The Experts below are selected from a list of 252 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Feng Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
copper doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite microspheres synthesized by a microwave hydrothermal method using Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source application in drug delivery and enhanced bone regeneration
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2017Co-Authors: Tuanwei Sun, Feng Chen, Yingjie Zhu, Zhenyu Ding, Huakun Zhao, Zhongmin Shi, Daoyun ChenAbstract:The development of multifunctional biomaterials with drug delivery ability, and pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic activities has garnered increasing interest in the field of regenerative medicine. In the present study, hypoxia-mimicking copper (Cu)-doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HAP) microspheres (Cu-MHMs) were successfully synthesized through a microwave-hydrothermal method by using Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source. The Cu-MHMs doped with 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mol% Cu were prepared. The Cu-MHMs consisting of HAP nanorods or nanosheets exhibited a hierarchically mesoporous hollow structure and a high specific surface area. Then the Cu-MHMs were investigated as a drug nanocarrier using doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a model drug. The Cu-MHMs showed a relatively high drug-loading capacity and a pH-responsive drug release behavior. Furthermore, the Cu-MHMs were incorporated into a chitosan (CS) matrix to construct a biomimetic scaffold optimized for bone regeneration. The Cu-MHM/CS composite scaffolds maintained high degrees of porosity and showed a sustained release of Cu ions. More importantly, the Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds not only enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) but also promoted the migration and tube formation of EA.hy926 cells. When implanted in rat critical-sized calvarial defects, the Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds significantly enhanced bone regeneration accompanied by more new blood vessel formation at 8 weeks post-operation compared with the MHM/CS scaffolds. These results suggest that the hypoxia-mimicking Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds could encourage bone regeneration by enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis simultaneously, which bodes well for the reconstruction of vascularized tissue-engineered bone.
-
sonochemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoflowers using Creatine Phosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphorus source and their application in protein adsorption
RSC Advances, 2016Co-Authors: Yingjie Zhu, Tuanwei Sun, Yingying Jiang, Yonggang Zhang, Feng ChenAbstract:In this paper, the one-step rapid synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoflowers (HAFs) using Creatine Phosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphorus source by the sonochemical method is reported. The HAFs with diameters of about 300 nm are formed by self-assembly of hydroxyapatite nanosheets with thicknesses of less than 10 nm. The as-prepared samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen sorptometry, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy. The MTT tests show that the as-prepared HAFs exhibit essentially inappreciable toxicity to MC-3T3 osteoblast cells, indicating that the HAFs have an excellent cytocompatibility. Moreover, the as-prepared HAFs show a relatively high protein adsorption ability when using hemoglobin (Hb) as a model protein. Thus, the as-prepared HAFs are promising for applications in various biomedical fields such as protein/drug delivery.
-
magnesium Phosphate pentahydrate nanosheets microwave hydrothermal rapid synthesis using Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source and application in protein adsorption
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2016Co-Authors: Yingjie Zhu, Tuanwei Sun, Feng ChenAbstract:Magnesium Phosphate materials have aroused interest of researchers in recent years and are promising for biomedical applications due to their good biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this work, we report the microwave-hydrothermal rapid synthesis of magnesium Phosphate pentahydrate nanosheets (MPHSs) using biocompatible Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source. This method is facile, rapid, surfactant-free and environmentally friendly. The as-prepared MPHSs have an obvious pH-dependent dissolution performance which can be used as an ideal pH-responsive nanocarrier for drug and gene delivery. Moreover, the MPHSs have a good cytocompatibility and a high ability to promote osteoblast MC-3T3 adhesion and spreading, as well as a relatively high protein adsorption ability using hemoglobin (Hb) as a model protein. Thus, the MPHSs are promising for the applications in biomedical fields such as protein adsorption and bone regeneration.
-
porous microspheres of magnesium whitlockite and amorphous calcium magnesium Phosphate microwave assisted rapid synthesis using Creatine Phosphate and application in drug delivery
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2015Co-Authors: Yingjie Zhu, Feng ChenAbstract:Magnesium whitlockite (WH: Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12), as an abundant and biologically important biomineral in living bone, is unfortunately difficult to synthesize. Herein, we report a microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of single-phase WH hollow porous microspheres and highly stable amorphous calcium magnesium Phosphate (ACMP) porous microspheres by using Creatine Phosphate (CP) biomolecules as a biocompatible organic phosphorus source. The crystal phase and morphology of the product can be adjusted by the Ca/Mg molar ratio in the initial reaction solution, and CP biomolecules play an important role in the synthesis of the product. The as-synthesized WH hollow porous microspheres and ACMP porous microspheres have high biocompatibility and excellent ability to promote the adhesion and spreading of MC-3T3 osteoblasts. Moreover, WH hollow porous microspheres and ACMP porous microspheres are efficient at the loading and release of the anticancer drug doxorubicin, and exhibit slow, sustainable and pH-responsive drug release behavior. The high drug loading capacity (753 mg g−1) and drug encapsulation efficiency (more than 94%) render the ACMP porous microspheres an appealing carrier for anticancer drug delivery to enhance long-term chemotherapeutic efficacy.
