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Joseph G. Dubrovsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Transcriptomics insights into the genetic regulation of root apical meristem exhaustion and Determinate primary root Growth in Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae)
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Gustavo Rodriguez-alonso, Joseph G. Dubrovsky, Selene Napsucialy-mendivil, Marta Matvienko, Mayra L. López-valle, Pedro E. Lázaro-mixteco, Svetlana Shishkova
    Abstract:

    Many Cactaceae species exhibit Determinate Growth of the primary root as a consequence of root apical meristem (RAM) exhaustion. The genetic regulation of this Growth pattern is unknown. Here, we de novo assembled and annotated the root apex transcriptome of the Pachycereus pringlei primary root at three developmental stages, with active or exhausted RAM. The assembled transcriptome is robust and comprehensive, and was used to infer a transcriptional regulatory network of the primary root apex. Putative orthologues of Arabidopsis regulators of RAM maintenance, as well as putative lineage-specific transcripts were identified. The transcriptome revealed putative orthologues of most proteins involved in housekeeping processes, hormone signalling, and metabolic pathways. Our results suggest that specific transcriptional programs operate in the root apex at specific developmental time points. Moreover, the transcriptional state of the P . pringlei root apex as the RAM becomes exhausted is comparable to the transcriptional state of cells from the meristematic, elongation, and differentiation zones of Arabidopsis roots along the root axis. We suggest that the transcriptional program underlying the drought stress response is induced during Cactaceae root development, and that lineage-specific transcripts could contribute to RAM exhaustion in Cactaceae.

  • Determinate primary root Growth as an adaptation to aridity in Cactaceae: towards an understanding of the evolution and genetic control of the trait
    Annals of botany, 2013
    Co-Authors: Svetlana Shishkova, María Laura Las Peñas, Selene Napsucialy-mendivil, Marta Matvienko, Alexander Kozik, Jesús Montiel, Anallely Patiño, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    †Background and Aims Species of Cactaceae are well adapted to arid habitats. Determinate Growth of the primary root, which involves early and complete root apical meristem (RAM) exhaustion and differentiation of cells at the root tip, has been reported for some Cactoideae species as a root adaptation to aridity. In this study, the primary root Growth patterns of Cactaceae taxa from diverse habitats are classified as being Determinate or inDeterminate, and the molecular mechanisms underlying RAM maintenance in Cactaceae are explored. Genes that were induced in the primary root of Stenocereus gummosus before RAM exhaustion are identified. †Methods Primary root Growth was analysed in Cactaceae seedlings cultivated in vertically oriented Petri dishes. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified after reverse northern blots of clones from a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library. †KeyResults All species analysed from six tribes of the Cactoideae subfamily that inhabit arid and semi-arid regions exhibited Determinate primary root Growth. However, species from the Hylocereeae tribe, which inhabit mesic regions, exhibited mostly inDeterminate primary root Growth. Preliminary results suggest that seedlings of members of the Opuntioideae subfamily have mostly Determinate primary root Growth, whereas those of the Maihuenioideae and Pereskioideae subfamilies have mostly inDeterminate primary root Growth. Seven selected transcripts encoding homologues of heat stress transcription factor B4, histone deacetylase, fibrillarin, phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase, cytochrome P450 and gibberellin-regulated protein were upregulated inS.gummosus root tips during the initial Growth phase. †Conclusions Primary root Growth in Cactoideae species matches their environment. The data imply that Determinate Growth of the primary root became fixed after separation of the Cactiodeae/Opuntioideae and Maihuenioideae/ Pereskioideae lineages, and that the genetic regulation of RAM maintenance and its loss in Cactaceae is orchestrated by genes involved in the regulation of gene expression, signalling, and redox and hormonal responses.

  • Determinate root Growth and meristem maintenance in angiosperms
    Annals of Botany, 2007
    Co-Authors: Svetlana Shishkova, Thomas L Rost, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    Background The difference between inDeterminate and Determinate Growth in plants consists of the presence or absence of an active meristem in the fully developed organ. Determinate root Growth implies that the root apical meristem (RAM) becomes exhausted. As a consequence, all cells in the root tip differentiate. This type of Growth is widely found in roots of many angiosperm taxa and might have evolved as a developmental adaptation to water deficit (in desert Cactaceae), or low mineral content in the soil (proteoid roots in various taxa).

