The Experts below are selected from a list of 8394 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Kevin S. Spink - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
an exploratory experimental study examining the short term effects of a public service announcement on parents perceptions of the Descriptive Norm for children s outdoor play a cautionary tale
Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2019Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Kevin S. Spink, Guy FaulknerAbstract:Issue Addressed: Public service announcements (PSA) targeting physical activity are not always effective at enacting behaviour change. One factor that may impact message effectiveness is whether the message matches its intent (ie, what Norm is being portrayed and received). The current study explored the effects of two PSAs on parents' perceptions of outdoor play. Methods: Parents (N = 333) completed a pre/postexperimental online survey to examine the acute impact of a PSA on their perception of how often children play outdoors (ie, Descriptive Norms). Participants provided their Descriptive Norm perceptions and then were randomised to view one of two PSAs: (a) the Mr. Lonely PSA, which portrayed outdoor activity as not Normative, and (b) a control message, which portrayed outdoor activity as the Norm (VERB PSA). After viewing their PSA, Descriptive Norm perceptions were reported again. Results: A two-way mixed ANOVA indicated that participants who viewed the Mr. Lonely PSA (where outdoor play was not Normative) perceived that children and youth played outdoors less frequently immediately after watching the PSA compared to before viewing it (P Conclusions: PSAs can alter individuals' perceptions of whether they perceive outdoor play as Normative among children and youth. So what?: As individuals align their behaviour with what is typical, PSA developers should be wary of what message is being conveyed. In terms of activity, portraying that outdoor play is not Normative may not have the intended outcome.
-
An exploratory experimental study examining the short‐term effects of a public service announcement on parents’ perceptions of the Descriptive Norm for children’s outdoor play: A cautionary tale
Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals, 2018Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Kevin S. Spink, Guy FaulknerAbstract:Issue Addressed: Public service announcements (PSA) targeting physical activity are not always effective at enacting behaviour change. One factor that may impact message effectiveness is whether the message matches its intent (ie, what Norm is being portrayed and received). The current study explored the effects of two PSAs on parents' perceptions of outdoor play. Methods: Parents (N = 333) completed a pre/postexperimental online survey to examine the acute impact of a PSA on their perception of how often children play outdoors (ie, Descriptive Norms). Participants provided their Descriptive Norm perceptions and then were randomised to view one of two PSAs: (a) the Mr. Lonely PSA, which portrayed outdoor activity as not Normative, and (b) a control message, which portrayed outdoor activity as the Norm (VERB PSA). After viewing their PSA, Descriptive Norm perceptions were reported again. Results: A two-way mixed ANOVA indicated that participants who viewed the Mr. Lonely PSA (where outdoor play was not Normative) perceived that children and youth played outdoors less frequently immediately after watching the PSA compared to before viewing it (P Conclusions: PSAs can alter individuals' perceptions of whether they perceive outdoor play as Normative among children and youth. So what?: As individuals align their behaviour with what is typical, PSA developers should be wary of what message is being conveyed. In terms of activity, portraying that outdoor play is not Normative may not have the intended outcome.
-
You talkin' to me: Effects of Descriptive Norms on muscular endurance as moderated by exercise identity
2017Co-Authors: Kevin S. Spink, Courtney Chupa, Katherine Latoski, Ashley Libke, Yuwen ZhengAbstract:Descriptive Norms (DN; perception of what is commonly done) have been associated with activity (Crozier & Spink, 2017; Priebe & Spink, 2015), with most studies using focus theory of Normative conduct (Cialdini et al., 1990) as their theoretical underpinning. One of its main postulates states that individuals are more likely to act on Descriptive Norm information when it is salient to them. The purpose was to examine the impact of Descriptive Norms on muscular endurance in a plank exercise where salience for the exercise behaviour differed (high exercise identity (HEXID)/low exercise identity (LEXID)). It was hypothesized that only HEXID individuals who received a Descriptive Norm would hold their plank longer than those who did not receive a message. Undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: Descriptive Norm (DN, n=31) and control (C, n=32), and then asked to perform two planks to maximum exertion separated by a 3-min rest. After completing the first, DN participants received a Norm-specific message that "80% of university students held their second plank 20% longer than their first plank" while C participants received no message. Exercise identity also was assessed. A mean split of the exercise identity item was used to create the HEXID and LEXID groups. ANCOVA results (controlling for time 1 plank) revealed a significant condition/identity group interaction (p=.039). Supporting the hypothesis, significant differences between conditions only emerged for HEXID individuals with those receiving the message holding their second plank longer (M=98.5 sec) than those not receiving the message (M=80.4 sec).
