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Antonio Heredia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cutinsomes and cutin synthase1 function sequentially in tomato fruit cutin deposition
Plant Physiology, 2020Co-Authors: Patricia Segado, Antonio Heredia, Jose A Herediaguerrero, Eva DomínguezAbstract:The aerial parts of plants, including the leaves, fruits and non-lignified stems, are covered with a protective cuticle, largely composed of the polyester cutin. Two mechanisms of cutin deposition have been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The contribution of each mechanism to cutin synthesis and deposition has shown a temporal and coordinated sequence that correlates with the two periods of organ growth, cell division and cell expansion. Cutinsomes, self-assembled particles composed of esterified cutin monomers, are involved in the synthesis of the procuticle during cell division and provide a template for further cutin deposition. CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that links cutin monomers, contributes to massive cuticle deposition during the early stages of the cell expansion period by incorporating additional cutin to the procuticle template. However, cutin deposition and polymerization appear to be part of a more complex biological scenario, which is yet not fully understood. CUS1 is also associated with the coordinated growth of the cutinized and non-cutinized domains of the outer epidermal wall, and affects cell size. A dynamic and complex interplay linking cutin synthesis with cell wall development and epidermal cell size has been identified.
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plant cutin genesis unanswered questions
Trends in Plant Science, 2015Co-Authors: Eva Domínguez, Jose A Herediaguerrero, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The genesis of cutin, the main lipid polymer present in the biosphere, has remained elusive for many years. Recently, two main approaches have attempted to explain the process of cutin polymerization. One describes the existence of an acyltransferase cutin synthase enzyme that links activated monomers of cutin in the outer cell wall, while the other shows that plant cutin is the final result of an extracellular nonenzymatic self-assembly and polymerizing process of cutin monomers. In this opinion article, we explain both models and suggest that they could be pieces of a more complex biological scenario. We also highlight their different characteristics and current limitations, and suggest a potential synergism of both hypotheses.
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Infrared and Raman spectroscopic features of plant cuticles: a review
Frontiers in plant science, 2014Co-Authors: José A. Heredia-guerrero, José J. Benítez, Eva Domínguez, Athanassia Athanassiou, Ilker S. Bayer, Roberto Cingolani, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The cuticle is one of the most important plant barriers. It is an external and continuous lipid membrane that covers the surface of epidermal cells and whose main function is to prevent the massive loss of water. The spectroscopic characterization of the plant cuticle and its components (cutin, Cutan, waxes, polysaccharides and phenolics) by infrared and Raman spectroscopies has provided significant advances in the knowledge of the functional groups present in the cuticular matrix and on their structural role, interaction and macromolecular arrangement. Additionally, these spectroscopies have been used in the study of cuticle interaction with exogenous molecules, degradation, distribution of components within the cuticle matrix, changes during growth and development and characterization of fossil plants.
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cutin synthesis a slippery paradigm
Biointerphases, 2009Co-Authors: Antonio Heredia, Eva Domínguez, Jose A Herediaguerrero, José J. BenítezAbstract:Despite its biological importance, the mechanism of construction of cutin, the polymer matrix of plant cuticles, has not yet been elucidated. Recently, progress on lipid barrier formation of polymers such as cutin and suberin has been recently reviewed by Pollard et al.1 In their review the authors state that the ubiquitous cutin is the least understood of the plant extracellular polymers and that major questions about cutin structure and its macromolecular assembly remain to be resolved. At the time this paper was being published our research group has developed a new hypothesis on plant cutin synthesis.2
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biomechanics of isolated tomato solanum lycopersicum l fruit cuticles the role of the cutin matrix and polysaccharides
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007Co-Authors: Gloria Lopezcasado, Antonio J. Matas, Eva Domínguez, Jesus Cuartero, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The mechanical characteristics of the cuticular membrane (CM), a complex composite biopolymer basically composed of a cutin matrix, waxes, and hydrolysable polysaccharides, have been described previously. The biomechanical behaviour and quantitative contribution of cutin and polysaccharides have been investigated here using as experimental material mature green and red ripe tomato fruits. Treatment of isolated CM with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in pyridine allowed the selective elimination of polysaccharides attached to or incrusted into the cutin matrix. Cutin samples showed a drastic decrease in elastic modulus and stiffness (up to 92%) compared with CM, which clearly indicates that polysaccharides incorporated into the cutin matrix are responsible for the elastic modulus, stiffness, and the linear elastic behaviour of the whole cuticle. Reciprocally, the viscoelastic behaviour of CM (low elastic modulus and high strain values) can be assigned to the cutin. These results applied both to mature green and red ripe CM. Cutin elastic modulus, independently of the degree of temperature and hydration, was always significantly higher for the ripe than for the green samples while strain was lower; the amount of phenolics in the cutin network are the main candidates to explain the increased rigidity from mature green to red ripe cutin. The polysaccharide families isolated from CM were pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, the main polymers associated with the plant cell wall. The three types of polysaccharides were present in similar amounts in CM from mature green and red ripe tomatoes. Physical techniques such as X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the polysaccharide fibres were mainly randomly oriented. A tomato fruit CM scenario at the supramolecular level that could explain the observed CM biomechanical properties is presented and discussed.
