The Experts below are selected from a list of 324 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Steven M. Levy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Measurement and Distribution of Dental Fluorosis
    Burt and Eklund's Dentistry Dental Practice and the Community, 2021
    Co-Authors: John J. Warren, Steven M. Levy
    Abstract:

    Abstract Dental Fluorosis is a hypomineralization of enamel associated with elevated fluoride intake during the process of enamel formation. Dental Fluorosis appearance ranges from barely discernable fine flecks or lines of opaque white enamel in its mildest form to discrete pits, which can be accompanied by areas that are stained orange to dark brown in its severe form. In this chapter the description, etiology, measurement, distribution, risk factors and indicators, and public health significance of Dental Fluorosis are presented.

  • fluoride intake of children considerations for Dental caries and Dental Fluorosis
    Monographs in oral science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Marília Afonso Rabelo Buzalaf, Steven M. Levy
    Abstract:

    Caries incidence and prevalence have decreased significantly over the last few decades due to the widespread use of fluoride. However, an increase in the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis has been reported simultaneously in both fluoridated and non-fluoridated communities. Dental Fluorosis occurs due to excessive fluoride intake during the critical period of tooth development. For the permanent maxillary central incisors, the window of maximum susceptibility to the occurrence of Fluorosis is the first 3 years of life. Thus, during this time, a close monitoring of fluoride intake must be accomplished in order to avoid Dental Fluorosis. This review describes the main sources of fluoride intake that have been identified: fluoridated drinking water, fluoride toothpaste, dietary fluoride supplements and infant formulas. Recommendations on how to avoid excessive fluoride intake from these sources are also given.

  • changes in Dental Fluorosis following the cessation of water fluoridation
    Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Christopher D Clark, Jay D Shulman, Gerardo Maupome, Steven M. Levy
    Abstract:

    Objectives: To determine changes in the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis, and in perceptions of aesthetic concerns due to Dental Fluorosis after water fluoridation ceased. Methods: Schoolchildren in second and third grades were examined in 1993-94, 1996-97 and 2002-03 to determine changes in the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis following fluoridation cessation of the public water supplies in 1992. The Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI) was used to quantify Dental Fluorosis. Perceptions of aesthetics were assessed by questionnaires which were sent home to parents. Residence and Dental histories were confirmed on all children to determine the extent of exposure to all types of fluorides. Comparisons between the three surveys were used to establish the influence of fluoridated water and other fluoride sources on the occurrence and severity of Dental Fluorosis. Aesthetic ratings from parents were used to assess the aesthetic conditions of maxillary anterior teeth across the three surveys. Results: When fluoride was removed from the water supply in 1992, the prevalence and severity of TFI scores decreased significantly from the 1993-94 survey cycle when compared with the 1996-97 and 2002-03 survey cycles. The use of fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrice also decreased during this study period. Analyses were unable to determine the influence of these different fluoride exposures on the changes in TFI scores over time. Comparisons of aesthetic ratings from parents between survey cycles failed to show any significant differences.

  • Risk factors for Dental Fluorosis in pediatric Dental patients.
    Journal of public health dentistry, 1995
    Co-Authors: Mary Catherine Skotowski, Ronald J. Hunt, Steven M. Levy
    Abstract:

    Objectives: Concerns have been raised recently about whether a substantial amount of Dental Fluorosis is resulting from the increased use of fluoride from various sources. The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence and severity of Dental Fluorosis in a sample of pediatric patients seeking Dental treatment in a university pediatric Dental clinic and to evaluate sources of fluoride as risk factors for Dental Fluorosis. Methods: A convenience sample of 157 children aged 8 to 17 years were examined for Dental Fluorosis using the Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis (TSIF). Fluoride history questionnaires assessing previous exposure to fluoride during the first eight years of life were completed by the children’s parents. Fluoride exposures were compared among 54 cases and 54 matched controls using a case-control retrospective design. Results: Fluorosis was found in 72 percent of the children, but was generally quite mild. The risk of Fluorosis was significantly greater for children who had greater exposure to fluoridated water and who used larger amounts of fluoridatedtoothpaste up to age eight. Conclusions: This study provided evidence that increased use of fluoride toothpaste may be a risk factor for Dental Fluorosis. The results suggest prudent use of dentifrice by young children to minimize the risk of Fluorosis. [J Public Health Dent 1995;55(3): 154-91