  • Regeneration of roots from callus reveals stability of the developmental program for Determinate root Growth in Sonoran Desert Cactaceae
    Plant Cell Reports, 2007
    Co-Authors: Svetlana Shishkova, Edith García-mendoza, Vicente Castillo-díaz, Norma E. Moreno, Jesús Arellano, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    In some Sonoran Desert Cactaceae the primary root has a Determinate root Growth: the cells of the root apical meristem undergo only a few cell division cycles and then differentiate. The Determinate Growth of primary roots in Cactaceae was found in plants cultivated under various Growth conditions, and could not be reverted by any treatment tested. The mechanisms involved in root meristem maintenance and Determinate root Growth in plants remain poorly understood. In this study, we have shown that roots regenerated from the callus of two Cactaceae species, Stenocereus gummosus and Ferocactus peninsulae , have a Determinate Growth pattern, similar to that of the primary root. To demonstrate this, a protocol for root regeneration from callus was established. The Determinate Growth pattern of roots regenerated from callus suggests that the program of root development is very stable in these species. These findings will permit future analysis of the role of certain Cactaceae genes in the Determinate pattern of root Growth via the regeneration of transgenic roots from transformed calli.

  • Apical meristem organization and lack of establishment of the quiescent center in Cactaceae roots with Determinate Growth
    Planta, 2003
    Co-Authors: José Fernando Rodríguez-rodríguez, Svetlana Shishkova, Selene Napsucialy-mendivil, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    Some species of Cactaceae from the Sonoran Desert are characterized by a Determinate Growth pattern of the primary root, which is important for rapid lateral-root formation and seedling establishment. An analysis of the Determinate root Growth can be helpful for understanding the mechanism of meristem maintenance in plants in general. Stenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Gibson & Horak and Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britton & Rose are characterized by an open type of root apical meristem. Immunohistochemical analysis of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation into S. gummosus showed that the percentage of cells passing through the S-phase in a 24-h period is the same within the zone where a population of relatively slowly proliferating cells could be established and above this zone in the meristem. This indicated the absence of the quiescent center (QC) in S. gummosus . During the second and the third days of Growth, in the distal meristem portion of P. pringlei roots, a compact group of cells that had a cell cycle longer than in the proximal meristem was found, indicating the presence of the QC. However, later in development, the QC could not be detected in this species. These data suggest that during post-germination the absence of the establishment of the QC within the apical meristem and limited proliferative activity of initial cells are the main components of a Determinate developmental program and that establishment of the QC is required for maintenance of the meristem and inDeterminate root Growth in plants.

Svetlana Shishkova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Transcriptomics insights into the genetic regulation of root apical meristem exhaustion and Determinate primary root Growth in Pachycereus pringlei (Cactaceae)
    Scientific Reports, 2018
    Co-Authors: Gustavo Rodriguez-alonso, Joseph G. Dubrovsky, Selene Napsucialy-mendivil, Marta Matvienko, Mayra L. López-valle, Pedro E. Lázaro-mixteco, Svetlana Shishkova
    Abstract:

    Many Cactaceae species exhibit Determinate Growth of the primary root as a consequence of root apical meristem (RAM) exhaustion. The genetic regulation of this Growth pattern is unknown. Here, we de novo assembled and annotated the root apex transcriptome of the Pachycereus pringlei primary root at three developmental stages, with active or exhausted RAM. The assembled transcriptome is robust and comprehensive, and was used to infer a transcriptional regulatory network of the primary root apex. Putative orthologues of Arabidopsis regulators of RAM maintenance, as well as putative lineage-specific transcripts were identified. The transcriptome revealed putative orthologues of most proteins involved in housekeeping processes, hormone signalling, and metabolic pathways. Our results suggest that specific transcriptional programs operate in the root apex at specific developmental time points. Moreover, the transcriptional state of the P . pringlei root apex as the RAM becomes exhausted is comparable to the transcriptional state of cells from the meristematic, elongation, and differentiation zones of Arabidopsis roots along the root axis. We suggest that the transcriptional program underlying the drought stress response is induced during Cactaceae root development, and that lineage-specific transcripts could contribute to RAM exhaustion in Cactaceae.

