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Susan M. Mchale - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dimensions of mothers' and fathers' Differential Treatment of siblings: Links with adolescents' sex-typed personal qualities
Family Relations, 2020Co-Authors: Corinna Jenkins Tucker, Susan M. Mchale, Anne C. CrouterAbstract:Dimensions of Mothers' and Fathers' Differential Treatment of Siblings: Links With Adolescents' Sex-Typed Personal Qualities* We explored mothers' and fathers' Differential Treatment (PDT) of their adolescent offspring in five domains (privileges, chores, affection, discipline, and temporal involvement) and examined how siblings' personal qualities were associated with PDT. Participants were 188 families with first- and secondborn adolescents. Equal Treatment was the modal parental style except for privileges and discipline. Even where equal Treatment was normative a substantial proportion of parents reported Differential Treatment. Further, the similarity of the nature of parents' Differential Treatment varied by domain. Sex was associated with parents' Differential temporal involvement. Sex-typed personal qualities were related to parents' Differential discipline. Both sex and sex-typed personal characteristics were linked to Differential affection. Privileges and chores were associated with age and birth order. Key Words: adolescence, birth order, Differential Treatment, discipline, siblings. Although norms in U.S. society encourage parents' equal Treatment of children (Parsons, 1974/1942), siblings often are treated differently. Parents' Differential Treatment (PDT) of siblings, a component of the nonshared family environment, is one important reason why children from the same family often are quite different from each other (Dunn & Plomin, 1990; Feinberg & Hetherington, 2001). Many studies have documented links between PDT and both the quality of sibling relationships and child adjustment (e.g., Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy, 1992a; McHale, Crouter, McGuire, & Updegraff, 1995). Theoretically, PDT gives rise to sibling rivalry and lower selfesteem, especially for siblings who receive less favorable Treatment from their parents (Ansbacher & Ansbacher, 1956). In the face of data on the implications of PDT for siblings' adjustment, we know much less about the family conditions under which PDT may arise. Such information will alert professionals and parents to the circumstances that may trigger PDT and benefit parents who are concerned about their Differential Treatment, especially in the context of societal expectations of equal Treatment. A number of studies have examined PDT in early and middle childhood, but little is known about the nature and correlates of PDT in adolescence (McHale, Updegraff, Jackson-Newsom, Tucker, & Crouter, 2000). During adolescence, youth become increasingly able and eager to make autonomous decisions about their behavior, companions, and activities (Scarr & McCartney, 1983). Niche-picking opportunities, along with intensified pressures for sex-appropriate behaviors during adolescence (Hill & Lynch, 1983), may be some of the reasons why siblings become different from each other in adolescence and make this developmental period a particularly important one for the study of PDT. In this study we examined mothers' and fathers' Differential Treatment of their adolescent-age offspring. Domains of PDT and Its Correlates Almost all research on Differential Treatment focuses on parents' interactional styles, specifically their Differential discipline and affection (e.g., Bryant & Crockenberg, 1980; Dunn, Stocker, & Plomin, 1990; for an exception see McHale et al., 2000). This focus corresponds to the emphasis on parents' interactional styles in the parent socialization literature (Parke & Buriel, 1998). According to Parke and Buriel, what has been neglected in the research on parental influence are dynamics such as parents' orchestration and supervision of their offspring's everyday experiences and activities. The extent to which parents spend time with one of their children versus the other or Differentially allocate privileges or household task responsibilities are examples of parenting activities that fall beyond the domain of parent-child interaction but which potentially have important socialization implications. …
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siblings appraisals of fairness and jealousy in response to parental Differential Treatment longitudinal links to mexican origin emerging adults adjustment
Emerging adulthood, 2019Co-Authors: Jenny Padilla, Susan M. Mchale, Kimberly A. Updegraff, Samantha A Sang, Adriana J Umanataylor, Sue Rodriguez A De JesusAbstract:Parents’ Differential Treatment (PDT) and their children’s appraisals of its fairness have been linked to adjustment across childhood and adolescence, primarily in Anglo American families. We exten...