-
solvothermal synthesis of oriented hydroxyapatite nanorod nanosheet arrays using Creatine Phosphate as phosphorus source
CrystEngComm, 2013Co-Authors: Feng Chen, Yingjie Zhu, Xinyu ZhaoAbstract:Synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) oriented arrays is difficult but significant in biomineralization research for biomaterials. Herein, a novel strategy for the synthesis of HAp nanorod/nanosheet oriented arrays has been developed in the presence of biomolecules of Creatine Phosphate (CP) using solvothermal treatment in mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and water. In this reaction system, CP biomolecules act as an organic phosphorus source and a soft template for the formation of HAp oriented arrays. This method does not need any hard template or surfactant, avoiding the procedures and cost for their removal from the product. The products are characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The formation mechanism of HAp nanorod/nanosheet oriented arrays is discussed.
Yingjie Zhu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
copper doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite microspheres synthesized by a microwave hydrothermal method using Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source application in drug delivery and enhanced bone regeneration
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2017Co-Authors: Tuanwei Sun, Feng Chen, Yingjie Zhu, Zhenyu Ding, Huakun Zhao, Zhongmin Shi, Daoyun ChenAbstract:The development of multifunctional biomaterials with drug delivery ability, and pro-osteogenic and pro-angiogenic activities has garnered increasing interest in the field of regenerative medicine. In the present study, hypoxia-mimicking copper (Cu)-doped mesoporous hydroxyapatite (HAP) microspheres (Cu-MHMs) were successfully synthesized through a microwave-hydrothermal method by using Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source. The Cu-MHMs doped with 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mol% Cu were prepared. The Cu-MHMs consisting of HAP nanorods or nanosheets exhibited a hierarchically mesoporous hollow structure and a high specific surface area. Then the Cu-MHMs were investigated as a drug nanocarrier using doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) as a model drug. The Cu-MHMs showed a relatively high drug-loading capacity and a pH-responsive drug release behavior. Furthermore, the Cu-MHMs were incorporated into a chitosan (CS) matrix to construct a biomimetic scaffold optimized for bone regeneration. The Cu-MHM/CS composite scaffolds maintained high degrees of porosity and showed a sustained release of Cu ions. More importantly, the Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds not only enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) but also promoted the migration and tube formation of EA.hy926 cells. When implanted in rat critical-sized calvarial defects, the Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds significantly enhanced bone regeneration accompanied by more new blood vessel formation at 8 weeks post-operation compared with the MHM/CS scaffolds. These results suggest that the hypoxia-mimicking Cu-MHM/CS scaffolds could encourage bone regeneration by enhancing osteogenesis and angiogenesis simultaneously, which bodes well for the reconstruction of vascularized tissue-engineered bone.
-
sonochemical synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoflowers using Creatine Phosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphorus source and their application in protein adsorption
RSC Advances, 2016Co-Authors: Yingjie Zhu, Tuanwei Sun, Yingying Jiang, Yonggang Zhang, Feng ChenAbstract:In this paper, the one-step rapid synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoflowers (HAFs) using Creatine Phosphate disodium salt as an organic phosphorus source by the sonochemical method is reported. The HAFs with diameters of about 300 nm are formed by self-assembly of hydroxyapatite nanosheets with thicknesses of less than 10 nm. The as-prepared samples are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) nitrogen sorptometry, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) optical emission spectroscopy. The MTT tests show that the as-prepared HAFs exhibit essentially inappreciable toxicity to MC-3T3 osteoblast cells, indicating that the HAFs have an excellent cytocompatibility. Moreover, the as-prepared HAFs show a relatively high protein adsorption ability when using hemoglobin (Hb) as a model protein. Thus, the as-prepared HAFs are promising for applications in various biomedical fields such as protein/drug delivery.