Christopher D Clark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • changes in Dental Fluorosis following the cessation of water fluoridation
    Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 2006
    Co-Authors: Christopher D Clark, Jay D Shulman, Gerardo Maupome, Steven M. Levy
    Abstract:

    Objectives: To determine changes in the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis, and in perceptions of aesthetic concerns due to Dental Fluorosis after water fluoridation ceased. Methods: Schoolchildren in second and third grades were examined in 1993-94, 1996-97 and 2002-03 to determine changes in the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis following fluoridation cessation of the public water supplies in 1992. The Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index (TFI) was used to quantify Dental Fluorosis. Perceptions of aesthetics were assessed by questionnaires which were sent home to parents. Residence and Dental histories were confirmed on all children to determine the extent of exposure to all types of fluorides. Comparisons between the three surveys were used to establish the influence of fluoridated water and other fluoride sources on the occurrence and severity of Dental Fluorosis. Aesthetic ratings from parents were used to assess the aesthetic conditions of maxillary anterior teeth across the three surveys. Results: When fluoride was removed from the water supply in 1992, the prevalence and severity of TFI scores decreased significantly from the 1993-94 survey cycle when compared with the 1996-97 and 2002-03 survey cycles. The use of fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrice also decreased during this study period. Analyses were unable to determine the influence of these different fluoride exposures on the changes in TFI scores over time. Comparisons of aesthetic ratings from parents between survey cycles failed to show any significant differences.

  • trends in prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in north america
    Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology, 1994
    Co-Authors: Christopher D Clark
    Abstract:

    – This review of the literature was undertaken to demonstrate the changing trends in the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in North America. Using Dean's early work to establish a baseline for the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis, results of more recent prevalence surveys were used to establish a range for the occurrence of Dental florosis today. These results suggest that the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis now ranges somewhere between 35% and 60% in fluoridated communities and between 20% and 45% in nonfluoridated areas, depending on the influence of different local conditions. While the increase has occurred primarily in the very mild and mild categories of Dental Fluorosis, there is also some evidence that the prevalence is increasing in the moderate and severe classifications as well.

Jayanth V. Kumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Low birth weight and Dental Fluorosis: is there an association?
    Journal of public health dentistry, 2000
    Co-Authors: Jayanth V. Kumar, Philip A. Swango
    Abstract:

    Objective The association between low birth weight and Dental Fluorosis was explored in a cross-sectional study to explain the higher prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among African-American children. Methods Birth weight data on 960 children were obtained from the New York State Birth Registry. Data on race, fluoride exposure, sociodemographic characteristics, and Dental Fluorosis were available from a cross-sectional study conducted in Newburgh and Kingston. Associations among birth weight, race, and fluoride exposure from fluoridated water, regular use of supplements, brushing before the age of 2 years, and subject-level Dental Fluorosis were explored using logistic regression procedures. Results The regression coefficients for the main effects and the two-way interaction effects associated with low birth weight, race, and fluoride exposure were not statistically significant. Even after controlling for low birth weight and fluoride exposure, African-American children had a statistically significant higher odds ratio (OR = 2.0). An analysis of the data limited to mandibular permanent first molars showed similar effects, except for evidence of effect modification in low birth weight children exposed to fluoride supplements. Conclusions Lower birth weight did not explain the higher prevalence of Dental Fluorosis observed among African-American children.

  • Fluoride exposure and Dental Fluorosis in Newburgh and Kingston, New York: policy implications.
    Community dentistry and oral epidemiology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Jayanth V. Kumar, Philip A. Swango
    Abstract:

    Abstract– Objectives: This analysis was conducted to determine the changes in the effect of exposure to fluoridation and other sources of fluoride on Dental Fluorosis in children attending Newburgh and Kingston school districts in New York State. Methods: Data for this analysis were obtained from two surveys conducted in the 1986 and 1995 school years. Analyses were limited to 3500, 7–14-year-old lifelong residents of a fluoridated or a nonfluoridated community. Deans's classification and DMFS index were used for recording Dental Fluorosis and caries, respectively. A questionnaire was used to collect fluoride exposure data. Regression procedures were used to estimate the effect of fluoridation, fluoride supplements, and brushing before the age of 2 years on Dental Fluorosis. Results: Children examined in 1996 were at higher risk for both questionable and very mild to severe Dental Fluorosis if they received fluoride from water or daily tablet use, or started brushing before the age of 2 years. The increase in risk from 1986 to 1995 was greater for African-American children. Conclusion: This analysis showed that the risk of developing Dental Fluorosis did not decline over time in these communities. Continuous exposure to water fluoridation had an observable effect on Dental Fluorosis. However, implementation of fluoridation in Newburgh Town did not result in an increase in Dental Fluorosis prevalence.