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Longitudinal Course and Correlates of Parents' Differential Treatment of Siblings in Mexican‐Origin Families
Family Process, 2017Co-Authors: Jenny Padilla, Susan M. Mchale, Kimberly A. Updegraff, Sue A. Rodríguez De Jesús, Adriana J. Umaña-taylorAbstract:Parents’ Differential Treatment (PDT) is a common family dynamic that has been linked to youth development and well-being, including adjustment problems and poor sibling relationships. Much less is known, however, about the developmental course of PDT and the conditions under which parents treat their children differently in adolescence and young adulthood. This study examined longitudinal changes in mothers’ and fathers’ Differential warmth and conflict with their two offspring from early adolescence through young adulthood, and examined parents’ experiences of individual stress (depressive symptoms and role overload) and marital difficulties as time-varying correlates of (changes in) parents’ Differential Treatment. We also tested crossover effects to determine whether mothers’ experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties were linked to fathers’ Differential Treatment, and vice versa. Participants were mothers, fathers, and two siblings from 246 Mexican-origin families who were interviewed in their homes on three occasions over eight years. Multilevel models revealed that mothers’ and fathers’ Differential conflict with their two children increased until middle adolescence and then declined into young adulthood, but there were no changes over time for parents’ Differential warmth. In general, both mothers’ and fathers’ levels of Differential Treatment were exacerbated by their own experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties and also by the experiences of their spouses. However, in some cases, greater stress than usual was linked to less Differential Treatment than usual.
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Parents' Differential Treatment of Adolescent Siblings in African American Families.
Family Process, 2015Co-Authors: Anna R. Solmeyer, Susan M. MchaleAbstract:Research on European and European American families suggests that parents' Differential Treatment of siblings has negative implications for youths' adjustment, but few studies have explored these dynamics in minority samples. This study examined parents' Differential acceptance and conflict in a sample of mothers, fathers, and two adolescent siblings in 179 African American families who were interviewed on three annual occasions. In an effort to replicate findings from European and European American samples, we assessed the longitudinal associations between Differential Treatment and adolescent adjustment and tested three sibling characteristics (birth order, gender, and dyad gender composition) as potential moderators of these linkages. To illuminate the sociocultural context of Differential Treatment and its implications, we also explored parents' cultural socialization practices and experiences of financial stress as potential moderators of these links. Multilevel models revealed that, controlling for average parent-child relationship qualities, decreases in parental acceptance and increases in parent-youth conflict over time-relative to the sibling-were associated with increases in youths' risky behavior and depressive symptoms. Links between Differential Treatment and adjustment were not evident, however, when mothers engaged in high levels of cultural socialization and in families under high financial stress. The discussion highlights the significance of sociocultural factors in family dynamics. Language: en
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Linkages Between Parents’ Differential Treatment, Youth Depressive Symptoms, and Sibling Relationships
Journal of Marriage and Family, 2008Co-Authors: Lilly Shanahan, Susan M. Mchale, Ann C. Crouter, D. Wayne OsgoodAbstract:We tested social comparison predictions about cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between parents' Differential Treatment of siblings and both youth depressive symptoms and sibling relationship qualities from middle childhood to late adolescence, controlling for dyadic parent-child relationships and siblings' ratings of parents' fairness. Participants were parents and first- and second-borns (M = 11.8 and 9.2 years old at Year 1) from 201 White, middle/ working-class families. Three-level models revealed both cross-sectional and longitudinal linkages between Differential Treatment and outcomes. For example, youth whose parent-child relationships decreased in warmth relative to those of their sibling reported increases in depressive symptoms and decreases in sibling warmth. Gender and age moderated Differential Treatment-depressive symptoms associations; birth order moderated Differential Treatment-sibling relationship associations. Key Words: adolescence, depression, middle childhood, parental Differential Treatment, sibling relationships. Parents' Differential Treatment is a key component of siblings' nonshared experiences within the family. Indeed, cross-sectional research documents that children monitor their own versus their siblings' relationships with their parents beginning at an early age (e.g., Dunn & Munn, 1985), and that