The Experts below are selected from a list of 312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Charles Bielders - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of interCropping period management on runoff and erosion in a maize Cropping system
Journal of environmental quality, 2010Co-Authors: Eric Laloy, Charles BieldersAbstract:The management of winter cover Crops is likely to influence their performance in reducing runoff and erosion during the interCropping period that precedes spring Crops but also during the subsequent spring Crop. This study investigated the impact of two dates of Destruction and burial of a rye (Secale cereale L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cover Crop on runoff and erosion, focusing on a continuous silage maize (Zea mays L.) Cropping system. Thirty erosion plots with various interCrop management options were monitored for 3 yr at two sites. During the interCropping period, cover Crops reduced runoff and erosion by more than 94% compared with untilled, post-maize harvest plots. Rough tillage after maize harvest proved equally effective as a late sown cover Crop. There was no effect of cover Crop Destruction and burial dates on runoff and erosion during the interCropping period, probably because rough tillage for cover Crop burial compensates for the lack of soil cover. During two of the monitored maize seasons, it was observed that plots that had been covered during the previous interCropping period lost 40 to 90% less soil compared with maize plots that had been left bare during the interCropping period. The burial of an aboveground cover Crop biomass in excess of 1.5 t ha(-1) was a necessary, yet not always sufficient, condition to induce a residual effect. Because of the possible beneficial residual effect of cover Crop burial on erosion reduction, the sowing of a cover Crop should be preferred over rough tillage after maize harvest.
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Effect of Destruction and burial dates of cover Crops on runoff, erosion, organic carbon losses and phosphorus losses in a maize Cropping system
2006Co-Authors: Eric Laloy, Caroline Devillers, Charles BieldersAbstract:In Wallonia (Belgium), fields planted with Spring row Crops (sugarbeet, potato, maize, chicory) are particularly prone to runoff and soil erosion by water (Bielders et al., 2003). To reduce these problems, planting cover Crops is an admitted efficient solution. However, little information exists about the optimal cover Crop Destruction and burial dates with respect to erosion control. The objective of the present study is to determine the impact of Destruction and burial dates of 2 common cover Crops, rye and ryegrass, on runoff, erosion, organic carbon and phosphorous losses, as well as on the yield of the subsequent maize Crop.
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Effects of Destruction and burial dates of cover Crops on runoff, erosion and phosphorus losses in a maize Cropping system: measurements and modelling
2006Co-Authors: Eric Laloy, Charles BieldersAbstract:Planting cover Crops is an admitted solution to reduce erosion, yet little information exists about the optimal choice of cover Crop Destruction and burial dates. The objective of the present study is to measure and model the impact of Destruction and burial dates of 2 common cover Crops, rye and ryegrass, on runoff and erosion during the interCropping and main, maize Cropping periods. The investigations are carried out by means of 90 m2 erosion plots in a fully randomized experiment with three combinations of Destruction and burial dates repeated 3 times on a silt loam and a sandy loam soil. Based on 2 years of data, it was observed that during the cover Crop season, runoff and erosion were reduced by 50 to 90 % on covered plots compared to the control plots. During the maize Cropping season, previously covered plots showed up to 95 % reduction in water and soil losses, depending on the mass of cover Crop produced at the time of Destruction. These results are being used to calibrate and validate a new, continuous, physically-based, spatially-distributed plot-scale runoff and erosion model which is currently operational for runoff.
Abiud Kaswamila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human–wildlife conflicts in Monduli District, Tanzania
International Journal of Biodiversity Science & Management, 2009Co-Authors: Abiud KaswamilaAbstract:An assessment of land-use conflicts was conducted in three semi-arid villages within the Tarangire-Manyara ecosystem that are important wildlife dispersal areas and migratory routes linking northeast Tanzania protected areas. Data were collected through household and extension staff interviews, archive data from village government offices and field visits. Conflicts varied across villages and were mainly boundary conflicts with Lake Manyara National Park (LMNP). They included Crop Destruction and livestock depredation by wild animals, land scarcity, loss of former Manyara Ranch land to Tanzania Lands Conservation Trust (TLCT), which has imposed grazing restrictions, and insufficient buffer zone. An analysis of gender conflicts varied across villages. Several mitigation measures are suggested by both local communities and field extension staff. These include realization of economic benefits from wildlife-related enterprises, relocation of people to low-density areas, implementation of compensation schemes ...