  • Determinate primary root Growth as an adaptation to aridity in Cactaceae: towards an understanding of the evolution and genetic control of the trait
    Annals of botany, 2013
    Co-Authors: Svetlana Shishkova, María Laura Las Peñas, Selene Napsucialy-mendivil, Marta Matvienko, Alexander Kozik, Jesús Montiel, Anallely Patiño, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    †Background and Aims Species of Cactaceae are well adapted to arid habitats. Determinate Growth of the primary root, which involves early and complete root apical meristem (RAM) exhaustion and differentiation of cells at the root tip, has been reported for some Cactoideae species as a root adaptation to aridity. In this study, the primary root Growth patterns of Cactaceae taxa from diverse habitats are classified as being Determinate or inDeterminate, and the molecular mechanisms underlying RAM maintenance in Cactaceae are explored. Genes that were induced in the primary root of Stenocereus gummosus before RAM exhaustion are identified. †Methods Primary root Growth was analysed in Cactaceae seedlings cultivated in vertically oriented Petri dishes. Differentially expressed transcripts were identified after reverse northern blots of clones from a suppression subtractive hybridization cDNA library. †KeyResults All species analysed from six tribes of the Cactoideae subfamily that inhabit arid and semi-arid regions exhibited Determinate primary root Growth. However, species from the Hylocereeae tribe, which inhabit mesic regions, exhibited mostly inDeterminate primary root Growth. Preliminary results suggest that seedlings of members of the Opuntioideae subfamily have mostly Determinate primary root Growth, whereas those of the Maihuenioideae and Pereskioideae subfamilies have mostly inDeterminate primary root Growth. Seven selected transcripts encoding homologues of heat stress transcription factor B4, histone deacetylase, fibrillarin, phosphoethanolamine methyltransferase, cytochrome P450 and gibberellin-regulated protein were upregulated inS.gummosus root tips during the initial Growth phase. †Conclusions Primary root Growth in Cactoideae species matches their environment. The data imply that Determinate Growth of the primary root became fixed after separation of the Cactiodeae/Opuntioideae and Maihuenioideae/ Pereskioideae lineages, and that the genetic regulation of RAM maintenance and its loss in Cactaceae is orchestrated by genes involved in the regulation of gene expression, signalling, and redox and hormonal responses.

  • Determinate root Growth and meristem maintenance in angiosperms
    Annals of Botany, 2007
    Co-Authors: Svetlana Shishkova, Thomas L Rost, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    Background The difference between inDeterminate and Determinate Growth in plants consists of the presence or absence of an active meristem in the fully developed organ. Determinate root Growth implies that the root apical meristem (RAM) becomes exhausted. As a consequence, all cells in the root tip differentiate. This type of Growth is widely found in roots of many angiosperm taxa and might have evolved as a developmental adaptation to water deficit (in desert Cactaceae), or low mineral content in the soil (proteoid roots in various taxa).

  • Regeneration of roots from callus reveals stability of the developmental program for Determinate root Growth in Sonoran Desert Cactaceae
    Plant Cell Reports, 2007
    Co-Authors: Svetlana Shishkova, Edith García-mendoza, Vicente Castillo-díaz, Norma E. Moreno, Jesús Arellano, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    In some Sonoran Desert Cactaceae the primary root has a Determinate root Growth: the cells of the root apical meristem undergo only a few cell division cycles and then differentiate. The Determinate Growth of primary roots in Cactaceae was found in plants cultivated under various Growth conditions, and could not be reverted by any treatment tested. The mechanisms involved in root meristem maintenance and Determinate root Growth in plants remain poorly understood. In this study, we have shown that roots regenerated from the callus of two Cactaceae species, Stenocereus gummosus and Ferocactus peninsulae , have a Determinate Growth pattern, similar to that of the primary root. To demonstrate this, a protocol for root regeneration from callus was established. The Determinate Growth pattern of roots regenerated from callus suggests that the program of root development is very stable in these species. These findings will permit future analysis of the role of certain Cactaceae genes in the Determinate pattern of root Growth via the regeneration of transgenic roots from transformed calli.