-
magnesium Phosphate pentahydrate nanosheets microwave hydrothermal rapid synthesis using Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source and application in protein adsorption
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2016Co-Authors: Yingjie Zhu, Tuanwei Sun, Feng ChenAbstract:Magnesium Phosphate materials have aroused interest of researchers in recent years and are promising for biomedical applications due to their good biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this work, we report the microwave-hydrothermal rapid synthesis of magnesium Phosphate pentahydrate nanosheets (MPHSs) using biocompatible Creatine Phosphate as an organic phosphorus source. This method is facile, rapid, surfactant-free and environmentally friendly. The as-prepared MPHSs have an obvious pH-dependent dissolution performance which can be used as an ideal pH-responsive nanocarrier for drug and gene delivery. Moreover, the MPHSs have a good cytocompatibility and a high ability to promote osteoblast MC-3T3 adhesion and spreading, as well as a relatively high protein adsorption ability using hemoglobin (Hb) as a model protein. Thus, the MPHSs are promising for the applications in biomedical fields such as protein adsorption and bone regeneration.
-
porous microspheres of magnesium whitlockite and amorphous calcium magnesium Phosphate microwave assisted rapid synthesis using Creatine Phosphate and application in drug delivery
Journal of Materials Chemistry B, 2015Co-Authors: Yingjie Zhu, Feng ChenAbstract:Magnesium whitlockite (WH: Ca18Mg2(HPO4)2(PO4)12), as an abundant and biologically important biomineral in living bone, is unfortunately difficult to synthesize. Herein, we report a microwave-assisted rapid synthesis of single-phase WH hollow porous microspheres and highly stable amorphous calcium magnesium Phosphate (ACMP) porous microspheres by using Creatine Phosphate (CP) biomolecules as a biocompatible organic phosphorus source. The crystal phase and morphology of the product can be adjusted by the Ca/Mg molar ratio in the initial reaction solution, and CP biomolecules play an important role in the synthesis of the product. The as-synthesized WH hollow porous microspheres and ACMP porous microspheres have high biocompatibility and excellent ability to promote the adhesion and spreading of MC-3T3 osteoblasts. Moreover, WH hollow porous microspheres and ACMP porous microspheres are efficient at the loading and release of the anticancer drug doxorubicin, and exhibit slow, sustainable and pH-responsive drug release behavior. The high drug loading capacity (753 mg g−1) and drug encapsulation efficiency (more than 94%) render the ACMP porous microspheres an appealing carrier for anticancer drug delivery to enhance long-term chemotherapeutic efficacy.
-
solvothermal synthesis of oriented hydroxyapatite nanorod nanosheet arrays using Creatine Phosphate as phosphorus source
CrystEngComm, 2013Co-Authors: Feng Chen, Yingjie Zhu, Xinyu ZhaoAbstract:Synthesis of hydroxyapatite (HAp) oriented arrays is difficult but significant in biomineralization research for biomaterials. Herein, a novel strategy for the synthesis of HAp nanorod/nanosheet oriented arrays has been developed in the presence of biomolecules of Creatine Phosphate (CP) using solvothermal treatment in mixed solvents of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and water. In this reaction system, CP biomolecules act as an organic phosphorus source and a soft template for the formation of HAp oriented arrays. This method does not need any hard template or surfactant, avoiding the procedures and cost for their removal from the product. The products are characterized with X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The formation mechanism of HAp nanorod/nanosheet oriented arrays is discussed.
Derek S Steele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
interdependent effects of inorganic Phosphate and Creatine Phosphate on sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2 regulation in mechanically skinned rat skeletal muscle
The Journal of Physiology, 2001Co-Authors: Adrian M Duke, Derek S SteeleAbstract:1. The effects of Creatine Phosphate (CP) and inorganic Phosphate (Pi) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ regulation were investigated in mechanically skinned muscle fibres from rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Changes in [Ca2+] were detected using fura-2 fluorescence, during continuous perfusion or when the solution surrounding the preparation was restricted to approximately 6 microl by stopping perfusion. 2. In solutions with 5 mM ATP and 10 mM CP, stopping the flow for 2-3 min had no effect on [Ca2+] within the bath. This suggests that SR Ca2+ uptake is balanced by an efflux under these conditions. 3. In solutions with CP, the introduction of Pi induced a small transient rise in [Ca2+], due to Ca2+ loss from the SR. Following equilibration with solutions containing Pi (> or = 5 mM), a maintained decrease in [Ca2+] occurred when the flow was stopped. This is consistent with calcium Phosphate (Ca-Pi) precipitation within the SR, resulting in maintained Ca2+ uptake. 4. In the absence of CP, the [Ca2+] within the bath increased progressively when the flow was stopped. This rise in [Ca2+] was inhibited by an alternative ATP regenerating system comprising phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate kinase (PK). Therefore, the loss of Ca2+ from the SR may result from local ADP accumulation and the consequent reversal of the SR Ca2+ pump. 5. In the absence of CP, the initial Ca2+ release associated with the introduction of Pi increased markedly. Following prolonged equilibration with solutions containing Pi, a rise in [Ca2+] occurred within the bath when the flow was stopped. Maintained Ca2+ uptake associated with Ca-Pi precipitation was not apparent at any level of Pi tested (1-60 mM), when CP was absent. 6. These results suggest that withdrawal of CP is associated with activation of a SR Ca2+ efflux pathway. This may involve reversal of the SR Ca2+ pump, due to local ADP accumulation. In the absence of CP, the dominant influence of Pi appears to involve further Ca2+ efflux via the SR Ca2+ pump. The possible relevance of these effects to skeletal muscle fatigue is considered.