-
Effect of Manipulating Descriptive Norms and Positive Outcome Expectations on Physical Activity of University Students During Exams
Health communication, 2016Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:This experimental study examined the interaction between messages conveying different levels of Descriptive Norms and positive outcome expectations on university students' engagement in moderate and vigorous physical activity over an exam period. Using a pre-post design, university students entering a final examination period (N = 74) were randomly assigned to one of four message conditions, receiving a message motivating them to exercise over the exam period. Messages included both a Descriptive Norm (how many others reported being active during a previous exam period; high vs. low) and a positive outcome expectation (those who exercise during exams report better grades; high vs. low). The results from an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for baseline levels of daily physical activity, revealed a significant interaction. Post hoc analyses indicated that when the Descriptive Norm was high, those who received a high positive outcome expectation reported being more active during the exam period compared to those receiving the low positive outcome expectation. Results provide preliminary support for the idea that activity during an exam period can be positively influenced if individuals are presented with Normative messages that (a) many others are being active during the exams and (b) many of those being active also are benefiting academically.
-
Examining the effects of Descriptive Norms on muscular endurance: Gender effects
2016Co-Authors: Colin D Mclaren, Rueben Dreher, Jordan Halyk, Tessia M Philipenko, Shazaib Randhawa, Tiffany Wharton, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:Using Normative messages to influence behaviour has been receiving increased attention in the activity setting, with Descriptive Norms (DN; perception of what is commonly done) being associated with various forms of activity-related behaviour (Priebe & Spink, 2015). While the results have demonstrated a positive relationship for the most part, studies have yet to examine the effects of gender. This is surprising given that studies in other areas have found that the salience of Norms on behaviour differs by gender (Elek et al., 2006). We explored the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between DN and muscular endurance in undergraduates. University students (N = 35) were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: control (nmale=10, nfemale=8) or DN (nmale=9, nfemale=8), and asked to perform two plank exercises to maximal exertion. Between planks, those in the DN condition were given a message that most others (similar to them) held their second plank 20% longer. Controlling for the initial plank time, ANCOVA results revealed a significant interaction effect, ηp2 = 0.12, indicating a strong effect. Means revealed that females in the Descriptive Norm condition held their second plank significantly longer than those in the control condition (adj. Cohen's d = 1.12), whereas there were no differences in plank hold times for males. If replicated, these results suggest that the effects of Descriptive Norms may differ between genders with females more likely than males to increase muscular endurance if they perceive more of their peers exhibiting a maximal effort on a similar task.
Carly S Priebe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Less sitting and more moving in the office: Using Descriptive Norm messages to decrease sedentary behavior and increase light physical activity at work
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2015Co-Authors: Carly S Priebe, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:Objectives The sedentary nature of office workplaces is an increasing concern (Marshall & Ramirez, 2011). One avenue through which sedentary behavior may be decreased and beneficial activity increased is through social Norms. Previous research (e.g., Priebe & Spink, 2012) has demonstrated that perceptions about others' behavior (i.e., Descriptive Norms; Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren, 1990) can influence physical activity. However, it is unclear if Descriptive Norms can be used to impact sedentary time. This study examined whether Descriptive Norm messages would impact sedentary behavior and light activity in an office setting. Given the possible importance of personal and contextual characteristics of the Norm reference group, a secondary purpose was to examine messages that varied in reference group characteristics.