  • Apical meristem organization and lack of establishment of the quiescent center in Cactaceae roots with Determinate Growth
    Planta, 2003
    Co-Authors: José Fernando Rodríguez-rodríguez, Svetlana Shishkova, Selene Napsucialy-mendivil, Joseph G. Dubrovsky
    Abstract:

    Some species of Cactaceae from the Sonoran Desert are characterized by a Determinate Growth pattern of the primary root, which is important for rapid lateral-root formation and seedling establishment. An analysis of the Determinate root Growth can be helpful for understanding the mechanism of meristem maintenance in plants in general. Stenocereus gummosus (Engelm.) Gibson & Horak and Pachycereus pringlei (S. Watson) Britton & Rose are characterized by an open type of root apical meristem. Immunohistochemical analysis of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine incorporation into S. gummosus showed that the percentage of cells passing through the S-phase in a 24-h period is the same within the zone where a population of relatively slowly proliferating cells could be established and above this zone in the meristem. This indicated the absence of the quiescent center (QC) in S. gummosus . During the second and the third days of Growth, in the distal meristem portion of P. pringlei roots, a compact group of cells that had a cell cycle longer than in the proximal meristem was found, indicating the presence of the QC. However, later in development, the QC could not be detected in this species. These data suggest that during post-germination the absence of the establishment of the QC within the apical meristem and limited proliferative activity of initial cells are the main components of a Determinate developmental program and that establishment of the QC is required for maintenance of the meristem and inDeterminate root Growth in plants.

Brian G. Ayre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Geminivirus-Mediated Delivery of Florigen Promotes Determinate Growth in Aerial Organs and Uncouples Flowering from Photoperiod in Cotton
    2016
    Co-Authors: Roisin C. Mcgarry, Brian G. Ayre
    Abstract:

    Background: Plant architecture and the timing and distribution of reproductive structures are fundamental agronomic traits shaped by patterns of Determinate and inDeterminate Growth. Florigen, encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis and SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) in tomato, acts as a general Growth hormone, advancing Determinate Growth. Domestication of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) converted it from a lanky photoperiodic perennial to a highly inbred, compact day-neutral plant that is managed as an annual row-crop. This dramatic change in plant architecture provides a unique opportunity to analyze the transition from perennial to annual Growth. Methodology/Principal Findings: To explore these architectural changes, we addressed the role of day-length upon flowering in an ancestral, perennial accession and in a domesticated variety of cotton. Using a disarmed Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV) as a transient expression system, we delivered FT to both cotton accessions. Ectopic expression of FT in ancestral cotton mimicked the effects of day-length, promoting photoperiod-independent flowering, precocious Determinate architecture, and lanceolate leaf shape. Domesticated cotton infected with FT demonstrated more synchronized fruiting and enhanced ‘‘annualization’’. Transient expression of FT also facilitated simple crosses between wild photoperiodic and domesticated day-neutral accessions, effectively demonstrating a mechanism to increase genetic diversity among cultivated lines of cotton. Virus was not detected in the F1 progeny, indicating that crosses made by thi

  • Geminivirus-Mediated Delivery of Florigen Promotes Determinate Growth in Aerial Organs and Uncouples Flowering from Photoperiod in Cotton
    PloS one, 2012
    Co-Authors: Roisin C. Mcgarry, Brian G. Ayre
    Abstract:

    This article discusses geminivirus-mediated delivery of florigen. Florigen acts as a general Growth hormone, advancing Determinate Growth. The findings extend our understanding of florigen as a general Growth hormone and could benefit crop management techniques.

  • FT promotes Determinate Growth and synchronizes flowering.
    2012
    Co-Authors: Roisin C. Mcgarry, Brian G. Ayre
    Abstract:

