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Makoto Inoue - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Digastric Muscle is Less Involved in Pharyngeal Swallowing in Rabbits
Dysphagia, 2011Co-Authors: Takanori Tsujimura, Yuki Nakamura, Kensuke Yamamura, Takako Fukuhara, Aki Yamada, Makoto InoueAbstract:The swallowing reflex is centrally programmed by the lower brain stem, the so-called swallowing central pattern generator (CPG), and once the reflex is initiated, many Muscles in the oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and esophageal regions are systematically activated. The mylohyoid (MH) Muscle has been considered to be a “leading Muscle” according to previous studies, but the functional role of the Digastric (DIG) Muscle in the swallowing reflex remains unclear. In the present study, therefore, the activities of single units of MH and DIG neurons were recorded extracellularly, and the functional involvement of these neurons in the swallowing reflex was investigated. The experiments were carried out on eight adult male Japanese white rabbits anesthetized with urethane. To identify DIG and MH neurons, the peripheral nerve (either DIG or MH) was stimulated to evoke action potentials of single motoneurons. Motoneurons were identified as such if they either (1) responded to antidromic nerve stimulation of DIG or MH in an all-or-none manner at threshold intensities and (2) followed stimulation frequencies of up to 0.5 kHz. As a result, all 11 MH neurons recorded were synchronously activated during the swallowing reflex, while there was no activity in any of the 7 DIG neurons recorded during the swallowing reflex. All neurons were anatomically localized ventromedially at the level of the caudal portion of the trigeminal motor nucleus, and there were no differences between the MH and DIG neuron sites. The present results strongly suggest that at least in the rabbit, DIG motoneurons are not tightly controlled by the swallowing CPG and, hence, the DIG Muscle is less involved in the swallowing reflex.
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effects of electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve on the jaw opening reflex
Brain Research, 2011Co-Authors: Takako Fukuhara, Takanori Tsujimura, Kensuke Yamamura, Yuka Kajii, Makoto InoueAbstract:The present study aimed to examine whether the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) is modulated during swallowing, and if so, to compare the modulation between the low- and high-threshold afferent-evoked reflex responses. Experiments were carried out on 11 anesthetized rabbits. The inferior alveolar nerve was stimulated to evoke the JOR in the Digastric Muscle. The stimulus intensity was either 1.5 (low threshold) or 4.0 (high threshold) times the threshold for eliciting the JOR. As a conditioning stimulation, the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) was repetitively stimulated to evoke the swallowing reflex. The stimulus intensity ranged from 0.6 to 8.0 times the threshold to evoke the swallowing reflex during SLN stimulation over 20 s. Electromyographic (EMG) activities of the Digastric and mylohyoid Muscles were recorded, and the peak-to-peak EMG amplitude of the Digastric Muscle was measured and compared with and without SLN stimulation, as well as with and without swallowing. Comparisons were also made between low- and high-threshold afferent-evoked JORs. The JOR was strongly suppressed during SLN stimulation. The degree of suppression increased and the latency for the JOR was delayed when the stimulus current applied to the SLN was increased. Such modulation was apparent when the low-threshold afferent-evoked JOR was recorded. Effects of motor outputs of swallowing events and those of single-pulse stimulation of SLN on the inhibition of the JOR were not noted. These results suggest that the JOR evoked by both the low- and high-threshold afferents was inhibited during laryngeal sensory input and following swallowing, probably to prevent opposing jaw movements evoked by oral sensory input during swallowing.