Differential Treatment is associated with youth adjustment, sibling differences in adjustment, and the quality of the sibling relationship from childhood through adulthood (e.g., Brody, Stoneman, & McCoy, 1992a, 1992b; Dunn, Stocker, & Plomin, 1990). Yet several themes regarding Differential Treatment-outcome links have rarely been investigated. First, parents' dyadic relationships with each sibling and youth's cognitions about Differential Treatment (e.g., its perceived fairness) may be responsible for at least some of the links between Differential Treatment and both adjustment and sibling relationships (e.g., Kowal & Kramer, 1997; McHale & Pawletko, 1992). second, siblings' gender, the gender constellation of the sibling dyad, age, and birth order may moderate Differential Treatment-outcome links (McHaIe, Updegraff, Jackson-Newsom, Tucker, & Crouler, 2000; Tamrouti-Makkink, Semon-Dubas, Gem's, & van Aken, 2004). Finally, little is known about over-time links between Differential Treatment and both adjustment and sibling relationships. Social comparison theory and extant research on Differential Treatment provided the grounding for this study's research goals: (a) to examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between Differential Treatment and both youth adjustment and the quality of sibling relationships from middle childhood to late adolescence, taking into account both dyadic parent-child relationship qualities and fairness ratings, and (b) to test whether the linkages between Differential Treatment and outcomes are moderated by gender, the sibling dyad gender constellation, siblings' ages, and birth order. In addressing these goals, we drew on data from a 5-year-longitudinal study of 201 White middle- and working-class two-parent families that included four assessments of siblings and their parents, beginning in middle childhood. Implications of Differential Treatment: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Research Individuals evaluate themselves based on social comparisons (Festinger, 1954); comparative processes may be particularly salient in youth who are exploring roles and identities (e.g., Levine, Smolak, & Hayden, 1994). Others who are physically proximate and similar in personal attributes (i.e., age, gender) are the most likely standards for social comparisons (Wills, 1991). Indeed, given shared characteristics, proximity, and encouragement to do so, siblings often engage in social comparisons with one another, and the quality of a sibling's relationship with parents is salient when it comes to evaluating one's own relationships with parents (e. …
Andrew D. Mitchell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Bind Rationale to Need: Operationalizing Special & Differential Treatment in the WTO
Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting, 2020Co-Authors: Andrew D. MitchellAbstract:In operationalizing special and Differential Treatment, WTO Members must eschew the superficial attraction of independent bodies engaging in objective analysis to resolve individual disputes or issues in the future. Members must also refrain from repeating the mistakes of the past, simply agreeing to hollow words rather than meaningful distinctions. Members themselves need to agree on measurable criteria for granting special and Differential Treatment under specific WTO provisions (whether existing or new). This will require substantial economic analysis regarding trade liberalization and development in the context of individual provisions.
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Operationalizing Special and Differential Treatment in the World Trade Organization: Game Over?
Global Governance, 2009Co-Authors: Andrew D. Mitchell, Tania S.l. VoonAbstract:The notion of providing special and Differential Treatment to developing countries has a long history in the World Trade Organization, but some commentators continue to question its rationale and practical effectiveness in supporting development and integration into the multilateral trading system. In particular, while operationalizing special and Differential Treatment is one of the important tasks of negotiators in the ongoing Doha Round, some argue that this will not only be difficult, but in fact impossible to achieve. Doubtless, special and Differential Treatment cannot of itself solve the problems of the developing world, and relying too heavily on this kind of discrimination will ultimately disadvantage developing country WTO members. Nevertheless, in achieving a successful conclusion to the Doha Round, members must take greater account of the different needs of developing countries and adopt more concrete provisions in this regard than are currently contained in the Uruguay Round agreements. In general, WTO members themselves appear to have accepted this responsibility, despite the slow progress in this as in many other areas of the negotiations. Ideally, this process should involve in-depth economic analysis to identify measurable criteria for granting special and Differential Treatment to particular countries under specific provisions. If these criteria can be agreed and incorporated into the WTO agreements, no new independent bodies will be required to assess individual cases separate from the established WTO dispute settlement system.
