The Experts below are selected from a list of 1905 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Denis Gerstorf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Openness as a buffer against cognitive decline: The Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model applied to late adulthood.
Psychology and Aging, 2015Co-Authors: Matthias Ziegler, Anja Cengia, Patrick Mussel, Denis GerstorfAbstract:: Explaining cognitive decline in late adulthood is a major research area. Models using personality traits as possible influential variables are rare. This study tested assumptions based on an adapted version of the Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model. The OFCI model adapted to late adulthood predicts that openness is related to the decline in fluid reasoning (Gf) through environmental enrichment. Gf should be related to the development of comprehension knowledge (Gc; investment theory). It was also assumed that Gf predicts changes in openness as suggested by the environmental success hypothesis. Finally, the OFCI model proposes that openness has an indirect influence on the decline in Gc through its effect on Gf (mediation hypothesis). Using data from the Berlin Aging Study (N = 516, 70-103 years at T1), these predictions were tested using latent change score and latent growth curve models with indicators of each trait. The current findings and prior research support environmental enrichment and success, investment theory, and partially the mediation hypotheses. Based on a summary of all findings, the OFCI model for late adulthood is suggested.
Matthias Ziegler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social scientific research competency
European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 2019Co-Authors: Christopher Gess, Christoph Geiger, Matthias ZieglerAbstract:Abstract. Although the development of research competency is an important goal of higher education in social sciences, instruments to measure this outcome often depend on the students’ self-ratings. To provide empirical evidence for the utility of a newly developed instrument for the objective measurement of social-scientific research competency, two validation studies across two independent samples were conducted. Study 1 (n = 675) provided evidence for unidimensionality, expected differences in test scores between differently advanced groups of students as well as incremental validities over and above self-perceived research self-efficacy. In Study 2 (n = 82) it was demonstrated that the competency measured indeed is social-scientific and relations to facets of fluid and Crystallized Intelligence were analyzed. Overall, the results indicate that the test scores reflected a trainable, social-scientific, knowledge-related construct relevant to research performance. These are promising results for the appl...
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Openness as a buffer against cognitive decline: The Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model applied to late adulthood.
Psychology and Aging, 2015Co-Authors: Matthias Ziegler, Anja Cengia, Patrick Mussel, Denis GerstorfAbstract:: Explaining cognitive decline in late adulthood is a major research area. Models using personality traits as possible influential variables are rare. This study tested assumptions based on an adapted version of the Openness-Fluid-Crystallized-Intelligence (OFCI) model. The OFCI model adapted to late adulthood predicts that openness is related to the decline in fluid reasoning (Gf) through environmental enrichment. Gf should be related to the development of comprehension knowledge (Gc; investment theory). It was also assumed that Gf predicts changes in openness as suggested by the environmental success hypothesis. Finally, the OFCI model proposes that openness has an indirect influence on the decline in Gc through its effect on Gf (mediation hypothesis). Using data from the Berlin Aging Study (N = 516, 70-103 years at T1), these predictions were tested using latent change score and latent growth curve models with indicators of each trait. The current findings and prior research support environmental enrichment and success, investment theory, and partially the mediation hypotheses. Based on a summary of all findings, the OFCI model for late adulthood is suggested.
