The Experts below are selected from a list of 10092 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Tory E Higgins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • promotion and prevention regulatory focus as a motivational principle
    Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 1998
    Co-Authors: Tory E Higgins
    Abstract:

    Publisher Summary The hedonic principle that people approach pleasure and avoid pain has been the basic motivational principle throughout the history of psychology. This principle underlies motivational models across all levels of analysis in psychology from the biological to social. However, it is noted that the hedonic principle is very basic and is limited as an explanatory variable. Almost any area of motivation can be discussed in terms of the hedonic principle. This chapter describes two different ways in which the hedonic principle operates—namely, one with a promotion focus and other with a prevention focus. These different ways of regulating pleasure and pain, called “regulatory focus,” have a major impact on people's feelings, thoughts, and actions that is indepEndent of the hedonic principle per se. The chapter also presents some background information about another regulatory variable, called the “regulatory reference.” A self-regulatory system with a positive reference value essentially has a Desired End State as the reference point.

Sterling W Dawley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a task no maritime operational commander wants maritime interception operations mio are not going away
    2003
    Co-Authors: Sterling W Dawley
    Abstract:

    Abstract : Maritime Interception Operations (MIO) as a mission area for USN and USCG assets does not seem to be going away anytime soon The purpose of this essay is to assess past MIO efforts and offer recommEndations to assist the operational commander in making MIO more effective. MIO can and will be more successful than it has been in the past decade, if the operational commander integrates a more complete study of the operational factors of space, time, and force in the initial planning phase. Past MIO examples indicate that the full assessment of these three factors have either come too late or were not thorough enough to achieve its full potential. Prior to the initial planning phase, the operational commander should fully develop these three operational factors in order to answer three fundamental questions: (1) Can MIO effectively produce the political objective or Desired End State? (2) What other instruments of national power will also be required? (3) How will operational functions need to be tailored or implemented to make the operation more effective? MIO continues to be a popular political military operation other than war to achieve a Desired End State or means to attain our political objectives.

Kevin M Torcolini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • theater nuclear weapons are they really an option for an operational commander
    1997
    Co-Authors: Kevin M Torcolini
    Abstract:

    Abstract : The September 1994 approval of the Nuclear Posture Review (NPR) reaffirmed the current posture of non-strategic nuclear forces (NSNFs) for use by operational commanders. Joint U.S. military doctrine firmly places the responsibility for intelligent employment of theater nuclear weapons on the operational commander. The revival of operational art in professional military education has made us aware that nuclear weapons have, over the past several decades, appeared to make operational art irrelevant. Alternately, it could be asserted that effective use of operational art may obviate theater nuclear weapons. Analysis of whether theater nuclear weapons are still useful warfighting tools for an operational commander in the context of effective operational art, particularly the tenets of operational design, reveals the many detriments which must be overcome if theater nuclear weapons are to be successfully employed. When scrutiny is applied to the commander's original Desired End State relative to the conditions following limited use of nuclear weapons, it is determined that orderly war termination would be virtually impossible. Many aspects of modern warfighting on and around a nuclear battlefield have not been sufficiently resolved to allow confident employment of theater nuclear weapons as a mere subset of a major operational plan. When compared to the operational advantages of employing theater nuclear weapons, the detrimental effects of these weapons seriously limit their battlefield effectiveness. Overall, the negative effects on the operational commander's ability to affect an orderly war termination and achieve national strategic and military strategic objectives in his theater, particularly in today's coalition-based environment, will heavily outweigh potential advantages.

Brent M Strong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the united States china taiwan and the elements of national power recognizing a strategic feint to achieve an operational objective
    2006
    Co-Authors: Brent M Strong
    Abstract:

    Abstract : The People's Republic of China (PRC) considers Taiwan to be a renegade province. As such, this paper builds off of two assumptions. First, China's Desired End State for Taiwan is complete and total submission to the authority of the Chinese government. Because of the complex circumstances which make up the China-Taiwan relationship, a peaceful solution is highly improbable. Over the past decade China has modernized its military to accomplish the national strategic objective of forcing Taiwan into submission for the purpose of attaining this Desired End State. The second assumption is that the PRC identifies Taiwan's center of gravity to be U.S. support. Based on these two assumptions, this paper suggests that China would likely create a strategic diversion aimed at achieving internal chaos within the United States prior to an invasion on Taiwan in an attempt to prevent U.S. military intervention. By examining the four elements of national power which the PRC has at its disposal, it shall be proposed that information and economics are the two elements China is most likely to employ against the United States to create this diversion.

Matteo De Angelis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • stuck in the middle the psychophysics of goal pursuit
    ACR North American Advances, 2011
    Co-Authors: Andrea Bonezzi, Miguel C Brendl, Matteo De Angelis
    Abstract:

    The classic goal-gradient hypothesis posits that motivation to reach a goal increases monotonically with proximity to the Desired End State. However, we argue that this is not always the case. In this article, we show that motivation to engage in goal-consistent behavior can be higher when people are either far from or close to the End State and lower when they are about halfway to the End State. We propose a psychophysical explanation for this tEndency to get "stuck in the middle." Building on the assumption that motivation is influenced by the perceived marginal value of progress toward the goal, we show that the shape of the goal gradient varies depEnding on whether an individual monitors progress in terms of distance from the initial State or from the Desired End State. Our psychophysical model of goal pursuit predicts a previously undiscovered nonmonotonic gradient, as well as two monotonic gradients.