The Experts below are selected from a list of 1377 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
David Weisburd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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editors introduction empirical evidence on the relevance of place in criminology
Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2010Co-Authors: David Weisburd, Anthony A BragaAbstract:For most of the last century Criminologists have focused their understanding of crime on individuals and communities (Nettler 1978; Sherman 1995; Weisburd et al. 2009). In the case of individuals, Criminologists have sought to understand why certain people as opposed to others become criminals (e.g. see Akers 1973; Gottfredson and Hirschi 1990; Hirschi 1969; Raine 1993), or to explain why certain offenders become involved in criminal activity at different stages of the life course or cease involvement at other stages (e.g., see Moffitt 1993; Sampson and Laub 1993). In the case of communities, Criminologists have often tried to explain why certain types of crime or different levels of criminality are found in some communities as contrasted with others (e.g., see Agnew 1999; Bursik and Grasmick 1993; Sampson and Groves 1989; Shaw and McKay 1942) or how community-level variables, such as relative deprivation, low socioeconomic status, or lack of economic opportunity may affect individual criminality (e.g. see Agnew 1992; Cloward and Ohlin 1960; Merton 1938; Wolfgang and Ferracuti 1967). In most cases, research on communities has focused on the ‘‘macro’’ level, often studying states (Loftin and Hill 1974), cities (Baumer et al. 1998), and neighborhoods (Sampson 1985; Bursik and Grasmick 1993). While concern with the relationship between crime and place goes back to the founding generations of modern criminology (Guerry 1833; Quetelet 1842), the ‘‘micro’’ approach to places emerged only in the last few decades (e.g. see Brantingham and Brantingham
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crime mapping and crime prevention
1998Co-Authors: David Weisburd, Tom McewenAbstract:Technological advances in computer mapping and information systems as well as theoretical innovation in crime prevention have combined to bring crime mapping to the centre for crime prevention practice and policy. The contributors in this book from Criminologists, geographers and crime analysts, demonstrate the important role that crime maps have begun to play in crime prevention theory and applications. They show how crime mapping can be used in crime prevention programmes and point to its future applications.
Raymond Paternoster - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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missing data problems in criminological research two case studies
Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 2003Co-Authors: Robert Brame, Raymond PaternosterAbstract:This paper considers the problem of missing data in two circumstances commonly confronted by Criminologists. In the first circumstance, there is missing data due to subject attrition—some cases drop out of a study. In this context, analysts are frequently interested in examining the association between an independent variable measured at time t(xt) and an outcome variable that is measured at time t + 1(yt + 1); the problem is that the outcome variable is only observed for those cases which do not drop out of the study. In the second circumstance there is missing data on an independent variable of interest for typical reasons (i.e., the respondent did not wish to answer a question or could not be located). In this case, researchers are interested in estimating the association between the independent variable with missing data and an outcome variable that is fully observed. Criminologists often handle these two missing data problems by conducting analyses on the subsample of observations with complete data. In this paper, we explore this problem with two case studies and we then illustrate the use of methods that directly address the uncertainty produced by missing data.
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using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients
Criminology, 1998Co-Authors: Raymond Paternoster, Robert Brame, Paul Mazerolle, Alex R PiqueroAbstract:Criminologists are often interested in examining interactive effects within a regression context. For example, “holding other relevant factors constant, is the effect of delinquent peers on one's own delinquent conduct the same for males and females?” or “is the effect of a given treatment program comparable between first-time and repeat offenders?” A frequent strategy in examining such interactive effects is to test for the difference between two regression coefficients across independent samples. That is, does b1= b2? Traditionally, Criminologists have employed a t or z test for the difference between slopes in making these coefficient comparisons. While there is considerable consensus as to the appropriateness of this strategy, there has been some confusion in the criminological literature as to the correct estimator of the standard error of the difference, the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of coefficient differences, in the t or z formula. Criminologists have employed two different estimators of this standard deviation in their empirical work. In this note, we point out that one of these estimators is correct while the other is incorrect. The incorrect estimator biases one's hypothesis test in favor of rejecting the null hypothesis that b1= b2. Unfortunately, the use of this incorrect estimator of the standard error of the difference has been fairly widespread in criminology. We provide the formula for the correct statistical test and illustrate with two examples from the literature how the biased estimator can lead to incorrect conclusions.