Asaph Aharoni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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abcg transporters export cutin precursors for the formation of the plant cuticle
Current Biology, 2021Co-Authors: Carolina Elejaldepalmett, Damien De Bellis, Ignacio Martinez San Segundo, Imene Garroum, Laurence Charrier, Antonio Mucciolo, Aurore Guerault, Jie Liu, Viktoria Zeislerdiehl, Asaph AharoniAbstract:Summary The plant cuticle is deposited on the surface of primary plant organs, such as leaves, fruits, and floral organs, forming a diffusion barrier and protecting the plant against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Cutin, the structural polyester of the plant cuticle, is synthesized in the apoplast. Plasma-membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the G family have been hypothesized to export cutin precursors. Here, we characterize SlABCG42 of tomato representing an ortholog of AtABCG32 in Arabidopsis. SlABCG42 expression in Arabidopsis complements the cuticular deficiencies of the Arabidopsis pec1/abcg32 mutant. RNAi-dependent downregulation of both tomato genes encoding proteins highly homologous to AtABCG32 (SlABCG36 and SlABCG42) leads to reduced cutin deposition and formation of a thinner cuticle in tomato fruits. By using a tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) protoplast system, we show that AtABCG32 and SlABCG42 have an export activity for 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoyl-2-glycerol, a cutin precursor in vivo. Interestingly, also free ω-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid as well as hexadecanedioic acid were exported, furthering the research on the identification of cutin precursors in vivo and the respective mechanisms of their integration into the cutin polymer.
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the arabidopsis dcr encoding a soluble bahd acyltransferase is required for cutin polyester formation and seed hydration properties
Plant Physiology, 2009Co-Authors: David Panikashvili, Lukas Schreiber, Jianxin Shi, Asaph AharoniAbstract:The cuticle covering every plant aerial organ is largely made of cutin that consists of fatty acids, glycerol, and aromatic monomers. Despite the huge importance of the cuticle to plant development and fitness, our knowledge regarding the assembly of the cutin polymer and its integration in the complete cuticle structure is limited. Cutin composition implies the action of acyltransferase-type enzymes that mediate polymer construction through ester bond formation. Here, we show that a member of the BAHD family of acyltransferases (DEFECTIVE IN CUTICULAR RIDGES [DCR]) is required for incorporation of the most abundant monomer into the polymeric structure of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) flower cutin. DCR-deficient plants display phenotypes that are typically associated with a defective cuticle, including altered epidermal cell differentiation and postgenital organ fusion. Moreover, levels of the major cutin monomer in flowers, 9(10),16-dihydroxy-hexadecanoic acid, decreased to an almost undetectable amount in the mutants. Interestingly, dcr mutants exhibit changes in the decoration of petal conical cells and mucilage extrusion in the seed coat, both phenotypes formerly not associated with cutin polymer assembly. Excessive root branching displayed by dcr mutants and the DCR expression pattern in roots pointed to the function of DCR belowground, in shaping root architecture by influencing lateral root emergence and growth. In addition, the dcr mutants were more susceptible to salinity, osmotic, and water deprivation stress conditions. Finally, the analysis of DCR protein localization suggested that cutin polymerization, possibly the oligomerization step, is partially carried out in the cytoplasmic space. Therefore, this study extends our knowledge regarding the functionality of the cuticular layer and the formation of its major constituent the polymer cutin.
