a national nuclear materials accountancy system and verifies that nuclear activities in Finland are carried out in accordance with the Finnish Nuclear Energy Act and Decree, European Union Safeguards Regulation and international agreements. These tasks are performed to verify that Finland can assure itself and the international community of the absence of undeclared nuclear activities and materials. In addition to this, the IAEA evaluates the success of the state safeguards system, and the European Commission participates in safeguarding the materials under its jurisdiction. The results of STUK’s nuclear safeguards inspection activities in 2018 continued to demonstrate that Finnish licence holders take good care of their nuclear materials. There were no indications of undeclared nuclear materials or activities, and the inspected materials and activities were in accordance with the stakeholders’ declarations. The number of routine inspection days of the international inspectorates has been reduced significantly due to the state-level safeguards approach for Finland, which has been in force since 2008. The number of international inspection days per year is approximately 25. According to the statements on inspection results and the conclusion of safeguards implementation provided by the IAEA and the Commission, neither the IAEA nor the Commission made any remarks or required any actions. However, at the end of 2018 there was an unresolved request for clarification concerning findings after the activities carried out by the IAEA in April 2018. This clarification was consequently prepared and provided to the IAEA in early 2019. In addition, there were a few other follow-ups pending owing to equipment maintenance needs. By means of their nuclear materials accountancy and control systems, the stakeholders enabled STUK to fulfil its own obligations under the international agreements relevant to nuclear safeguards. In safeguards, STUK continues with 40 annual inspections and 60 inspection days. A major goal of all current Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)-related activities is the entry into force of the CTBT itself. An important prerequisite for such positive political action is that the verification system of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) is functioning and able to provide assurance to all parties that it is impossible to make a clandestine nuclear test without detection. The FiNDC is committed to its own role in the common endeavour, so that the verification system of the CTBTO can accomplish its detection task. Human resources development at the Nuclear Materials Section during 2018 was focused on a comprehensive competence development taking into account the risk assessment of certain areas of expertise and the ability of personnel to cope at work. The objective is to ensure the necessary human resources now and in the future and to develop the work and work flows to fulfil STUK’s strategy for 2018–2022 with emphasis on the strategic target of ‘having the happiest civil servants in the world’. As a continuation of technical development work, due to the need to regulate the construction of the disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel at the Olkiluoto repository site, safeguards instrumentation was under development, in particular passive gamma emission tomography and passive neutron albedo reactivity measurement for the verification of spent fuel. In addition, STUK contributed to educational workshops and training courses for authorities that represent nuclear newcomers: countries that aim at uranium Production or nuclear power in cooperation with the IAEA. STUK also contributed to EU-funded projects in Tanzania and Vietnam, respectively. In 2018, the partnerships programme between King Abdullah City for Atomic and Renewable Energy (K.A.CARE), the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and STUK continued supporting the establishment of Saudi Arabia’s regulatory authority in relation to its nuclear energy programme
Lucian Dascalescu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative study of three high voltage electrode configurations for the electrostatic separation of aluminum Copper and pvc from granular weee
Journal of Electrostatics, 2017Co-Authors: Gontran Richard, Abdelhady Salama, Karim Medles, Thami Zeghloul, Lucian DascalescuAbstract:Abstract Roll-type electrostatic separators are mostly employed for the selective sorting of conductive and non-conductive constituents of granular mixtures. In case of waste electric and electronic equipment, several conductive materials may be simultaneously present in the composition of the granular mixture to be separated. The aim of this paper is to prove the feasibility of processing an Aluminum/Copper/PVC mixture using a roll-type electrostatic separator. Three high-voltage electrode configurations were studied. Experiments prove that the association of a high-voltage S-shaped plate electrode with a corona wire electrode gives the best separation results. The electric forces pin the corona-charged PVC particles to the roll electrode, while the lighter aluminum and heavier Copper particles are diverted to the high-voltage electrode. The aluminum contained in the Copper Product can be removed by a second pass in a separator that makes use only of the S-shaped electrode. In this way, 75% of the aluminum particles and 99.97% of the PVC particles can be removed, to obtain a 98% pure Copper Product.