    (A) dCLCrV::FT-infected DP61 plants exhibit a more compact Growth habit. Shown are dCLCrV-infected (i.e., empty virus) and dCLCrV::FT-infected DP61 plants (left and right, respectively; both plants are 87 dpg and were grown at the same time in the same greenhouse). White circles highlight maturing bolls and arrows point to flowers before or in bloom. Note that the dCLCrV::FT-infected plant has only maturing bolls and no immature flowers. Scale bar is 25 cm. (B) dCLCrV::FT-infected plants demonstrate more Determinate Growth. Shown are the mean number of sympodial units along fruiting branches among untransfected plants (n = 4, black bar), dCLCrV-infected plants (n = 3, white bar), and three dCLCrV::FT-infected plants represented individually (green, blue and red bars) to show the range of variation; dCLCrV::FT-3 is the plant shown in (A). The severity of viral infection was scored as mild (+) or stronger (++) based on leaf crumpling. (C, D, E) Schematic representations of Growth patterns observed among ∼90 d-old plants: (C) Uninfected and dCLCrV-infected DP61; (D) dCLCrV::FT infected DP61, (E) dCLCrV::FT infected TX701. Red circles represent maturing bolls; magenta circles represent immature or blooming flowers; green circles represent active buds reiterating sympodial Growth; blue circles represent the monopodial bud of the main stem; and branches without a circle represent buds that have terminated without a flower or a fruit. Leaves are not represented, and the number of branches and internode lengths are not to scale. (F) Representative floral cluster (two floral buds inside a common bract whorl) terminating a fruiting branch on a dCLCrV::FT-infected TX701 plant. “SU branch” is the internode of the terminal sympodial unit; “petiole” is the petiole of the leaf subtending the floral cluster. No other vegetative Growth is evident.

Huub J Spiertz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a flexible sigmoid function of Determinate Growth
    Annals of Botany, 2003
    Co-Authors: Xinyou Yin, J Goudriaan, E A Lantinga, J Vos, Huub J Spiertz
    Abstract:

    A new empirical equation for the sigmoid pattern of Determinate Growth, ‘the beta Growth function’, is presented. It calculates weight (w) in dependence of time, using the following three parameters: tm, the time at which the maximum Growth rate is obtained; te, the time at the end of Growth; and wmax, the maximal value for w, which is achieved at te. The beta Growth function was compared with four classical (logistic, Richards, Gompertz and Weibull) Growth equations, and two expolinear equations. All equations described successfully the sigmoid dynamics of seed filling, plant Growth and crop biomass production. However, differences were found in estimating wmax. Features of the beta function are: (1) like the Richards equation it is flexible in describing various asymmetrical sigmoid patterns (its symmetrical form is a cubic polynomial); (2) like the logistic and the Gompertz equations its parameters are numerically stable in statistical estimation; (3) like the Weibull function it predicts zero mass at time zero, but its extension to deal with various initial conditions can be easily obtained; (4) relative to the truncated expolinear equation it provides more reasonable estimates of final quantity and duration of a Growth process. In addition, the new function predicts a zero Growth rate at both the start and end of a precisely defined Growth period. Therefore, it is unique for dealing with Determinate Growth, and is more suitable than other functions for embedding in process‐based crop simulation models to describe the dynamics of organs as sinks to absorb assimilates. Because its parameters correspond to Growth traits of interest to crop scientists, the beta Growth function is suitable for characterization of environmental and genotypic influences on Growth processes. However, it is not suitable for estimating maximum relative Growth rate to characterize early Growth that is expected to be close to exponential.

  • a flexible sigmoid function of Determinate Growth erratum 2003 may v 91 no 6 p 753
    Annals of Botany, 2003
    Co-Authors: C Yin, J Goudriaan, E A Lantinga, J Vos, Huub J Spiertz
    Abstract:

    A new empirical equation for the sigmoid pattern of Determinate Growth, 'the beta Growth function', is presented. It calculates weight (w) in dependence of time, using the following three parameters: t(m), the time at which the maximum Growth rate is obtained; t(e), the time at the end of Growth; and w(max), the maximal value for w, which is achieved at t(e). The beta Growth function was compared with four classical (logistic, Richards, Gompertz and Weibull) Growth equations, and two expolinear equations. All equations described successfully the sigmoid dynamics of seed filling, plant Growth and crop biomass production. However, differences were found in estimating w(max). Features of the beta function are: (1) like the Richards equation it is flexible in describing various asymmetrical sigmoid patterns (its symmetrical form is a cubic polynomial); (2) like the logistic and the Gompertz equations its parameters are numerically stable in statistical estimation; (3) like the Weibull function it predicts zero mass at time zero, but its extension to deal with various initial conditions can be easily obtained; (4) relative to the truncated expolinear equation it provides more reasonable estimates of final quantity and duration of a Growth process. In addition, the new function predicts a zero Growth rate at both the start and end of a precisely defined Growth period. Therefore, it is unique for dealing with Determinate Growth, and is more suitable than other functions for embedding in process-based crop simulation models to describe the dynamics of organs as sinks to absorb assimilates. Because its parameters correspond to Growth traits of interest to crop scientists, the beta Growth function is suitable for characterization of environmental and genotypic influences on Growth processes. However, it is not suitable for estimating maximum relative Growth rate to characterize early Growth that is expected to be close to exponential.