Kazuo Tanne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Functional characteristics of the rat jaw Muscles: daily Muscle activity and fiber type composition
Journal of anatomy, 2009Co-Authors: Nobuhiko Kawai, Ryota Sano, J.a.m. Korfage, Saika Nakamura, Eiji Tanaka, Tim Van Wessel, Geerling E. J. Langenbach, Kazuo TanneAbstract:Skeletal Muscles have a heterogeneous fiber type composition, which reflects their functional demand. The daily Muscle use and the percentage of slow-type fibers have been shown to be positively correlated in skeletal Muscles of larger animals but for smaller animals there is no information. The examination of this relationship in adult rats was the purpose of this study. We hypothesized a positive relationship between the percentage of fatigue-resistant fibers in each Muscle and its total duration of use per day. Fourteen Wistar strain male rats (410-450 g) were used. A radio-telemetric device was implanted to record Muscle activity continuously from the superficial masseter, deep masseter, anterior belly of Digastric and anterior temporalis Muscles. The degree of daily Muscle use was quantified by the total duration of Muscle activity per day (duty time) exceeding specified levels of the peak activity (2, 5, 20 and 50%). The fiber type composition of the Muscles was examined by the myosin heavy chain content of the fibers by means of immunohistochemical staining. At lower activity levels (exceeding 2 and 5% of the peak activity), the duty time of the anterior belly of Digastric Muscle was significantly (P < 0.01) longer than those of the other Muscles. The anterior belly of Digastric Muscle also contained the highest percentage of slow-type fibers (type I fiber and hybrid fiber co-expressing myosin heavy chain I + IIA) (ca. 11%; P < 0.05). By regression analysis for all four Muscles, an inter-muscular comparison showed a positive relationship between the duty time (exceeding 50% of the peak activity) and the percentage of type IIX fibers (P < 0.05), which demonstrate intermediate physiological properties relative to type IIA and IIB fibers. For the jaw Muscles of adult male rats, the variations of fiber type composition and Muscle use suggest that the Muscle containing the largest amounts of slow-type fibers (the anterior belly of Digastric Muscle) is mainly involved in low-amplitude activities and that the amount of type IIX fibers is positively related to the generation of large Muscle forces, validating our hypothesis.
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effects of increased occlusal vertical dimension on daily activity and myosin heavy chain composition in rat jaw Muscle
Archives of Oral Biology, 2009Co-Authors: Yoshiki Ohnuki, Kazuo Tanne, Nobuhiko Kawai, Eiji Tanaka, Geerling E. J. Langenbach, Yasutake SaekiAbstract:Mammalian skeletal Muscles change their contractile-protein phenotype in response to mechanical loading and/or chronic electrical stimulation, implying that the phenotypic changes in masticatory Muscles might result from new masticatory-loading conditions. To analyze the effects of increased occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) on daily activities and fibre-type compositions in jaw Muscles, we measured the total duration of daily activity (duty time) and the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) compositions in the masseter and Digastric Muscles of freely moving control and bite-opened rats. In the control state, the duty time of the Digastric Muscle was higher than that of the masseter Muscle at activity levels exceeding 5 and 20% of the day's peak activity. The opposite was true at activity levels exceeding 50 and 80% of the day's peak activity. The MyHCs consisted of a mixture of fast and slow types in the Digastric Muscle. The masseter consisted of mostly fast-type MyHC. The increment of OVD increased not only the duty time at activity levels exceeding 5, 20, 50 and 80% of the day’ peak activity in both Muscles but also the proportion of MyHC IIa in the masseter Muscle and MyHC I in the Digastric Muscle at the expense of that of MyHC IIb. These results suggest that the increment of OVD changes masseter and Digastric Muscles towards slower phenotypes by an increase in their daily activities.
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daily jaw Muscle activity in freely moving rats measured with radio telemetry
European Journal of Oral Sciences, 2007Co-Authors: Nobuhiko Kawai, Ryota Sano, Eiji Tanaka, Tim Van Wessel, Peter Brugman, Theo M G J Van Eijden, Kazuo TanneAbstract:The jaw Muscle activity of rats has been investigated for specific tasks. However, the daily jaw Muscle use remains unclear. The purpose of the present study was to examine daily jaw Muscle activity, and its variability over time, in the rat (n = 12) by the use of radio-telemetry. A telemetric device was implanted for the continuous recording of masseter Muscle and Digastric Muscle activity. Daily Muscle use was characterized by calculating the total time that each Muscle was active (duty time), the number of bursts, and the average length of bursts. All parameters were estimated for activities exceeding various levels (5-90%) of the day's peak activity. Daily Muscle use remained constant for 4 wk. At the low-activity level, the duty time and burst number of the Digastric Muscle were significantly (P < 0.01) higher than those of the masseter Muscle, whereas the opposite was true at the high-activity level (P < 0.05). No significant intermuscular correlation was observed between the number of bursts of the masseter and Digastric Muscles, but the interindividual variation of both Muscles changed, depending on the level of activation. These findings suggest that the masseter Muscle and the Digastric Muscle show a differential active pattern, depending on the activity level. © 2007 The Authors. Journal compilation 2007 Eur J Oral Sci.