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Electrostatic separation of metals and plastics from granular industrial wastes
IEE Proceedings - Science Measurement and Technology, 2001Co-Authors: Alexandru Iuga, Adrian Samuila, Roman Morar, Lucian DascalescuAbstract:Recycling of metals and plastics from wastes is one of the major applications of the electrostatic separation technologies. The paper analyses the multitude of factors that affect the efficiency of this technique, to establish design principles and formulate operation recommendations. The theoretical analysis of corona and induction charging of, respectively, insulating and conducting particles allows a crude evaluation of the role of the various factors involved, including the electric field strength E0 and the current density J in the active zone of the separator. A first set of experiments has been carried out for estimating E0, J and the charging time constant τ, based on the measurement of the current voltage characteristic of a standard electrode arrangement. A second set of experiments consisted of three series of separation tests performed on samples of millimetre-sized granulated electric wire scrap (62.5%, Copper, 37.5%, PVC). By using a combined corona-electrostatic field and a three-stage separation scheme, a PVC concentrate containing less than 0.04%, Copper (recovery: 92.2%,) and a Copper Product with less than 0.1%, PVC (recovery: 90.8%,) were obtained. Design and operation recommendations were formulated regarding the optimum electrode arrangement, high-voltage level, roll speed and feed rate for typical industrustal applications
Okubo Hiroaki - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Copper powder for additive manufacturing and additive manufactured Product
2019Co-Authors: Sugitani Yuji, Nishizawa Yoshito, Maruyama Takeshi, Okubo HiroakiAbstract:The present invention provides a Copper powder for additive manufacturing, wherein tin (Sn) is added so that a high-density additive manufactured Product is obtained by means of an additive manufacturing method in which a fiber laser is used as a heat source by appropriately reducing the electrical conductivity of Copper. According to the present invention, an additive manufactured Product having a high density and high electrical conductivity can be obtained. This Copper powder for additive manufacturing is obtained by adding elemental tin to pure Copper. The Copper powder preferably contains at least 0.5 wt% of elemental tin, and more preferably at least 5.0 wt% of elemental tin. The Copper powder contains at most 6.0 wt% of elemental tin when having sufficient electrical conductivity for a Copper Product. It is preferable that no elements other than elemental tin are added to the Copper powder.
Jinping Jia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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green recycle of Copper ions in saccharin sodium wastewater by direct electrodeposition using rotating thin Copper disc electrode
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2019Co-Authors: Ning Ding, Diwen Ying, Jinhuan Cheng, Xuan Jiang, Yalin Wang, Xiaoyong Dou, Jinping JiaAbstract:Green recycle and reuse of Copper ions in saccharin sodium wastewater have been proved to be practically applicable, and the most difficult electrodeposition step of [CuCl4]2– to Cu0, much more difficult than normal Cu2+ to Cu0, has been successfully overcome by the rotating Copper disk method. The developed method was precisely targeted at the demand of saccharin sodium wastewater and met the quality standard of reused Copper Product for original manufacturing process in Kaifeng Xinghua Special Chemical Ltd., the largest saccharin sodium salt manufacturer. Experimental data show that the rotating disk electrode significantly increased the reaction current in both lab scale and pilot scale, indicating that the disadvantages of the slight increase in the reaction current and low reaction rate in conventional Copper electrodeposition have been successfully overcome. Impedance analysis revealed a huge reduction of dissociative electron-transfer capacitance and double-layer capacitance simultaneously. The ove...
Veena Sahajwalla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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thermal transformation of printed circuit boards at 500 c for synthesis of a Copper based Product
Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018Co-Authors: Khushalini Ulman, Samane Maroufi, Saroj Bhattacharyya, Veena SahajwallaAbstract:Abstract This paper details the synthesis of Copper-based Products (i.e. Cu, Cu-Ni-Sn, Cu-Sn) from printed circuit boards (PCBs) using thermal transformation at 500 °C. The temperatures investigated in this paper are much lower than those used in conventional electronic waste smelting industries. This helps in reducing the energy requirements of the process opening up pathways for sustainable PCB processing technology. The resulting Copper-based Product comprises up to 94% metallic Cu, 2.5% Cu-Ni-Sn and 0.7% Cu-Sn alloys. Metallic Cu and Cu-Ni-Sn alloy are present in face centered cubic (FCC) form whereas Cu-Sn alloy possesses hexagonal closed packed (HCP) structure. XPS attests complete absence of oxides in metallic Cu. The Copper Product exhibits 4.57 × 10 7 ± 0.084 S m −1 electrical conductivity, equivalent to 78% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard), which potentially enables its application in electrical switches or wire terminals. We have thus successfully developed a Copper-based Product from electronic waste, studied its properties and explored it from an application point of view.