Jose A Dangelo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ftir spectroscopic features of the pteridosperm ruflorinia orlandoi and host rock springhill formation lower cretaceous argentina
Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 2020Co-Authors: Maiten Lafuente A Diaz, Jose A Dangelo, Georgina M Del Fueyo, Martin A CarrizoAbstract:Abstract Ruflorinia orlandoi (Pteridospermophyta) fronds are chemically analyzed for the first time by semi-quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. This analysis allows the chemical characterization of the mesophyll and cuticle revealing the functional groups preserved in different frond parts (pinnae and rachis). The specimens collected in the Springhill Formation at the Rio Correntoso locality (Lower Cretaceous, Santa Cruz province, Argentina) are compressions with very well-preserved cuticular features. The R. orlandoi remains (pinnae and rachis) are spectroscopically analyzed into two samples: compressions (Cp) and cuticles (Ct). Additionally, a third sample form from the host rock and named associated coal (V) is spectroscopically analyzed. Semi-quantitative data derived from Cp, Ct, and V spectra are evaluated by principal component analysis. The results indicate that Cp samples have a similar chemical composition whereas Ct samples show a greater variability. The latter could be related to intraspecific variability of foliar characters (e.g., trichomes and cuticular striations). Furthermore, Ct samples exhibit high contents of aromatic carbon groups suggesting a distinctive composition, likely including cutin/Cutan biomacropolymers and/or phenolic compounds. Considering each specimen, the rachis shows a higher aromatic carbon content than pinnae as a consequence of the presence of more lignified tissues in the former. The V samples have the lowest relative intensity of aliphatic groups. On the other hand, the functional-group composition of R. orlandoi remains and V samples are compared with kerogen types and coal macerals showing a general chemical composition similar to type II kerogen. The latter is related to cuticles, spores, pollen grains, and resins.
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fossil cutin of macroneuropteris scheuchzeri late pennsylvanian seed fern canada
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2013Co-Authors: Jose A Dangelo, Paul C Lyons, Maria Mastalerz, Erwin L ZodrowAbstract:Abstract Cutin polymer from compression-preserved specimens of Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri (seed fern, Medullosales) is recorded for the first time. Specimens of basal Cantabrian strata, Sydney Coalfield, Canada, exhibit excellent preservation. The cutin was concentrated by Schulze's process by time-controlled oxidation reaction. Reported are functional-group changes monitored via semi-quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry as a function of cutin concentration in Schulze's solution. Distinct features of the cutin spectrum include intense peaks of ester C O groups, centered at 1730–1715 cm − 1 , and aromatic C C absorption bands at 1640–1645 cm − 1 . Cutin is characterized and differentiated from the corresponding M. scheuchzeri cuticle mainly by the comparatively higher values of CH 2 /CH 3 , C O/C C, and the very low values of CH al /C O and C C contribution. Cutin data compare with available semi-quantitative FTIR data from modern L. esculentum cutin, particularly emphasized by CH al /C O ratios whose low value of ca. 0.9 indicates a similar cross-linking degree of the polymeric structure for the fossil and extant taxa.
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chemometric study of functional groups in different layers of trigonocarpus grandis ovules pennsylvanian seed fern canada
Organic Geochemistry, 2011Co-Authors: Jose A Dangelo, Erwin L ZodrowAbstract:Abstract We examined four dispersed, coalified ovules, Trigonocarpus grandis, of medullosalean seed-fern affinity from the Late Pennsylvanian age Sydney Coalfield, Canada, which represent the larger type of the 7–8 cm trigonocarpalean form species. At first glance it appears that the ovules are preserved like the usual Carboniferous foliar compressions, i.e. one coalified layer with one preserved anatomical tissue, the cuticle. However, careful sample preparation uncovered at least three coalified layers, and Schulze’s oxidative maceration process, which dissolves the coalified material, revealed several tissue layers. Altogether, eight sample forms were defined: (i) coalified layer, (ii) cuticle A, (iii) cupric + vitrain, (iv) vitrain, (v) cupric, (vi) cuticle B, (vii) alkaline solution and (viii) added coal seam material. The purpose of the study was twofold: first, to systematically analyze the forms by way of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry to fill a gap in chemical information that exits for coalified trigonocarpalean ovules of Carboniferous seed ferns; second, to use principal component analysis to focus on groupings as a function of chemical structure (functional groups) and to assess the different fossil forms in terms of FTIR chemical parameters, based on a 8 × 49 data matrix. Results include distinction among the three coaly sample forms, coalified layer (i), cupric + vitrain (iii) and cupric (v), based mainly, but not exclusively, on differences in carbonyl content, as well as length and branching of the polymethylenic chains. Important to note is the high aliphatic content of the cuticles as a signature of the biomacromolecules Cutan/cutin. In particular, new insights into the structure of the original ovule are presented, and differences in chemistry are mainly a result of the complex structure of the precursor plant organ.