Nigel South - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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green cultural criminology constructions of environmental harm consumerism and resistance to ecocide
2014Co-Authors: Avi Brisman, Nigel SouthAbstract:Over the last two decades, "green criminology" has emerged as a unique area of study, bringing together Criminologists and sociologists from a wide range of research backgrounds and varying theoretical orientations. It spans the micro to the macro?from individual-level environmental crimes and victimization to business/corporate violations and state transgressions. There have been few attempts, however, to explicitly or implicitly integrate cultural criminology into green criminology (or vice versa). This book moves towards articulating a green cultural criminological perspective. Brisman and South examine existing overlapping research and offer a platform to support future excursions by green Criminologists into cultural criminology?s concern with media images and representations, consumerism and consumption, and resistance. At the same time, they offer an invitation to cultural Criminologists to adopt a green view of the consumption landscape and the growth (and depictions) of environmental harms. Green Cultural Criminology is aimed at students, academics, Criminologists, and sociologists with an interest in green criminology and cultural criminology: two of the most exciting new areas in criminology today.
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a green cultural criminology an exploratory outline
Crime Media Culture, 2013Co-Authors: Avi Brisman, Nigel SouthAbstract:Within the last two decades, “green criminology” has emerged as a distinctive area of study, drawing together Criminologists with a wide range of specific research interests and representing varyin...
Francis T Cullen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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beyond adolescence limited criminology choosing our future the american society of criminology 2010 sutherland address
Criminology, 2011Co-Authors: Francis T CullenAbstract:For over a half century, criminology has been dominated by a paradigm—adolescence-limited criminology (ALC)—that has privileged the use of self-report surveys of adolescents to test sociological theories of criminal behavior and has embraced the view that “nothing works” to control crime. Although ALC has created knowledge, opposed injustice, and advanced scholars’ careers, it has outlived its utility. The time has come for Criminologists to choose a different future. Thus, a new paradigm is needed that is rooted in life-course criminology, brings Criminologists closer to offenders and to the crime event, prioritizes the organization of knowledge, and produces scientific knowledge that is capable of improving offenders’ lives and reducing crime.
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the twelve people who saved rehabilitation how the science of criminology made a difference
Criminology, 2005Co-Authors: Francis T CullenAbstract:Three decades ago, it was widely believed by Criminologists and policymakers that “nothing works” to reform offenders and that “rehabilitation is dead” as a guiding correctional philosophy. By contrast, today there is a vibrant movement to reaffirm rehabilitation and to implement programs based on the principles of effective intervention. How did this happen? I contend that the saving of rehabilitation was a contingent reality that emerged due to the efforts of a small group of loosely coupled research Criminologists. These scholars rejected the “nothing works” professional ideology and instead used rigorous science to show that popular punitive interventions were ineffective, that offenders were not beyond redemption, and that treatment programs rooted in criminological knowledge were capable of meaningfully reducing recidivism. Their story is a reminder that, under certain conditions, the science of criminology is capable of making an important difference in the correctional enterprise, if not far beyond.
Chivon H Fitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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emotions in criminological theory insights from social psychology
Sociology Compass, 2017Co-Authors: Joseph Dippong, Chivon H FitchAbstract:A number of scholars have noted that emotional processes have been undertheorized in criminology. Although Criminologists have explored how various emotions facilitate or inhibit crime, few formal theories of crime clearly address the role of emotional processes. Sociological theories of emotions provide a number of insights that Criminologists might find useful to help fill the gaps in criminological explanations of offending. We illustrate the utility of sociological theories of emotions to criminology by connecting three prominent criminological theories with complimentary social psychological theories of emotions. Specifically, we discuss how the power–status theory of emotions can clarify emotional responses to strain in general strain theory, how affect control theory can illuminate the emotions involved in identity adoption within labeling theory, and how interaction ritual chains theory can highlight emotional responses to coercion in differential coercion theory. Making connections to more clearly theorize emotions is critical to the advancement of criminological theory.