The Experts below are selected from a list of 279 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
John R. Nesselroade - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Handbook of Life‐Span Development - Emphasizing Intraindividual Variability in the Study of Development Over the Life Span
The Handbook of Life-Span Development, 2010Co-Authors: John R. Nesselroade, Peter C. M. MolenaarAbstract:Research on human development has leaned heavily on extensions of experimental and Differential Psychology which, in large measure, entail the analysis of variability found at the group level. We explore issues and implications of more directly promoting the individual as the proper unit of analysis for the study of behavioral development which, in turn, allows us to focus on intraindividual variability as a primary source of information. From this perspective, research emphases turn toward the application of alternative measurement and modeling approaches that feature data arising from a time series orientation, broadly defined, a multivariate perspective, and similarities as much or more than differences across individuals. Various implications of these emphases for developmental research are examined in detail. Keywords: variation; intraindividual variability; ergodicity; idiographic filters; multivariate measurement; prediction; generalizability
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Elaborating the Differential in Differential Psychology.
Multivariate behavioral research, 2002Co-Authors: John R. NesselroadeAbstract:The methods of Differential Psychology have contributed importantly to the current state of behavioral science, but their limitations continue to be well - publicized in the "experimental versus correlational" literature. The argument developed here is that the value of these methods has been constrained as much by the phenomena to which they are applied as by underlying flaws that render them inferior to classical experimental methods. Some applications of Differential methods to alternative phenomena are examined that promise to broaden significantly the contribution that Differential methods can make to our understanding of behavior and behavior change.
David M. Condon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An organizational framework for the psychological individual differences: Integrating the affective, cognitive, and conative domains
2017Co-Authors: David M. CondonAbstract:Recognition of the importance of individual differences dates back to humanity’s oldest surviving texts yet the scientific study of individual differences has been surprisingly limited. This paradox is presumed to result from the fact that Differential Psychology has struggled to graduate beyond pre-paradigmatic status as a science. In part, this has stemmed from the tendency to align idiographic approaches with the largely nomothetic methods of Differential Psychology under the broad label of “personality” research. The struggle has shifted – and, to some extent, abated – following acceptance of the Big Five taxonomy of personality and the more pressing concern has recently been the need to incorporate findings from additional disciplines of Differential Psychology.The purpose of this research was to propose an integrated assessment model – a preliminary paradigm which can be tested against extant and future models of individual differences in terms of predictive utility for a wide range of behaviors. The procedures used to develop this model are described separately by discipline (temperament, cognitive ability and vocational interests) and are supplemented by a methodological study regarding item clusters and complexity. All analyses were based on Synthetic Aperture Personality Assessment sampling procedures and large international samples (N s ranged from 24,000 to 97,000 participants representing 170 to 199 countries).The proposed temperament scales were iteratively derived from factor analyses of the items in 8 widely-used public-domain measures and can be scored at three hierarchical levels (with 3, 5 and 15 factors). The case is made that these scales are well-suited for heterarchical assessment and that the heterarchical organization of personality constructs often reflects the manner in which personality models are used in everyday settings. The cognitive ability scales represent a validated public-domain pool of items designed to assess several types of ability in un-proctored online settings. The vocational interest scales are derived from two public-domain measures and reflect the traditional six-factor interests framework. Collectively, these scales form an efficient multi-dimensional, multi-disciplinary assessment model (the “SAPA Personality Inventory”) which aims to serve as a preliminary testable paradigm for Differential Psychology research.
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individual differences and Differential Psychology
2013Co-Authors: William Revelle, Joshua Wilt, David M. CondonAbstract:Differential Psychology has been a central concern to philosophers and psychologists, both applied and theoretical, for the past several millennia. It remains so today. The proper study of individual differences integrates methodology, affective and cognitive science, genetics and biology. It is a field with a long history and an exciting future. We review some of the major questions that have been addressed and make suggestions as to future directions.
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methodological advances in Differential Psychology
2013Co-Authors: William Revelle, David M. Condon, Joshua WiltAbstract:Methods for Differential psychologists are the methods of all scientists: describe and test models of data. Our field is distinguished by the nature of our data and the specialized tools we use for analysis. For the Differential psychologist, data come from self-report, from observations, from physiology, and from behavioral residues. Data are recorded over time and over space. The challenges of collecting data are limited only by our imagination. Methods of analysis emphasize model fitting and model evaluation.
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The Wiley‐Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences - Individual Differences and Differential Psychology
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences, 2013Co-Authors: William Revelle, Joshua Wilt, David M. CondonAbstract:Differential Psychology has been a central concern to philosophers and psychologists, both applied and theoretical, for the past several millennia. It remains so today. The proper study of individual differences integrates methodology, affective and cognitive science, genetics and biology. It is a field with a long history and an exciting future. We review some of the major questions that have been addressed and make suggestions as to future directions.
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The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences - Methodological advances in Differential Psychology
The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Individual Differences, 2013Co-Authors: William Revelle, David M. Condon, Joshua WiltAbstract:Methods for Differential psychologists are the methods of all scientists: describe and test models of data. Our field is distinguished by the nature of our data and the specialized tools we use for analysis. For the Differential psychologist, data come from self-report, from observations, from physiology, and from behavioral residues. Data are recorded over time and over space. The challenges of collecting data are limited only by our imagination. Methods of analysis emphasize model fitting and model evaluation.