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Impacts of wildlife on household food security and income in northeastern Tanzania
Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 2007Co-Authors: Abiud Kaswamila, Shaun Russell, Mike McgibbonAbstract:We evaluated the impacts of wildlife on household food security and income in three semi-arid villages adjacent to Lake Manyara National Park (LMNP) and Mkomazi Game Reserve (MGR) in Northeastern Tanzania. Survey data were collected using both household interviews and human–wildlife conflict related archive information from the village government offices. Crop Destruction by wildlife influenced both household food security and cash income. Crop damage to households was, on average, 0.08 ton/annum, equivalent to two months household loss of food and reduced household cash income by 1.3%. A combination of measures is proposed as incentives for conservation. These include provision of economic incentives, soft loans to initiate non-farm (e.g., ecotourism, business enterprises) projects to ease dependency on natural resources, increasing of reserves buffer zones and fencing of reserves.
Eric Laloy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of interCropping period management on runoff and erosion in a maize Cropping system
Journal of environmental quality, 2010Co-Authors: Eric Laloy, Charles BieldersAbstract:The management of winter cover Crops is likely to influence their performance in reducing runoff and erosion during the interCropping period that precedes spring Crops but also during the subsequent spring Crop. This study investigated the impact of two dates of Destruction and burial of a rye (Secale cereale L.) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cover Crop on runoff and erosion, focusing on a continuous silage maize (Zea mays L.) Cropping system. Thirty erosion plots with various interCrop management options were monitored for 3 yr at two sites. During the interCropping period, cover Crops reduced runoff and erosion by more than 94% compared with untilled, post-maize harvest plots. Rough tillage after maize harvest proved equally effective as a late sown cover Crop. There was no effect of cover Crop Destruction and burial dates on runoff and erosion during the interCropping period, probably because rough tillage for cover Crop burial compensates for the lack of soil cover. During two of the monitored maize seasons, it was observed that plots that had been covered during the previous interCropping period lost 40 to 90% less soil compared with maize plots that had been left bare during the interCropping period. The burial of an aboveground cover Crop biomass in excess of 1.5 t ha(-1) was a necessary, yet not always sufficient, condition to induce a residual effect. Because of the possible beneficial residual effect of cover Crop burial on erosion reduction, the sowing of a cover Crop should be preferred over rough tillage after maize harvest.
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Effect of Destruction and burial dates of cover Crops on runoff, erosion, organic carbon losses and phosphorus losses in a maize Cropping system
2006Co-Authors: Eric Laloy, Caroline Devillers, Charles BieldersAbstract:In Wallonia (Belgium), fields planted with Spring row Crops (sugarbeet, potato, maize, chicory) are particularly prone to runoff and soil erosion by water (Bielders et al., 2003). To reduce these problems, planting cover Crops is an admitted efficient solution. However, little information exists about the optimal cover Crop Destruction and burial dates with respect to erosion control. The objective of the present study is to determine the impact of Destruction and burial dates of 2 common cover Crops, rye and ryegrass, on runoff, erosion, organic carbon and phosphorous losses, as well as on the yield of the subsequent maize Crop.
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Effects of Destruction and burial dates of cover Crops on runoff, erosion and phosphorus losses in a maize Cropping system: measurements and modelling
2006Co-Authors: Eric Laloy, Charles BieldersAbstract:Planting cover Crops is an admitted solution to reduce erosion, yet little information exists about the optimal choice of cover Crop Destruction and burial dates. The objective of the present study is to measure and model the impact of Destruction and burial dates of 2 common cover Crops, rye and ryegrass, on runoff and erosion during the interCropping and main, maize Cropping periods. The investigations are carried out by means of 90 m2 erosion plots in a fully randomized experiment with three combinations of Destruction and burial dates repeated 3 times on a silt loam and a sandy loam soil. Based on 2 years of data, it was observed that during the cover Crop season, runoff and erosion were reduced by 50 to 90 % on covered plots compared to the control plots. During the maize Cropping season, previously covered plots showed up to 95 % reduction in water and soil losses, depending on the mass of cover Crop produced at the time of Destruction. These results are being used to calibrate and validate a new, continuous, physically-based, spatially-distributed plot-scale runoff and erosion model which is currently operational for runoff.