Martin Voracek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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item response theory modeling of iq gains the flynn effect on Crystallized Intelligence rodgers hypothesis yes brand s hypothesis perhaps
Intelligence, 2013Co-Authors: Jakob Pietschnig, Ulrich S Tran, Martin VoracekAbstract:Abstract Potential explanations for generational Intelligence test score gains continue to be subject to intense debate and scrutiny in the scientific community. However, the explanatory value of some of the proposed causes remains difficult to determine, since only little empirical evidence is available. To clarify the role of two scarcely investigated theories accounting for the Flynn effect, this study set out to examine the role of changing test-taking behavior (Brand's hypothesis) and of a narrowing of the IQ ability distribution (Rodgers' hypothesis). Archival records of Crystallized Intelligence test performance over a time-span of 17 years of a large number of psychiatric inpatients and outpatients in Austria were investigated ( N = 5445; 1978–94). This sample was particularly suitable to investigate our hypotheses since participants were under no pressure to perform which makes observed changes in test taking behavior attributable to personal style and ability rather than differential performance in pressure situations. Analytical approaches of both classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) yielded gains of 1.0 to 2.4 IQ points per decade. Test-taking behavior indicative of guessing and decreasing population IQ variability appeared to contribute both to IQ test score gains. IRT-based analyses showed that gains were largely preserved when controlling for highest educational qualification, while the test instrument showed measurement invariance between cohorts. However, IRT-based results also suggested that changes in test-taking behavior might not necessarily reflect increased guessing, but item drift instead. In all, this evidence emphasizes better performance of individuals of the lower tail of the IQ ability distribution in more recent years as one important contributing factor for generational IQ test score gains.
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conspiracist ideation in britain and austria evidence of a monological belief system and associations between individual psychological differences and real world and fictitious conspiracy theories
British Journal of Psychology, 2011Co-Authors: Viren Swami, Jakob Pietschnig, Rebecca Coles, Stefan Stieger, Adrian Furnham, Sherry Rehim, Martin VoracekAbstract:Despite evidence of widespread belief in conspiracy theories, there remains a dearth of research on the individual difference correlates of conspiracist ideation. In two studies, we sought to overcome this limitation by examining correlations between conspiracist ideation and a range of individual psychological factors. In Study 1, 817 Britons indicated their agreement with conspiracist ideation concerning the July 7, 2005 (7/7), London bombings, and completed a battery of individual difference scales. Results showed that stronger belief in 7/7 conspiracy theories was predicted by stronger belief in other real-world conspiracy theories, greater exposure to conspiracist ideation, higher political cynicism, greater support for democratic principles, more negative attitudes to authority, lower self-esteem, and lower Agreeableness. In Study 2, 281 Austrians indicated their agreement with an entirely fictitious conspiracy theory and completed a battery of individual difference measures not examined in Study 1. Results showed that belief in the entirely fictitious conspiracy theory was significantly associated with stronger belief in other real-world conspiracy theories, stronger paranormal beliefs, and lower Crystallized Intelligence. These results are discussed in terms of the potential of identifying individual difference constellations among conspiracy theorists.
Andrew Mackinnon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fluid Intelligence is independently associated with all cause mortality over 17 years in an elderly community sample an investigation of potential mechanisms
Intelligence, 2009Co-Authors: Philip J Batterham, Helen Christensen, Andrew MackinnonAbstract:Abstract The long-term relationship between lower Intelligence and mortality risk in later life is well established, even when controlling for a range of health and sociodemographic measures. However, there is some evidence for differential effects in various domains of cognitive performance. Specifically, tests of fluid Intelligence may have a stronger association with mortality than do tests of Crystallized Intelligence. The present study examines the relationship between Intelligence and mortality in a sample of 896 Australian community-dwelling males and females, aged 70–97 at recruitment and followed for up to 17 years. There were 687 deaths during the follow-up period. Cox proportional hazard regression models examined whether the relationship between Intelligence and mortality might be mediated by socioeconomic status, by health behaviors, by health status, or a combination of these. Higher fluid Intelligence — as measured by the Symbol–Letter Modalities Test — was strongly associated with lower mortality rates (Hazard ratio = 0.80; 95% confidence interval = 0.72–0.88), even after accounting for any combination of potential mediators and confounders. A significant association between Crystallized Intelligence, as measured by the National Adult Reading Test, and mortality (HR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.80–0.99) was attenuated by the inclusion of socioeconomic, health status measures, and health behavior measures and when deaths from the first four years of the study were excluded. The findings show little support for the hypothesized mechanisms of the Intelligence–mortality relationship.