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Legal Principles in WTO Disputes: Special and Differential Treatment
Legal Principles in WTO Disputes, 2008Co-Authors: Andrew D. MitchellAbstract:Introduction Development has always played an important role in GATT/WTO. The Preamble to GATT 1947 recognised the objective of ‘raising standards of living’. The Preamble to the Marrakesh Agreement signed in 1994 reiterated and expanded this concept, recognising the ‘need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries, and especially the least developed among them, secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development’. In 2001, upon the launch of the Doha Round, the Ministerial Conference stated: ‘The majority of WTO members are developing countries. We seek to place their needs and interests at the heart of the Work Programme adopted in this Declaration’. Hence the name ‘Doha Development Agenda’. Central to the recognition of development needs in the WTO is the notion of ‘special and Differential Treatment’ (S&D) for developing countries. In contrast to the strong thread of non-discrimination running through the WTO agreements, S&D involves discrimination in favour of developing countries. This discrimination takes the form of both Differential rights or obligations mandated by the WTO agreements themselves, and Differential Treatment accorded to developing countries by other Members. An example of the former is a WTO provision providing longer transition times (that is, time to implement a particular WTO obligation) to developing than to developed country Members. An example of the latter is preferential tariff Treatment accorded by a developed country Member to a developing country Member.
Takemasa A Ishii Y Chibana K, Arai R, Shiobara T, Watanabe T - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Individual and Differential Treatment responses to once-daily long acting bronchodilators, glycopirronium and indacaterol, and combination of both drugs in the patients with moderate or severe COPD [Abstract]
European Respiratory Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Takemasa A Ishii Y Chibana K, Arai R, Shiobara T, Watanabe TAbstract:Background: Individual and Differential Treatment responses to LAMA or LABA in patients with COPD are not fully elucidated. Objective: We investigated the differences in response to new once-daily LAMA or LABA monotherapy, or combination therapy of both drugs in the same individuals. Methods: In this open label, three-period, crossover study, 30 patients aged 56-75 years with moderate or severe COPD were randomized to glycopirronium (GLY) or indacaterol (IND) monotherapy for 4W, followed by another drug for 4W and combination therapy of both drugs for 4W. Each Treatment period was separated by a minimum 14-day washout. Spirometry, airway resistance (IOS), and shuttle walking test (SWT) were performed before and after each Treatment period. Results: 22 cases (stage II:19 and stage III:3) completed the study. GLY significantly increased FEV1 by 110+/-120 ml (p
Kimberly A. Updegraff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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siblings appraisals of fairness and jealousy in response to parental Differential Treatment longitudinal links to mexican origin emerging adults adjustment
Emerging adulthood, 2019Co-Authors: Jenny Padilla, Susan M. Mchale, Kimberly A. Updegraff, Samantha A Sang, Adriana J Umanataylor, Sue Rodriguez A De JesusAbstract:Parents’ Differential Treatment (PDT) and their children’s appraisals of its fairness have been linked to adjustment across childhood and adolescence, primarily in Anglo American families. We exten...
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Longitudinal Course and Correlates of Parents' Differential Treatment of Siblings in Mexican‐Origin Families
Family Process, 2017Co-Authors: Jenny Padilla, Susan M. Mchale, Kimberly A. Updegraff, Sue A. Rodríguez De Jesús, Adriana J. Umaña-taylorAbstract:Parents’ Differential Treatment (PDT) is a common family dynamic that has been linked to youth development and well-being, including adjustment problems and poor sibling relationships. Much less is known, however, about the developmental course of PDT and the conditions under which parents treat their children differently in adolescence and young adulthood. This study examined longitudinal changes in mothers’ and fathers’ Differential warmth and conflict with their two offspring from early adolescence through young adulthood, and examined parents’ experiences of individual stress (depressive symptoms and role overload) and marital difficulties as time-varying correlates of (changes in) parents’ Differential Treatment. We also tested crossover effects to determine whether mothers’ experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties were linked to fathers’ Differential Treatment, and vice versa. Participants were mothers, fathers, and two siblings from 246 Mexican-origin families who were interviewed in their homes on three occasions over eight years. Multilevel models revealed that mothers’ and fathers’ Differential conflict with their two children increased until middle adolescence and then declined into young adulthood, but there were no changes over time for parents’ Differential warmth. In general, both mothers’ and fathers’ levels of Differential Treatment were exacerbated by their own experiences of individual stress and marital difficulties and also by the experiences of their spouses. However, in some cases, greater stress than usual was linked to less Differential Treatment than usual.