-
Getting active in the office: Using Descriptive Norm messages to decrease sedentary behaviour and increase light physical activity at work
Journal of Exercise Movement and Sport, 2014Co-Authors: Carly S Priebe, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:The sedentary nature of an office workplace is an increasing health concern (Marshall & Ramirez, 2011). One avenue through which sedentary behaviour may be decreased and beneficial light activity increased is through the use of information conveyed in social Norms. Previous theory-driven research in the activity area (e.g., Priebe & Spink, 2012, 2014) has demonstrated that perceptions about others’ behaviour (i.e., Descriptive Norms; Cialdini, Reno, & Kallgren, 1990) can influence individual physical activity. However, it is unclear if Descriptive Norms can be used to impact specific light physical activities that could break up sedentary time. The main purpose was to examine whether Descriptive Norm messages would impact both sedentary behaviour and light activity within an office setting. Given that the effects of personal (e.g., values) and contextual (e.g., physical location) characteristics of the Norm reference group could influence the effectiveness of the messages, a secondary purpose was to examine the effects of Descriptive Norm messages that varied in reference group characteristics (similar vs. dissimilar) on behaviour. Office workers received different email messages with Descriptive Norm information about their co-workers’ behaviour in the office. A repeated measures MANOVA revealed a main effect for time, F (4, 89) = 10.30, p .10. These results provide experimental evidence that Descriptive Norm messages may serve as a source of social influence associated with decreasing sedentary and increasing light physical activity within an office setting. Acknowledgments: 1st author funded by SSHRC Vanier Graduate Scholarship
-
Blood, sweat, and the influence of others: The effect of Descriptive Norms on muscular endurance and task self-efficacy
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2014Co-Authors: Carly S Priebe, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:Abstract Objectives The primary purpose of this study was to examine the influence of Descriptive Norm information about others' performance on muscular endurance (plank hold). A secondary purpose was to examine whether Descriptive Norms could serve as a vicarious stimulus informing task self-efficacy. Design Using an experimental design, adults were randomly assigned to either a Descriptive Norm (DN; n = 34) or control (n = 34) condition. Methods Participants performed two maximum endurance planks separated by a rest period. Immediately after performing the first, all participants completed a task self-efficacy measure relating to the second plank. Following this, those in the DN condition received a verbal message stating that 80% of similar others held their second plank for longer than their first. Control received no message. Prior to performing the second plank, all participants completed the efficacy measure again. Results Results from two ANCOVAs revealed that those in the DN condition held their second planks for significantly longer (controlling for plank 1 time), F (1,65) = 17.99, p Conclusions Results extend previous research by relating Descriptive Norms to a new objective activity, while controlling for past behaviour, and by finding a causal relationship between Descriptive Norms and task self-efficacy for a muscular endurance task.
-
Using Messages Promoting Descriptive Norms to Increase Physical Activity
Health communication, 2011Co-Authors: Carly S Priebe, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:While it has been known for some time that what others do (i.e., Normative behavior) can influence individual behavior, the effect of Normative social influence on physical activity behavior has not been well established. The purpose of this study was to examine whether exposure to messages containing Descriptive Norm information about the prevalence of others' physical activity would affect individual physical activity behavior to a greater extent than exposure to nonNormative messages. Two independent studies were conducted. The first manipulated Normative and nonNormative messages to examine effects on physical activity in office workers. Participants were assigned to one of four conditions (Descriptive Norm, health, appearance, or control) and received e-mail messages specific to their condition encouraging them to be active. It was hypothesized that participants in the Descriptive Norm condition would experience the greatest increase in physical activity, and the results supported this hypothesis for...
-
When in Rome: Descriptive Norms and physical activity
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2011Co-Authors: Carly S Priebe, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:Abstract Objectives The purpose of this research was to examine the impact and detectability of Descriptive Norms (perceptions of others’ physical activity) on an individual’s self-reported activity. Given the suggestion that individuals often underestimate the effect of others on their own behavior, we wished to examine the relative weights that individuals ascribed to Normative reasons versus personal reasons for being active. Design A cross-sectional study (N = 75) was conducted where participants were drawn from two different settings (office workers and university students). Method Participants completed a survey that assessed their stated reasons for being active, their current activity behavior ( Godin & Shepard, 1985 ), and their Descriptive Norm perceptions about others’ activity. Results A planned contrast revealed that personal reasons (i.e., health and appearance) were rated as stronger motivators of activity than the Normative reason, but regression results revealed that Descriptive Norm perceptions predicted activity after controlling for individuals’ perceived reasons for being active. Further, Descriptive Norm perceptions associated with friends’ activity appeared to be most associated with individual activity. Conclusions While the perception of others’ behavior was reported as less influential in one’s decision to be active, perceptions about others’ activity were highly correlated with individual’s own activity supporting the suggestion that Descriptive Norms may be more important in predicting activity than previously suspected.
Suzanne Higgs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Effects of Liking Norms and Descriptive Norms on Vegetable Consumption: A Randomized Experiment.