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an analysis of diversity in the cognitive performance of elderly community dwellers individual differences in change scores as a function of age
Psychology and Aging, 1999Co-Authors: Henrik Christensen, Andrew Mackinnon, A E Korten, Anthony F Jorm, A S Henderson, P A Jacomb, Bryan RodgersAbstract:This longitudinal study investigated whether age is associated with increases in interindividual variability across 4 ability domains using a sample of 426 elderly community dwellers followed over 3.5 years. Interindividual variability in change scores increased with age for memory, spatial functioning, and speed but not for Crystallized Intelligence for the full sample and in a subsample that excluded dementia or probable dementia cases. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that being female, having weaker muscle strength, and having greater symptoms of illness and greater depression were associated with overall greater variability in cognitive scores. Having a higher level of education was associated with reduced variability. These findings are consistent with the view that there is a greater range of responses at older ages, that certain domains of Intelligence are less susceptible to variation than others and that variables other than age affect cognitive performance in later life.
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education and decline in cognitive performance compensatory but not protective
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1997Co-Authors: Helen Christensen, A E Korten, Anthony F Jorm, A S Henderson, P A Jacomb, Bryan Rodgers, Andrew MackinnonAbstract:The association between education and cognitive change was investigated in a large community sample of elderly people followed up after 3.6 years. Lower education was predictive of decline on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and on tests of language and knowledge, but not on tests of cognitive speed, memory or reaction time. The effects of education were not attenuated when adjusted for health, disability or activity level. The findings suggest that education slows the rate of decline on Crystallized Intelligence, but not other cognitive abilities. Education may compensate for neurodegenerative changes rather than protect against them.
Ian J Deary - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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openness to experience and activity engagement facilitate the maintenance of verbal ability in older adults
Psychology and Aging, 2012Co-Authors: Michael Hogan, Ian J Deary, Roger T Staff, Brendan Bunting, Lawrence J WhalleyAbstract:: The current study used data from the Aberdeen Birth Cohort, 1936, to investigate the hypothesis that the positive effects of the personality trait Openness on cognitive ability are mediated by activity levels. Results of latent growth modeling analysis revealed that higher Openness predicted better reading ability, inductive reasoning, and memory performance across three testing occasions when participants were aged 64-68 years. Higher Openness predicted higher activity levels, and higher activity levels in turn predicted higher reading ability, but not higher performance on measures of inductive reasoning, memory, and speed of processing. Overall, Openness and activity engagement appear related to preserved higher cognitive ability in older adults, with Openness having a direct effect on marker tests of fluid ability and with the combined influence of Openness and activity being particularly important for marker tests of Crystallized Intelligence.
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placing inspection time reaction time and perceptual speed in the broader context of cognitive ability the vpr model in the lothian birth cohort 1936
Intelligence, 2011Co-Authors: Wendy Johnson, Ian J DearyAbstract:Abstract The idea that information processing speed is related to cognitive ability has a long history. Much evidence has been amassed in its support, with respect to both individual differences in general Intelligence and developmental trajectories. Two so-called elementary cognitive tasks, reaction time and inspection time, have been used to compile this evidence, but most studies have used either one or the other. Relations between speed and fluid Intelligence have tended to be stronger than those between speed and Crystallized Intelligence, but studies testing this have confounded verbal abilities with Crystallized Intelligence and spatial/perceptual abilities with fluid Intelligence. Questions have also been raised regarding whether speed contributes directly to general Intelligence or to more specific cognitive abilities to which general Intelligence also contributes. We used 18 ability and speed measures in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936, assessed at approximately age 70, to construct alternative versions of the Verbal–Perceptual–Image Rotation (Johnson & Bouchard, 2005a) model of cognitive ability to test different hypotheses regarding these issues. Though differences in the extents to which our models fit the data were relatively small, they suggested that reaction and inspection time tasks were comparable indicators of information processing speed with respect to general Intelligence, that verbal and spatial abilities were similarly related to information processing speed, and that spatial, verbal, and perceptual speed abilities were more directly related to information processing speed than was general Intelligence. We discuss the theoretical implications of these results.