Eva Domínguez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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cutinsomes and cutin synthase1 function sequentially in tomato fruit cutin deposition
Plant Physiology, 2020Co-Authors: Patricia Segado, Antonio Heredia, Jose A Herediaguerrero, Eva DomínguezAbstract:The aerial parts of plants, including the leaves, fruits and non-lignified stems, are covered with a protective cuticle, largely composed of the polyester cutin. Two mechanisms of cutin deposition have been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The contribution of each mechanism to cutin synthesis and deposition has shown a temporal and coordinated sequence that correlates with the two periods of organ growth, cell division and cell expansion. Cutinsomes, self-assembled particles composed of esterified cutin monomers, are involved in the synthesis of the procuticle during cell division and provide a template for further cutin deposition. CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that links cutin monomers, contributes to massive cuticle deposition during the early stages of the cell expansion period by incorporating additional cutin to the procuticle template. However, cutin deposition and polymerization appear to be part of a more complex biological scenario, which is yet not fully understood. CUS1 is also associated with the coordinated growth of the cutinized and non-cutinized domains of the outer epidermal wall, and affects cell size. A dynamic and complex interplay linking cutin synthesis with cell wall development and epidermal cell size has been identified.
-
plant cutin genesis unanswered questions
Trends in Plant Science, 2015Co-Authors: Eva Domínguez, Jose A Herediaguerrero, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The genesis of cutin, the main lipid polymer present in the biosphere, has remained elusive for many years. Recently, two main approaches have attempted to explain the process of cutin polymerization. One describes the existence of an acyltransferase cutin synthase enzyme that links activated monomers of cutin in the outer cell wall, while the other shows that plant cutin is the final result of an extracellular nonenzymatic self-assembly and polymerizing process of cutin monomers. In this opinion article, we explain both models and suggest that they could be pieces of a more complex biological scenario. We also highlight their different characteristics and current limitations, and suggest a potential synergism of both hypotheses.
-
Infrared and Raman spectroscopic features of plant cuticles: a review
Frontiers in plant science, 2014Co-Authors: José A. Heredia-guerrero, José J. Benítez, Eva Domínguez, Athanassia Athanassiou, Ilker S. Bayer, Roberto Cingolani, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The cuticle is one of the most important plant barriers. It is an external and continuous lipid membrane that covers the surface of epidermal cells and whose main function is to prevent the massive loss of water. The spectroscopic characterization of the plant cuticle and its components (cutin, Cutan, waxes, polysaccharides and phenolics) by infrared and Raman spectroscopies has provided significant advances in the knowledge of the functional groups present in the cuticular matrix and on their structural role, interaction and macromolecular arrangement. Additionally, these spectroscopies have been used in the study of cuticle interaction with exogenous molecules, degradation, distribution of components within the cuticle matrix, changes during growth and development and characterization of fossil plants.