-
effects of Creatine Phosphate on ca2 regulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in mechanically skinned rat skeletal muscle fibres
The Journal of Physiology, 1999Co-Authors: Adrian M Duke, Derek S SteeleAbstract:1. The effect of Creatine Phosphate (PCr) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ regulation was studied in mechanically skinned skeletal muscle fibres from rat extensor digitorium longus (EDL). Preparations were perfused with solutions mimicking the intracellular milieu and the [Ca2+] within the muscle was monitored continuously using fura-2. 2. Brief application of 40 mM caffeine caused a transient increase in [Ca2+] due to SR Ca2+ release, and an associated tension response. Withdrawal of PCr resulted in (i) a slow transient release of Ca2+ from the SR (ii) a marked prolongation of the descending phase of the caffeine-induced fluorescence ratio transient and (iii) a decrease in the Ca2+ transient amplitude to 69.2 +/- 2.7 % (n = 16) of control responses. 3. Prolongation of the caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient also occurred following application of the SR Ca2+ pump inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). This suggests that (i) the descending phase of the caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient is dependent on the rate of Ca2+ uptake by the SR and (ii) prolongation associated with PCr withdrawal may also reflect a decrease in the net Ca2+ uptake rate. 4. The effects of PCr withdrawal were mimicked by addition of the Creatine kinase (CK) inhibitor 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB). Hence, reducing the [PCr] may influence SR Ca2+ regulation by limiting local ATP regeneration by endogenous CK. After treatment with DNFB, PCr withdrawal had no effect on the Ca2+ transient, confirming that PCr does not have an additional direct effect on the SR. 5. The Ca2+ efflux associated with PCr withdrawal was insensitive to ryanodine or Ruthenium Red, but was effectively abolished by pretreatment with the SR Ca2+ pump inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). This suggests that the Ca2+ efflux associated with PCr withdrawal is independent of the SR Ca2+ channel, but may involve reversal or inhibition of the Ca2+ ATPase. 6. These data suggest that Ca2+ regulation by the SR is strongly dependent on the supply of ATP via endogenous CK. Depletion of PCr may contribute to impaired SR Ca2+ regulation known to occur in intact skeletal muscle under conditions of fatigue.
Adrian M Duke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
interdependent effects of inorganic Phosphate and Creatine Phosphate on sarcoplasmic reticulum ca2 regulation in mechanically skinned rat skeletal muscle
The Journal of Physiology, 2001Co-Authors: Adrian M Duke, Derek S SteeleAbstract:1. The effects of Creatine Phosphate (CP) and inorganic Phosphate (Pi) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ regulation were investigated in mechanically skinned muscle fibres from rat extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Changes in [Ca2+] were detected using fura-2 fluorescence, during continuous perfusion or when the solution surrounding the preparation was restricted to approximately 6 microl by stopping perfusion. 2. In solutions with 5 mM ATP and 10 mM CP, stopping the flow for 2-3 min had no effect on [Ca2+] within the bath. This suggests that SR Ca2+ uptake is balanced by an efflux under these conditions. 3. In solutions with CP, the introduction of Pi induced a small transient rise in [Ca2+], due to Ca2+ loss from the SR. Following equilibration with solutions containing Pi (> or = 5 mM), a maintained decrease in [Ca2+] occurred when the flow was stopped. This is consistent with calcium Phosphate (Ca-Pi) precipitation within the SR, resulting in maintained Ca2+ uptake. 4. In the absence of CP, the [Ca2+] within the bath increased progressively when the flow was stopped. This rise in [Ca2+] was inhibited by an alternative ATP regenerating system comprising phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate kinase (PK). Therefore, the loss of Ca2+ from the SR may result from local ADP accumulation and the consequent reversal of the SR Ca2+ pump. 5. In the absence of CP, the initial Ca2+ release associated with the introduction of Pi increased markedly. Following prolonged equilibration with solutions containing Pi, a rise in [Ca2+] occurred within the bath when the flow was stopped. Maintained Ca2+ uptake associated with Ca-Pi precipitation was not apparent at any level of Pi tested (1-60 mM), when CP was absent. 6. These results suggest that withdrawal of CP is associated with activation of a SR Ca2+ efflux pathway. This may involve reversal of the SR Ca2+ pump, due to local ADP accumulation. In the absence of CP, the dominant influence of Pi appears to involve further Ca2+ efflux via the SR Ca2+ pump. The possible relevance of these effects to skeletal muscle fatigue is considered.