Richard A. Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Plant defence suppression is mediated by a fungal sirtuin during rice infection by Magnaporthe oryzae
Molecular microbiology, 2014Co-Authors: Jessie Fernandez, Kathryn M. Cornwell, Margarita Marroquin-guzman, Renu Nandakumar, Sara Shijo, Richard A. WilsonAbstract:Crop Destruction by the hemibiotrophic rice pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae requires plant defence suppression to facilitate extensive biotrophic growth in host cells before the onset of necrosis. How this is achieved at the genetic level is not well understood. Here, we report that a M. oryzae sirtuin, MoSir2, plays an essential role in rice defence suppression and colonization by controlling superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene expression. Loss of MoSir2 function in Δsir2 strains did not affect appressorial function, but biotrophic growth in rice cells was attenuated. Compared to wild type, Δsir2 strains failed to neutralize plant-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) and elicited robust defence responses in rice epidermal cells that included elevated pathogenesis-related gene expression and granular depositions. Deletion of a SOD-encoding gene under MoSir2 control generated Δsod1 deletion strains that mimicked Δsir2 for impaired rice defence suppression, confirming SOD activity as a downstream output of MoSir2. In addition, comparative protein acetylation studies and forward genetic analyses identified a JmjC domain-containing protein as a likely target of MoSir2, and a Δsir2 Δjmjc double mutant was restored for MoSOD1 expression and defence suppression in rice epidermal cells. Together, this work reveals MoSir2 and MoJmjC as novel regulators of early rice cell infection.
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Growth in rice cells requires de novo purine biosynthesis by the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Scientific reports, 2013Co-Authors: Jessie Fernandez, Kuan Ting Yang, Kathryn M. Cornwell, Janet D. Wright, Richard A. WilsonAbstract:Increasing incidences of human disease, Crop Destruction and ecosystem perturbations are attributable to fungi and threaten socioeconomic progress and food security on a global scale. The blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae is the most devastating pathogen of cultivated rice, but its metabolic requirements in the host are unclear. Here we report that a purine-requiring mutant of M. oryzae could develop functional appressoria, penetrate host cells and undergo the morphogenetic transition to elaborate bulbous invasive hyphae from primary hyphae, but further in planta growth was aborted. Invasive hyphal growth following rice cell ingress is thus dependent on de novo purine biosynthesis by the pathogen and, moreover, plant sources of purines are neither available to the mutant nor required by the wild type during the early biotrophic phase of infection. This work provides new knowledge about the metabolic interface between fungus and host that might be applicable to other important intracellular fungal pathogens.
Coryanne Mansell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Land-grabbing, land-use transformation and social differentiation: Deconstructing “small-scale” in Ghana's recent gold rush
World Development, 2018Co-Authors: Heidi Hausermann, David Ferring, Bernadette Atosona, Graciela Mentz, R.k. Amankwah, Augustus Chang, Kyle Hartfield, Emmanuel Effah, Grace Yeboah Asuamah, Coryanne MansellAbstract:Abstract Gold prices hit historic highs following the 2008 financial crisis, catalyzing an international gold rush. Along Ghana's Offin River, recent mining activities have irreversibly transformed the landscape and lives of local people. Cocoa farms, subsistence Crops, forest, and other land-uses have been cleared, with significant implications for livelihoods and food security. Rivers and streams were rerouted into mining sites to wash sediment, impacting hydrology, including water quality. Abandoned pits now stretch for kilometers and pose everyday hazards to community members. While minerals law reserves “small-scale” mining as a right for Ghanaian citizens, both foreigners and Ghanaians control and mine concessions, reflecting complicated land-grabbing processes in the sector. Combining geospatial, ethnographic and quantitative methodological approaches with long-term international collaboration, this article examines the spatial and socio-environmental dimensions of “small-scale” gold mining. We employed remote sensing techniques, underutilized in land-grabbing research, to assess mining-mediated land-use changes along a portion of the Offin River. The total extent of mining increased 2,772.6 percent to 998.23 hectares between 2008 and 2013; “mine water” increased by 13,000 percent to cover 200 hectares. We argue these extensive land-use conversions are enabled through Ghana's contradictory and gendered land tenure systems. While scholars often characterize land deals as occurring through theft and dispossession, we found miners' access land through ad hoc negotiations before mining, compensation following Crop Destruction and outright dispossession. We detail the diverse actors and practices mediating informal land markets, and the uneven implications for people positioned within social and structural hierarchies, particularly women and “strangers.” Our research troubles “small-scale” categorizations and discursive representations of mining, and urges land-grabbing researchers to examine prolific smaller deals alongside transactions involving thousands of hectares.