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relationship between masticatory Muscle activity and vertical craniofacial morphology
Angle Orthodontist, 1998Co-Authors: Hiroshi Ueda, Keisuke Miyamoto, Yasuo Ishizuka, Noriaki Morimoto, Kazuo TanneAbstract:Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between masticatory Muscle activity during the day and vertical craniofacial morphology. The sample comprised 30 subjects (20 males and 10 females, age range 15 to 28 years, mean 24 ± 3.2 years) who had normal anteroposterior skeletal relationships and complete or nearly complete dentition without serious malocclusion or temporomandibular dysfunction. Using a portable electromyographic recording system, activities of the masseter, temporal, and Digastric Muscles were recorded for 3 hours during the day, excluding time spent eating, sleeping, and exercising. A lateral cephalogram was taken of each subject with the teeth in occlusion. Activities of the masseter, temporal, and Digastric Muscles consisted mainly of low-amplitude bursts. The duration of Digastric Muscle activity was greater than that of either the masseter or temporal Muscles. Masseter and Digastric Muscle activities showed significant negative correlations with vertical cr...
Konig B. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Electromyographic Analysis Of Superior Belly Of The Omohyoid Muscle And Anterior Belly Of The Digastric Muscle In Mandibular Movements
2015Co-Authors: Castro H.a.l., Resende L.a.l., Berzin F., Konig B.Abstract:The superior belly of the omohyoid Muscle and the anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle, were studied electromyographically in 20 young volunteers. For each Muscle, 1 pair of monopolar electrodes was employed. One was a surface electrode and the other a needle electrode, which was inserted in the belly of the Muscle. The surface electrode was placed 1 cm apart from the needle electrode. The most marked action of both Muscles was on the movement of lowering the mandible. They also act in those movements for the performance of which they have associated a component of lowering the jaw, propulsion, laterality to the right and the left and retrusion. They are not active in the resting position and during jaw movements of elevation, extrusion and protrusion. Both Muscles are active most of the time, simultaneously, but it is not possible to demonstrate that there is a synchronism between their actions.387443447Ahlgren, J., Winnberg, A., Lipke, D.P., Electromyography of the Digastric Muscles and opening force of the mandible. Electromyogr (1978) Clin. Neurophysiol., 18, pp. 471-486Allers, R., Scheminsky, F., Über akitiosström der Muskeln bei motorischen Vorstellungen und verwandten Vorgägen (1925) Pflugers Arch. Ges. Physiol., 212, pp. 169-182Basmajian, J.V., (1974) Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by Electromyography, p. 51. , Williams & Wilkins, BaltimoreBasmajian, J.V., De Luca, (1985) Muscles Alive: Their Function Revealed by Electromyography. 5 Ed., p. 469. , Williams & Wilkins, BaltimoreCarlsöö, S., An electromyographic study of the activity of certain suprahyoid Muscles (mainly the anterior belly of Digastric Muscle) and of the reciprocal innervation of the elevator and depressor musculature of the mandible (1956) Acta Anat., 26 (2), pp. 81-93Cunningham, D.J., (1972) Cunningham's Textbook of Anatomy, pp. 275-278. , Romanes, G. J. (ed.), University Press, OxfordDumitru, D., (1995) Electrodiagnostic Medicine, p. 214. , Hanley & Belfus, PhiladelphiaDavies, P.L., Electromyographic study of superficial neck Muscles in mandibular function (1979) J. Dent. Res., 58 (1), pp. 537-538Duthie, N., Yemm, R., Muscles involved in voluntary mandibular retrusion in man (1982) J. Oral Rehabil., 9Figun, M.E., Garino, R.R., (1960) Anatomia Odontológica. 