-
cutin synthesis a slippery paradigm
Biointerphases, 2009Co-Authors: Antonio Heredia, Eva Domínguez, Jose A Herediaguerrero, José J. BenítezAbstract:Despite its biological importance, the mechanism of construction of cutin, the polymer matrix of plant cuticles, has not yet been elucidated. Recently, progress on lipid barrier formation of polymers such as cutin and suberin has been recently reviewed by Pollard et al.1 In their review the authors state that the ubiquitous cutin is the least understood of the plant extracellular polymers and that major questions about cutin structure and its macromolecular assembly remain to be resolved. At the time this paper was being published our research group has developed a new hypothesis on plant cutin synthesis.2
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biomechanics of isolated tomato solanum lycopersicum l fruit cuticles the role of the cutin matrix and polysaccharides
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2007Co-Authors: Gloria Lopezcasado, Antonio J. Matas, Eva Domínguez, Jesus Cuartero, Antonio HerediaAbstract:The mechanical characteristics of the cuticular membrane (CM), a complex composite biopolymer basically composed of a cutin matrix, waxes, and hydrolysable polysaccharides, have been described previously. The biomechanical behaviour and quantitative contribution of cutin and polysaccharides have been investigated here using as experimental material mature green and red ripe tomato fruits. Treatment of isolated CM with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride in pyridine allowed the selective elimination of polysaccharides attached to or incrusted into the cutin matrix. Cutin samples showed a drastic decrease in elastic modulus and stiffness (up to 92%) compared with CM, which clearly indicates that polysaccharides incorporated into the cutin matrix are responsible for the elastic modulus, stiffness, and the linear elastic behaviour of the whole cuticle. Reciprocally, the viscoelastic behaviour of CM (low elastic modulus and high strain values) can be assigned to the cutin. These results applied both to mature green and red ripe CM. Cutin elastic modulus, independently of the degree of temperature and hydration, was always significantly higher for the ripe than for the green samples while strain was lower; the amount of phenolics in the cutin network are the main candidates to explain the increased rigidity from mature green to red ripe cutin. The polysaccharide families isolated from CM were pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, the main polymers associated with the plant cell wall. The three types of polysaccharides were present in similar amounts in CM from mature green and red ripe tomatoes. Physical techniques such as X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy indicated that the polysaccharide fibres were mainly randomly oriented. A tomato fruit CM scenario at the supramolecular level that could explain the observed CM biomechanical properties is presented and discussed.
Erwin L Zodrow - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fossil cutin of macroneuropteris scheuchzeri late pennsylvanian seed fern canada
International Journal of Coal Geology, 2013Co-Authors: Jose A Dangelo, Paul C Lyons, Maria Mastalerz, Erwin L ZodrowAbstract:Abstract Cutin polymer from compression-preserved specimens of Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri (seed fern, Medullosales) is recorded for the first time. Specimens of basal Cantabrian strata, Sydney Coalfield, Canada, exhibit excellent preservation. The cutin was concentrated by Schulze's process by time-controlled oxidation reaction. Reported are functional-group changes monitored via semi-quantitative Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry as a function of cutin concentration in Schulze's solution. Distinct features of the cutin spectrum include intense peaks of ester C O groups, centered at 1730–1715 cm − 1 , and aromatic C C absorption bands at 1640–1645 cm − 1 . Cutin is characterized and differentiated from the corresponding M. scheuchzeri cuticle mainly by the comparatively higher values of CH 2 /CH 3 , C O/C C, and the very low values of CH al /C O and C C contribution. Cutin data compare with available semi-quantitative FTIR data from modern L. esculentum cutin, particularly emphasized by CH al /C O ratios whose low value of ca. 0.9 indicates a similar cross-linking degree of the polymeric structure for the fossil and extant taxa.
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chemometric study of functional groups in different layers of trigonocarpus grandis ovules pennsylvanian seed fern canada
Organic Geochemistry, 2011Co-Authors: Jose A Dangelo, Erwin L ZodrowAbstract:Abstract We examined four dispersed, coalified ovules, Trigonocarpus grandis, of medullosalean seed-fern affinity from the Late Pennsylvanian age Sydney Coalfield, Canada, which represent the larger type of the 7–8 cm trigonocarpalean form species. At first glance it appears that the ovules are preserved like the usual Carboniferous foliar compressions, i.e. one coalified layer with one preserved anatomical tissue, the cuticle. However, careful sample preparation uncovered at least three coalified layers, and Schulze’s oxidative maceration process, which dissolves the coalified material, revealed several tissue layers. Altogether, eight sample forms were defined: (i) coalified layer, (ii) cuticle A, (iii) cupric + vitrain, (iv) vitrain, (v) cupric, (vi) cuticle B, (vii) alkaline solution and (viii) added coal seam material. The purpose of the study was twofold: first, to systematically analyze the forms by way of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry to fill a gap in chemical information that exits for coalified trigonocarpalean ovules of Carboniferous seed ferns; second, to use principal component analysis to focus on groupings as a function of chemical structure (functional groups) and to assess the different fossil forms in terms of FTIR chemical parameters, based on a 8 × 49 data matrix. Results include distinction among the three coaly sample forms, coalified layer (i), cupric + vitrain (iii) and cupric (v), based mainly, but not exclusively, on differences in carbonyl content, as well as length and branching of the polymethylenic chains. Important to note is the high aliphatic content of the cuticles as a signature of the biomacromolecules Cutan/cutin. In particular, new insights into the structure of the original ovule are presented, and differences in chemistry are mainly a result of the complex structure of the precursor plant organ.