Irina Trofimova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Integrating the findings from boundary sciences for development of the DSM/ICD classifications
European Psychiatry, 2017Co-Authors: Irina TrofimovaAbstract:Introduction Temperament and mental illnesses are considered to be varying degrees along the same continuum of imbalance in the neurophysiological regulation of behavior. Mental disorders are linked to specific patterns in the relationships between neurotransmitters and between brain structures. Similar links were found for temperament traits. Development of DSM and ICD classifications might benefit therefore from an integration between psychiatry, functional neurochemistry and Differential Psychology. Objectives To describe the neurochemical systems underlying mental disorders and temperament traits in healthy adults. Methods Findings in neurochemistry, neuroPsychology, Differential Psychology and psychopathology are compared to the traits described in various temperament models. This analysis is summarized in the perspective of the neurochemical functional ensemble of temperament (FET) model. Results Neurochemical correlates for 12 main dynamical aspects of behavior are presented as a systemic framework that follows a universal functional structure of human actions described in kinesiology, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and clinical neuroPsychology. The role of monoamine systems (serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin), acetylcholine, GABA/glutamate, neuropeptide and opioid receptor systems are linked to regulation of specific dynamical properties of behavior in a systematic way. Several insights for the structure of the classification of mental disorders from the perspective of the FET model are proposed. Conclusions An integration of research in neurochemistry and psychopathology of behavior with Differential Psychology based on healthy samples can bring new insights for future versions of DSM and ICD classifications of mental disorders. Such integration does not follow either dimensionality or categorical approach but instead is based on functional ecology of human behavior.
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Temperament and arousal systems: A new synthesis of Differential Psychology and functional neurochemistry
Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2016Co-Authors: Irina Trofimova, Trevor W. RobbinsAbstract:This paper critically reviews the unidimensional construct of General Arousal as utilised by models of temperament in Differential Psychology for example, to underlie 'Extraversion'. Evidence suggests that specialization within monoamine neurotransmitter systems contrasts with the attribution of a "general arousal" of the Ascending Reticular Activating System. Experimental findings show specialized roles of noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin systems in hypothetically mediating three complementary forms of arousal that are similar to three functional blocks described in classical models of behaviour within kinesiology, clinical neuroPsychology, psychophysiology and temperament research. In spite of functional diversity of monoamine receptors, we suggest that their functionality can be classified using three universal aspects of actions related to expansion, to selection-integration and to maintenance of chosen behavioural alternatives. Monoamine systems also Differentially regulate analytic vs. routine aspects of activities at cortical and striatal neural levels. A convergence between main temperament models in terms of traits related to described functional aspects of behavioural arousal also supports the idea of differentiation between these aspects analysed here in a functional perspective.
Joachim Funke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Perspectives on Problem Solving in Educational Assessment: Analytical, Interactive, and Collaborative Problem Solving
The Journal of Problem Solving, 2013Co-Authors: Samuel Greiff, Daniel V. Holt, Joachim FunkeAbstract:Problem solving has received broad public interest as an important competency in modern societies. In educational large-scale assessments paper-pencil based analytical problem solving was included first (e.g., Programme for International Student Assessment, PISA 2003). With growing interest in more complex situations, the focus has shifted to interactive problem solving (e.g., PISA 2012) requiring identification and control of complex systems. In the future, collaborative problem solving represents the next step in assessing problem solving ability (e.g., PISA 2015). This paper describes these different approaches to assessing problem solving ability in large-scale assessments considering theoretical questions as well as assessment issues. For each of the three types of problem solving, the definition and understanding of the construct is explained, items examples are shown together with some empirical results, and limitations of the respective approach are discussed. A final discussion centers on the connection of cognitive and Differential Psychology within educational research and assessment.
Richard Ramsey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Individual differences in social and non-social cognitive control.
Cognition, 2020Co-Authors: Kohinoor Monish Darda, Emily E. Butler, Richard RamseyAbstract:Abstract Cognitive control refers to the ability of human beings to adapt flexibly and quickly to continuously changing environments. Several decades of research have identified a diverse range of mental processes that are associated with cognitive control but the extent to which shared systems underlie cognitive control in social and non-social contexts, as well as how these systems may vary across individuals, remains largely unexplored. By integrating methodological approaches from experimental and Differential Psychology, the current study is able to shine new light on the relationships between stable features of individuals, such as personality and sex, and the architecture of cognitive control systems using paradigms that index social (automatic imitation) and spatial processes. Across three large-sample experiments (>600 participants in total), we demonstrate that cognitive control systems are largely invariant to stable aspects of personality, but exhibit a sex difference, such that females show greater task-interference than males. Moreover, we further qualified this sex difference in two ways. First, we showed that the sex difference was unrelated to the sex of the interaction partner and therefore did not reflect an in-group bias based on sex. Second, we showed that the sex difference was tied to a form of spatial interference control rather than social (imitative) control and therefore it does not reflect a specialised mechanism for guiding social interactions exclusively. Instead, our findings suggest that a robust sex difference exists in the system (or set of subsystems) that operate in resolving a form of spatial interference control, and that such systems are unaffected by social factors such as the sex of the interaction partner. The results highlight the value of integrating approaches from experimental and Differential Psychology by providing a deeper understanding of the structure of cognitive control systems, while also providing new dimensions to incorporate into theories and models of social and non-social control.