Frontiers in psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Jason Michael Thomas, Jinyu Liu, Eric Robinson, Paul Aveyard, C. Peter Herman, Suzanne HiggsAbstract:There is evidence that social Norm messages can be used to promote the selection of fruit and vegetables in low habitual consumers of these foods but it is unclear whether this effect is sustained over time. It is also unclear whether information about others' liking for a food (liking Norm) could have the same effect. Using a 2 × 5 × 2 experimental design we investigated the effects of exposure to various messages on later intake from a food buffet and whether any effects were sustained 24 h after exposure in both low and high consumers of vegetables. There were three factors: delay (immediate food selection vs. food selection 24 h after exposure), message type (liking Norm, Descriptive Norm, health message, vegetable variety condition, and neutral control message), and habitual consumption (low vs. high). The buffet consisted of three raw vegetables, three energy-dense foods, and two dips. For vegetables and non-vegetables there were no main effects of message type, nor any main effect of delay. There was a significant message × habitual vegetable consumption interaction for vegetable consumption; however, follow up tests did not yield any significant effects. Examining each food individually, there were no main effects of message type, nor any main effect of delay, for any of the foods; however, there was a message × habitual vegetable consumption interaction for broccoli. Consumption of broccoli in the health message and Descriptive Norm conditions did not differ from the control neutral condition. However, habitually low consumers of vegetables increased their consumption of broccoli in the vegetable variety and liking Norm conditions relative to habitual low vegetable consumers in the neutral control condition (p < 0.05). Further, investigation of the effects of the liking Norm and vegetable variety condition on vegetable intake is warranted. This trial is listed as NCT02618174 at clinicaltrials.gov.
-
Eat as they eat, not as they think. Descriptive but not injunctive social Norm messages can increase fruit and vegetable intake
Appetite, 2013Co-Authors: Eric Robinson, Suzanne HiggsAbstract:Social Norms influence food choice and intake and could be exploited to promote healthier eating. Here we test the effect of two types of social Norm messages on consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) in low and high consumers of fruit and vegetables. Young adults (n = 75) read a poster that either (1) stated that other young adults regularly eat FV (Descriptive social Norm) or (2) stated that other young adults approve of regularly eating FV (injunctive social Norm) or (3) outlined the health benefits of eating FV (control condition). Shortly after reading the poster participants were offered a snack including FV. Choice and intake were measured covertly. In habitually low consumers of FV, fruit and vegetable selection and intake was higher after reading a Descriptive Norm poster than after reading about the health benefits of eating FV. However, participants viewing an injunctive Norm poster ate a similar amount of FV as the participants in the health control condition. No effect of message type was observed in habitually high consumers of FV with habitual high consumers in all conditions selecting and eating a large amount of FV. These findings indicate that social Norm messages emphasising behavioural Norms may have more potential than injunctive Norms in encouraging healthier eating. They further suggest that social Normative information may not bring about behavioural change due to social approval concerns.
Alyson J. Crozier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
an exploratory experimental study examining the short term effects of a public service announcement on parents perceptions of the Descriptive Norm for children s outdoor play a cautionary tale
Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 2019Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Kevin S. Spink, Guy FaulknerAbstract:Issue Addressed: Public service announcements (PSA) targeting physical activity are not always effective at enacting behaviour change. One factor that may impact message effectiveness is whether the message matches its intent (ie, what Norm is being portrayed and received). The current study explored the effects of two PSAs on parents' perceptions of outdoor play. Methods: Parents (N = 333) completed a pre/postexperimental online survey to examine the acute impact of a PSA on their perception of how often children play outdoors (ie, Descriptive Norms). Participants provided their Descriptive Norm perceptions and then were randomised to view one of two PSAs: (a) the Mr. Lonely PSA, which portrayed outdoor activity as not Normative, and (b) a control message, which portrayed outdoor activity as the Norm (VERB PSA). After viewing their PSA, Descriptive Norm perceptions were reported again. Results: A two-way mixed ANOVA indicated that participants who viewed the Mr. Lonely PSA (where outdoor play was not Normative) perceived that children and youth played outdoors less frequently immediately after watching the PSA compared to before viewing it (P Conclusions: PSAs can alter individuals' perceptions of whether they perceive outdoor play as Normative among children and youth. So what?: As individuals align their behaviour with what is typical, PSA developers should be wary of what message is being conveyed. In terms of activity, portraying that outdoor play is not Normative may not have the intended outcome.
-
An Exploratory Study Examining the Interactive Effect of Descriptive Norm and Image Appeal Messages on Adults' Physical Activity Intentions: A Test of Deviation Regulation Theory.
Journal of health communication, 2019Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Kristyn L. TaylorAbstract:This exploratory study examined the interaction between messages conveying Descriptive Norms and image appeals on adults’ physical activity intentions. Using a pre-post experimental design, insuffi...