3 Ed., pp. 110-111. , Barcelona, El AteneoGarnick, J., Ramfjord, S.P., Rest position an electromyographic and clinical investigation (1962) J. Prosth. Dent., 12, pp. 895-911Goodgold, J., Eberstein, A., (1972) Electrodiagnosis of Neuromuscular Diases, pp. 60-73. , Williams & Wilkins, BaltimoreGriffin, C.J., Munro, R.R., Electromyography of the jaw-closing Muscles in the open-clos-clench cycle in man (1969) Arch. Oral Biol., 14, pp. 141-149Halbert, R., Electromyographic study of head position (1958) J. Can. Den. Ass., 24, pp. 11-23Hickey, J.C., Stacy, R.W., Rinear, B.A., Electromyographic studies of mandibular Muscles in basic jaw movements (1957) J. Prosth. Dent., 7 (4), pp. 565-570Jarabak, J.R., An electromyographic analysis of muscular behavior in mandibular movements from rest position (1957) J. Prosth. Dent., 7 (5), pp. 682-710Kimura, J., (1983) Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice, p. 259. , F. A. Davis, PhiladelphiaKönig Jr., B., Vitti, M., Bérzin, F., Camargo, A.M., Fortinguerra, C.R.H., Electromyographic analysis of the Digastric Muscle (1978) Cienc. Cult., 30 (4), pp. 463-465. , S. PauloLlorca, F.O., (1970) Anatomia Humana. 4 Ed., pp. 656-657. , Científico-Médica, Barcelona, t. 1Lockhart, R.D., Hamilton, G.F., Fyfe, F., (1965) Anatomia Humana, pp. 165-166. , Interamericana, MéxicoLundervold, A., An electromyographic investigation of tense and relaxed subjects (1952) J. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 115, pp. 512-525Macdougall, J.B.D., Andrew, B.L., An electromyographic study of the temporalis and masseter Muscles (1958) J. Anat., 87, pp. 37-45Möller, E., Lund, P., Nishiyama, T., Swallowing in upright, inclined and supine positions: Action of the temporal, lateral pterygoid and Digastric Muscles (1971) Scand. J. Dent. Res., 79, pp. 483-487Moyers, R.E., An electromyographic analysis of certain Muscles involved in temporo-mandibular movements (1950) Am. J. Orthod., 36 (7), pp. 481-515Munro, R.R., Structure and function of the Digastric Muscle (1973) J. Anat., 114, p. 156Munro, R.R., Basmajian, J.V., The jaw opening reflex in man (1971) Electromyography, 11, pp. 191-207Nighthingale, A., Eletrical noise from polarization cells and from human tissues (1968) Nature, 181, pp. 193-195Pancherz, H., Winnberg, A., Westesson, P.L., Mastigatory Muscle activity and hyoide bone behavior during cyclic jaw movements in man (1986) Am. J. Orthod., 89 (2), pp. 122-131Paturet, G., (1951) Traité d'anatomie Humaine, p. 739. , Masson, Paris, t. 1Sicher, H., Dubrul, E.L., (1970) Oral Anatmy. 5th Ed., p. 134. , C.V. Mosby, St. LouisStepovich, M.L., A cephalometric positional study of the hyoid bone (1965) Am. J. Orthod., 51, pp. 882-900Stolov, W.C., The concept of normal Muscle tone, hypotonia and hypertonia (1966) Arch. Phys. Med., 47, pp. 156-168Vitti, M., Basmajian, J., Integrated action of mastigatory Muscles: Simultaneous EMG from eight intramuscular eletrodes (1977) Anat. Rec., 187 (2), pp. 173-189Widmalm, S.E., Lilie, J.H., Ash Jr., M.M., Anatomical and electromyographic studies of the Digastric Muscle (1988) J. Oral Rehabil., 15, pp. 3-21Woelfel, B.J., Hickey, J.C., Llord Rinear, B.A., Electromyographic analysis of jaw movements (1960) J. Prosth. Dent., 10 (4), pp. 688-697Zenker, W., Zenker, A., Die tätigkeit der kiefermuskeln und ihre elektromyographische analyse (1955) Z. Anat. Entrogesch., 119 (2), pp. 174-20
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Electromyographic Analysis Of Superior Belly Of The Omohyoid Muscle And Anterior Belly Of The Digastric Muscle In Mandibular Movements.
2015Co-Authors: Castro H A, Berzin F., Resende L A, Konig B.Abstract:The superior belly of the omohyoid Muscle and the anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle, were studied electromyographically in 20 young volunteers. For each Muscle, 1 pair of monopolar electrodes was employed. One was a surface electrode and the other a needle electrode, which was inserted in the belly of the Muscle. The surface electrode was placed 1 cm apart from the needle electrode. The most marked action of both Muscles was on the movement of lowering the mandible. They also act in those movements for the performance of which they have associated a component of lowering the jaw, propulsion, laterality to the right and the left and retrusion. They are not active in the resting position and during jaw movements of elevation, extrusion and protrusion. Both Muscles are active most of the time, simultaneously, but it is not possible to demonstrate that there is a synchronism between their actions.38443-
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Electromyographic Analysis Of The Superior Belly Of The Omohyoid Muscle And Anterior Belly Of The Digastric Muscle In Tongue And Head Movements.