Roisin C. Mcgarry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Geminivirus-Mediated Delivery of Florigen Promotes Determinate Growth in Aerial Organs and Uncouples Flowering from Photoperiod in Cotton
    2016
    Co-Authors: Roisin C. Mcgarry, Brian G. Ayre
    Abstract:

    Background: Plant architecture and the timing and distribution of reproductive structures are fundamental agronomic traits shaped by patterns of Determinate and inDeterminate Growth. Florigen, encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis and SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) in tomato, acts as a general Growth hormone, advancing Determinate Growth. Domestication of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) converted it from a lanky photoperiodic perennial to a highly inbred, compact day-neutral plant that is managed as an annual row-crop. This dramatic change in plant architecture provides a unique opportunity to analyze the transition from perennial to annual Growth. Methodology/Principal Findings: To explore these architectural changes, we addressed the role of day-length upon flowering in an ancestral, perennial accession and in a domesticated variety of cotton. Using a disarmed Cotton leaf crumple virus (CLCrV) as a transient expression system, we delivered FT to both cotton accessions. Ectopic expression of FT in ancestral cotton mimicked the effects of day-length, promoting photoperiod-independent flowering, precocious Determinate architecture, and lanceolate leaf shape. Domesticated cotton infected with FT demonstrated more synchronized fruiting and enhanced ‘‘annualization’’. Transient expression of FT also facilitated simple crosses between wild photoperiodic and domesticated day-neutral accessions, effectively demonstrating a mechanism to increase genetic diversity among cultivated lines of cotton. Virus was not detected in the F1 progeny, indicating that crosses made by thi

  • Geminivirus-Mediated Delivery of Florigen Promotes Determinate Growth in Aerial Organs and Uncouples Flowering from Photoperiod in Cotton
    PloS one, 2012
    Co-Authors: Roisin C. Mcgarry, Brian G. Ayre
    Abstract:

    This article discusses geminivirus-mediated delivery of florigen. Florigen acts as a general Growth hormone, advancing Determinate Growth. The findings extend our understanding of florigen as a general Growth hormone and could benefit crop management techniques.

  • FT promotes Determinate Growth and synchronizes flowering.
    2012
    Co-Authors: Roisin C. Mcgarry, Brian G. Ayre
    Abstract:

    (A) dCLCrV::FT-infected DP61 plants exhibit a more compact Growth habit. Shown are dCLCrV-infected (i.e., empty virus) and dCLCrV::FT-infected DP61 plants (left and right, respectively; both plants are 87 dpg and were grown at the same time in the same greenhouse). White circles highlight maturing bolls and arrows point to flowers before or in bloom. Note that the dCLCrV::FT-infected plant has only maturing bolls and no immature flowers. Scale bar is 25 cm. (B) dCLCrV::FT-infected plants demonstrate more Determinate Growth. Shown are the mean number of sympodial units along fruiting branches among untransfected plants (n = 4, black bar), dCLCrV-infected plants (n = 3, white bar), and three dCLCrV::FT-infected plants represented individually (green, blue and red bars) to show the range of variation; dCLCrV::FT-3 is the plant shown in (A). The severity of viral infection was scored as mild (+) or stronger (++) based on leaf crumpling. (C, D, E) Schematic representations of Growth patterns observed among ∼90 d-old plants: (C) Uninfected and dCLCrV-infected DP61; (D) dCLCrV::FT infected DP61, (E) dCLCrV::FT infected TX701. Red circles represent maturing bolls; magenta circles represent immature or blooming flowers; green circles represent active buds reiterating sympodial Growth; blue circles represent the monopodial bud of the main stem; and branches without a circle represent buds that have terminated without a flower or a fruit. Leaves are not represented, and the number of branches and internode lengths are not to scale. (F) Representative floral cluster (two floral buds inside a common bract whorl) terminating a fruiting branch on a dCLCrV::FT-infected TX701 plant. “SU branch” is the internode of the terminal sympodial unit; “petiole” is the petiole of the leaf subtending the floral cluster. No other vegetative Growth is evident.