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Siblings’ Differential Treatment in Mexican American Families
Journal of Marriage and Family, 2005Co-Authors: Susan M. Mchale, Kimberly A. Updegraff, Lilly Shanahan, Ann C. Crouter, Sarah E. KillorenAbstract:We investigated the patterns and correlates of parents’ Differential Treatment of adolescent siblings in 246 two-parent Mexican American families. In home interviews, siblings rated 7 domains of Differential Treatment (e.g., privileges, chores, warmth) as well as their adjustment and perceptions of parental acceptance and fairness, and both parents and adolescents reported on cultural dynamics. More gender-typed patterns of Differential Treatment were evident when parents were more oriented to Mexican than Anglo culture. The links between Differential Treatment and youth reports of adjustment, parental acceptance, and parental fairness were moderated by adolescents’ familism values, particularly for older siblings: Differential Treatment was linked more strongly to adjustment and parent-youth relationship problems when youth reported lower levels of familism.
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Congruence between Mothers' and Fathers' Differential Treatment of Siblings: Links with Family Relations and Children's Well-Being
Child Development, 1995Co-Authors: Susan M. Mchale, Ann C. Crouter, Shirley Mcguire, Kimberly A. UpdegraffAbstract:We studied patterns of mothers' and fathers' Differential Treatment of firstborn (average age 10.5 years) and secondborn (average age 8 years) school-age siblings, and we examined the links between parents' Differential Treatment and children's well-being and dyadic family relationships. Mothers, fathers, and both siblings in 110 families were interviewed in their homes. For each dimension of parental behavior that we assessed (i.e., Differential affection and discipline) we created groups of families that reflected mothers’and fathers' levels of Differential Treatment (e.g., discipline the firstborn more, equal Treatment, discipline the secondborn more). Although we detected substantial correspondence between the 2 parents' Differential Treatment, we found a sizable group of families in which parents' reports were incongruent (i.e., 1 parent reported equal and the other Differential Treatment). Parental patterns were linked to differences between the siblings' well-being and both sibling and parent-child relationships, with younger siblings exhibiting greater vulnerability to Differential Treatment. Incongruence in Differential warmth was associated with marital distress.
Wim Van Breukelen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of LMX and Differential Treatment on work unit commitment.
Psychological Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Wim Van Breukelen, Dorien Konst, René Van Der VlistAbstract:The Leader-Member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership states that leaders do behave differently towards the various members in their work unit. Relatively little attention has been devoted to the question of whether members' perceptions of Differential Treatment on the part of the leader affects their commitment to the work unit. Perceptions of the amount of Differential Treatment within their work unit did not explain additional variance in members' work unit commitment after the effects of LMX quality were accounted for. There was, however, a significant interaction effect of LMX quality and Differential Treatment on work unit commitment. The perception of a large number of Differential Treatment incidents seems to act as a neutralizer with respect to the positive effects LMX quality may have.
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Differential Treatment within sports teams, leader–member (coach–player) exchange quality, team atmosphere, and team performance
Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2010Co-Authors: Wim Van Breukelen, Rien Van Der Leeden, Wendy Wesselius, Madelien HoesAbstract:Summary Using the leader–member exchange (LMX) theory as a theoretical framework, the present study focused on the occurrence of Differential Treatment by leaders on social and task-related issues within teams. It was investigated whether team members' perceptions of the frequency and degree of social and task-related Differential Treatment by the leader were associated with their evaluation of team atmosphere and team performance, in addition to the effects of the quality of their own working relationship with the leader (LMX quality). The context of this study consisted of interdependent sports teams. The participants were 605 players belonging to 69 amateur sports teams playing various team sports such as soccer, hockey, and basketball. Social Differential Treatment was negatively associated with team atmosphere and unrelated to team performance. In addition, it was found that the two forms of task-related Differential Treatment included in this study were unrelated to team atmosphere and were differently associated with team performance. The results are discussed with reference to the existing leadership literature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.