  • Changes in Dental Fluorosis and Dental caries in Newburgh and Kingston, New York.
    American journal of public health, 1998
    Co-Authors: Jayanth V. Kumar, P A Swango, L L Lininger, G S Leske, Elmer L. Green, V B Haley
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVES: This study sought to determine whether the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis and Dental caries had changed in a fluoridated community and a nonfluoridated community since an earlier study conducted in 1986. METHODS: Dental Fluorosis and Dental caries data were collected on 7- to 14-year-old lifelong residents (n = 1493) of Newburgh and Kingston, NY. RESULTS: Estimated Dental Fluorosis prevalence rates were 19.6% in Newburgh and 11.7% in Kingston. The greatest disparity in caries scores was observed between poor and nonpoor children in nonfluoridated Kingston. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of Dental Fluorosis has not declined in Newburgh and Kingston, whereas the prevalence of Dental caries has continued to decline.

Bruce A. Dye - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Prevalence and severity of Dental Fluorosis in the United States, 1999-2004.
    NCHS data brief, 2010
    Co-Authors: Eugenio D. Beltrán-aguilar, Laurie K. Barker, Bruce A. Dye
    Abstract:

    Dental Fluorosis refers to changes in the appearance of tooth enamel that are caused by long-term ingestion of fluoride during the time teeth are forming. Studies conducted in the 1930s showed that the severity of tooth decay was lower and Dental Fluorosis was higher in areas with more fluoride in the drinking water. In response to these findings, community water fluoridation programs were developed to add fluoride to drinking water to reach an optimal level for preventing tooth decay, while limiting the chance of developing Dental Fluorosis. By the 1980s, studies in selected U.S. communities reported an increase in Dental Fluorosis, paralleling the expansion of water fluoridation and the increased availability of other sources of ingested fluoride, such as fluoride toothpaste (if swallowed) and fluoride supplements. This report describes the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in the United States and changes in the prevalence and severity of Dental Fluorosis among adolescents between 1986–1987 and 1999–2004.

Jigna Shah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Reversal of Dental Fluorosis: A clinical study
    Journal of natural science biology and medicine, 2013
    Co-Authors: Dhaval N Mehta, Jigna Shah
    Abstract:

    Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the clinical reversal of Dental Fluorosis with various combinations of calcium, vitamin D 3 , and ascorbic acid, along with changes in levels of certain biochemical parameters concerned with Dental Fluorosis. The role of fluoride level of drinking water in the etiology of Dental Fluorosis and the prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in both dentitions and teeth were also assessed. Materials and Methods: A total number of 50 patients with clinical features of Dental Fluorosis without trauma and any adverse habits were selected. Of these, in 30 co-operative patients, estimation of water fluoride level and pretreatment and post-treatment serum and urine fluoride levels were done with ion selective electrode method. The selected 30 patients were divided into three groups, that is, group A, group B, and group C, and were given various combinations of medications like calcium with vitamin D 3 supplements, ascorbic acid with vitamin D 3 supplements, and chlorhexidine mouthwash (placebo) for three months, respectively. These 30 patients were assessed for any change in the clinical grading of Dental Fluorosis. Results: No change in clinical grading of Dental Fluorosis was noted. Considerable reduction in serum and urine fluoride levels was noted in both group A and group B patients. Dental Fluorosis was noted in permanent teeth more commonly than deciduous teeth, and permanent maxillary central incisors had the highest prevalence rate. Conclusion: This study comprises only 30 patients with three months of follow-up. So, this sample of patients and duration of follow-up period are conclusive to observe changes in biochemical parameters but not sufficient to observe changes in clinical grading.