-
The company we keep: Exploring the relationship between perceived teammate self-compassion and athlete self-compassion
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2019Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Amber D. Mosewich, Leah J FergusonAbstract:Abstract Objectives The purpose was to explore the relationship between athletes’ self-compassion and perceptions of their teammates’ self-compassion (Descriptive Norm). A secondary purpose was to explore whether gender moderated this relationship. Design Cross-sectional, online survey. Method Team sport competitive athletes (N = 108; Mage = 23.1 years; SDage = 4.68) reported their Descriptive Norm perceptions of their teammates’ self-compassion as well as their own self-compassion. Results Hierarchical regression analysis indicated a positive relationship between Descriptive Norms and self-compassion, explaining 17.2% of the variance in self-compassion. The more it was perceived that teammates were engaging in self-compassion, the more likely athletes reported being self-compassionate (β = 0.39). There were no significant main or interaction effects of gender. Conclusions Athletes’ self-compassion is related to their perceptions of how often their teammates are self-compassionate. Coaches and sport psychologists should encourage athletes to build awareness about how their cognitions and behaviours relate to others’ cognitions and behaviours.
-
An exploratory experimental study examining the short‐term effects of a public service announcement on parents’ perceptions of the Descriptive Norm for children’s outdoor play: A cautionary tale
Health promotion journal of Australia : official journal of Australian Association of Health Promotion Professionals, 2018Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Kevin S. Spink, Guy FaulknerAbstract:Issue Addressed: Public service announcements (PSA) targeting physical activity are not always effective at enacting behaviour change. One factor that may impact message effectiveness is whether the message matches its intent (ie, what Norm is being portrayed and received). The current study explored the effects of two PSAs on parents' perceptions of outdoor play. Methods: Parents (N = 333) completed a pre/postexperimental online survey to examine the acute impact of a PSA on their perception of how often children play outdoors (ie, Descriptive Norms). Participants provided their Descriptive Norm perceptions and then were randomised to view one of two PSAs: (a) the Mr. Lonely PSA, which portrayed outdoor activity as not Normative, and (b) a control message, which portrayed outdoor activity as the Norm (VERB PSA). After viewing their PSA, Descriptive Norm perceptions were reported again. Results: A two-way mixed ANOVA indicated that participants who viewed the Mr. Lonely PSA (where outdoor play was not Normative) perceived that children and youth played outdoors less frequently immediately after watching the PSA compared to before viewing it (P Conclusions: PSAs can alter individuals' perceptions of whether they perceive outdoor play as Normative among children and youth. So what?: As individuals align their behaviour with what is typical, PSA developers should be wary of what message is being conveyed. In terms of activity, portraying that outdoor play is not Normative may not have the intended outcome.
-
Effect of Manipulating Descriptive Norms and Positive Outcome Expectations on Physical Activity of University Students During Exams
Health communication, 2016Co-Authors: Alyson J. Crozier, Kevin S. SpinkAbstract:This experimental study examined the interaction between messages conveying different levels of Descriptive Norms and positive outcome expectations on university students' engagement in moderate and vigorous physical activity over an exam period. Using a pre-post design, university students entering a final examination period (N = 74) were randomly assigned to one of four message conditions, receiving a message motivating them to exercise over the exam period. Messages included both a Descriptive Norm (how many others reported being active during a previous exam period; high vs. low) and a positive outcome expectation (those who exercise during exams report better grades; high vs. low). The results from an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), controlling for baseline levels of daily physical activity, revealed a significant interaction. Post hoc analyses indicated that when the Descriptive Norm was high, those who received a high positive outcome expectation reported being more active during the exam period compared to those receiving the low positive outcome expectation. Results provide preliminary support for the idea that activity during an exam period can be positively influenced if individuals are presented with Normative messages that (a) many others are being active during the exams and (b) many of those being active also are benefiting academically.
Lena E. Schlüter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
A room with a viewpoint revisited: Descriptive Norms and hotel guests' towel reuse behavior.
PloS one, 2014Co-Authors: Gerd Bohner, Lena E. SchlüterAbstract:Field experiments on Descriptive Norms as a means to increase hotel guests' towel reuse [1] were replicated and extended. In two hotels in Germany (Study 1: N = 724; Study 2: N = 204), Descriptive Norm messages suggesting that 75% of guests had reused their towels, or a standard message appealing to environmental concerns, were placed in guests' bathrooms. Descriptive Norm messages varied in terms of proximity of the reference group (“hotel guests” vs. “guests in this room”) and temporal proximity (currently vs. two years previous). Reuse of towels was unobtrusively recorded. Results showed that reuse rates were high overall and that both standard and Descriptive Norm messages increased reuse rates compared to a no-message baseline. However, Descriptive Norm messages were not more effective than the standard message, and effects of proximity were inconsistent across studies. Discussion addresses cultural and conceptual issues in comparing the present findings with previous ones.