2015Co-Authors: Castro H A, Berzin F., Resende L A, Konig B.Abstract:The participation of the superior belly of the omohyoid Muscle and anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle in tongue and head movements was studied eletromyographically in 20 normal young volunteers. A pair of monopolar electrodes was used in each Muscle for simultaneous recording of their actions. The Muscles act in the following tongue movements: protrusion, right and left lateral movements, placement of the tip of the tongue on soft and hard palates and on the floor of the mouth. The strongest levels of activity of the superior belly of the omohyoid Muscle were observed in the placement of the tip of the tongue on the soft palate, coincidentally with a greater dislocation of hyoid bone. Both of the Muscles studied did not participate in the head's kinesiology.9229-3
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Electromyographic analysis of the superior belly of the omohyoid Muscle and anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle in tongue and head movements
Inglaterra, 2015Co-Authors: Castro Hal, Berzin F., Resende Lal, Konig B.Abstract:The participation of the superior belly of the omohyoid Muscle and anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle in tongue and head movements was studied eletromyographically in 20 normal young volunteers. A pair of monopolar electrodes was used in each Muscle for simultaneous recording of their actions. The Muscles act in the following tongue movements: protrusion, right and left lateral movements, placement of the tip of the tongue on soft and hard palates and on the floor of the mouth. The strongest levels of activity of the superior belly of the omohyoid Muscle were observed in the placement of the tip of the tongue on the soft palate, coincidentally with a greater dislocation of hyoid bone. Both of the Muscles studied did not participate in the head's kinesiology. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.9322923
Kazuto Terada - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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suppression of the nociceptive jaw opening reflex by stimulation of the red nucleus
Brain Research, 2012Co-Authors: Eriko Yajima, Kenichi Ishizuka, Shinichi Iwasaki, Yoshihide Satoh, Kazuto TeradaAbstract:We studied the effect of stimulation of the red nucleus (RN) on the jaw-opening reflex (JOR) in anesthetized rats. The JOR was evoked by electrical stimulation of the tooth pulp of a lower incisor, and was recorded as the electromyographic responses of the anterior belly of the Digastric Muscle, bilaterally. Conditioning electrical stimulation of the RN was found to suppress the JOR bilaterally. Microinjection of monosodium glutamate into the RN also suppressed the JOR bilaterally. The suppressive effect of the magnocellular part of the RN was significantly larger than that of the parvicellular part of the RN. These results imply that the RN is involved in control of the JOR evoked by noxious stimulus.
Gregory K Hartig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anatomic relationship between the spinal accessory nerve and internal jugular vein in the upper neck
Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 2010Co-Authors: Matthew L Hinsley, Gregory K HartigAbstract:Abstract Objective The goal of this study was to precisely detail the relationship between the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) and the internal jugular vein (IJV) in the upper neck, specifically at the level of the posterior belly of the Digastric Muscle. Study Design Case series with planned data collection. Setting University hospital. Subjects and Methods This information was prospectively gathered intraoperatively in patients undergoing a neck dissection. The neck dissections were performed for the treatment or diagnosis of cancer, independent of the research goals. Eighty-six subjects underwent neck dissections, 56 unilateral and 30 bilateral. The position of the SAN was determined to be oriented lateral to the IJV, medial to the IJV, posterior to the IJV, or directly through the IJV at the level of the posterior belly of the Digastric Muscle. Results Of 116 neck dissections, 112 (96%) were oriented lateral to the IJV at the level of the superior border of the posterior belly of the Digastric Muscle. In three necks (3%), the SAN was positioned medial to the IJV, and one (1%) traveled directly through the IJV. Conclusion The SAN has an intimate anatomic relationship with the IJV as it travels through the neck. The SAN is nearly always oriented lateral to the IJV, and the IJV and SAN are likely at some increased risk of injury during neck dissection in cases where the nerve travels medial to or through the IJV.