-
effects of Creatine Phosphate on ca2 regulation by the sarcoplasmic reticulum in mechanically skinned rat skeletal muscle fibres
The Journal of Physiology, 1999Co-Authors: Adrian M Duke, Derek S SteeleAbstract:1. The effect of Creatine Phosphate (PCr) on sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ regulation was studied in mechanically skinned skeletal muscle fibres from rat extensor digitorium longus (EDL). Preparations were perfused with solutions mimicking the intracellular milieu and the [Ca2+] within the muscle was monitored continuously using fura-2. 2. Brief application of 40 mM caffeine caused a transient increase in [Ca2+] due to SR Ca2+ release, and an associated tension response. Withdrawal of PCr resulted in (i) a slow transient release of Ca2+ from the SR (ii) a marked prolongation of the descending phase of the caffeine-induced fluorescence ratio transient and (iii) a decrease in the Ca2+ transient amplitude to 69.2 +/- 2.7 % (n = 16) of control responses. 3. Prolongation of the caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient also occurred following application of the SR Ca2+ pump inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). This suggests that (i) the descending phase of the caffeine-induced Ca2+ transient is dependent on the rate of Ca2+ uptake by the SR and (ii) prolongation associated with PCr withdrawal may also reflect a decrease in the net Ca2+ uptake rate. 4. The effects of PCr withdrawal were mimicked by addition of the Creatine kinase (CK) inhibitor 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene (DNFB). Hence, reducing the [PCr] may influence SR Ca2+ regulation by limiting local ATP regeneration by endogenous CK. After treatment with DNFB, PCr withdrawal had no effect on the Ca2+ transient, confirming that PCr does not have an additional direct effect on the SR. 5. The Ca2+ efflux associated with PCr withdrawal was insensitive to ryanodine or Ruthenium Red, but was effectively abolished by pretreatment with the SR Ca2+ pump inhibitor cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). This suggests that the Ca2+ efflux associated with PCr withdrawal is independent of the SR Ca2+ channel, but may involve reversal or inhibition of the Ca2+ ATPase. 6. These data suggest that Ca2+ regulation by the SR is strongly dependent on the supply of ATP via endogenous CK. Depletion of PCr may contribute to impaired SR Ca2+ regulation known to occur in intact skeletal muscle under conditions of fatigue.
Graham E Venn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
st thomas hospital cardioplegia enhanced protection with exogenous Creatine Phosphate
The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 1996Co-Authors: David J Chambers, Ettore Strumia, Kevin Haire, Nicola Morley, Lynne Fairbanks, Christopher P Young, Graham E VennAbstract:Background. Experimentally, Creatine Phosphate (CP) improves postischemic recovery of function and reduces postischemic arrhythmias. Methods. We studied 50 patients undergoing valve replacement. They were randomized into either a control group, who received St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution No. 1, or a CP-treated group, receiving the same cardioplegic solution plus CP (10 mmol/L). There were no preoperative clinical differences between groups. Assessment was by electrocardiographic analysis, inotropic drug requirement, quantitative birefringence, myocardial high-energy Phosphate content, function, and semi-quantitative ultrastructural assessment. Results. Direct-current shocks were reduced in the CP-treated group (0.88 ± 0.15) compared with the control group (1.40 ± 0.14; p p p p p Conclusions. St. Thomas' Hospital cardioplegic solution No. 1 plus CP enhanced myocardial protection and conferred a direct benefit to the patient by reducing postoperative arrhythmias and need of prolonged inotropic support.