The Experts below are selected from a list of 172527 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Jean-yves Masson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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DNA Repair Pathways in Trypanosomatids: from DNA Repair to Drug Resistance
Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR, 2014Co-Authors: Marie-michelle Genois, Eric Paquet, Marie-claude N. Laffitte, Ranjan Maity, Amélie Rodrigue, Marc Ouellette, Jean-yves MassonAbstract:SUMMARY All living organisms are continuously faced with endogenous or exogenous stress conditions affecting genome stability. DNA Repair pathways act as a defense mechanism, which is essential to maintain DNA integrity. There is much to learn about the regulation and functions of these mechanisms, not only in human cells but also equally in divergent organisms. In trypanosomatids, DNA Repair pathways protect the genome against mutations but also act as an adaptive mechanism to promote drug resistance. In this review, we scrutinize the molecular mechanisms and DNA Repair pathways which are conserved in trypanosomatids. The recent advances made by the genome consortiums reveal the complete genomic sequences of several pathogens. Therefore, using bioinformatics and genomic sequences, we analyze the conservation of DNA Repair proteins and their key protein motifs in trypanosomatids. We thus present a comprehensive view of DNA Repair processes in trypanosomatids at the crossroads of DNA Repair and drug resistance.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae DNA Repair processes: an update.
Molecular and cellular biochemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Dindial Ramotar, Jean-yves MassonAbstract:The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a central role in contributing to the understanding of one of the most important biological process, DNA Repair, that maintains genuine copies of the cellular chromosomes. DNA lesions produce either spontaneously or by DNA damaging agents are efficiently Repaired by one or more DNA Repair proteins. While some DNA Repair proteins function independently as in the case of base excision Repair, others belong into three separate DNA Repair pathways, nucleotide excision, mismatch, and recombinational. Of these pathways, nucleotide excision and mismatch Repair show the greatest functional conservation between yeast and human cells. Because of this high degree of conservation, yeast has been regarded as one of the best model system to study DNA Repair. This report therefore updates current knowledge of the major yeast DNA Repair processes.
Denis Eckert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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DNA Repair: A changing geography? (1964–2008)
DNA Repair, 2013Co-Authors: Marion Maisonobe, Giuseppina Giglia-mari, Denis EckertAbstract:Abstract This article aims to explain the current state of DNA Repair studies’ global geography by focusing on the genesis of the community. Bibliometric data is used to localize scientific activities related to DNA Repair at the city level. The keyword “DNA Repair” was introduced first by American scientists. It started to spread after 1964 that is to say, after P. Howard-Flanders (Yale University), P. Hanawalt (Stanford University) and R. Setlow (Oak Ridge Laboratories) found evidence for Excision Repair mechanisms. It was the first stage in the emergence of an autonomous scientific community. In this article, we will try to assess to what extent the geo-history of this scientific field is determinant in understanding its current geography. In order to do so, we will localize the places where the first “DNA Repair” publications were signed fifty years ago and the following spatial diffusion process, which led to the current geography of the field. Then, we will focus on the evolution of the research activity of “early entrants” in relation to the activity of “latecomers”. This article is an opportunity to share with DNA Repair scientists some research results of a dynamic field in Science studies: spatial scientometrics.
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DNA Repair : a changing geography ? (1964-2008)
DNA Repair, 2013Co-Authors: Marion Maisonobe, Giuseppina Giglia-mari, Denis EckertAbstract:This article aims to explain the current state of DNA Repair studies' global geography by focusing on the genesis of the scientific community. Bibliometric data is used to localize scientific activities related to DNA Repair at the city level. The keyword "DNA Repair" was introduced first by American scientists. It started to spread after 1964 that is to say, after P. Howard-Flanders (Yale University), P. Hanawalt (Stanford University) and R. Setlow (Oak Ridge Laboratories) found evidence for Excision Repair mechanisms. It was the first stage in the emergence of an autonomous scientific community. In this article, we will try to assess to what extent the geo-history of this scientific field is determinant in understanding its current geography. In order to do so, we will localize the places where the first "DNA Repair" publications were signed fifty years ago and the following spatial diffusion process, which led to the current geography of the field. Then, we will focus on the evolution of the research activity of "early entrants" in relation to the activity of "latecomers". This article is an opportunity to share with DNA Repair scientists some research results of a dynamic field in Science studies: spatial scientometrics
Sabine A. S. Langie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of micronutrients on DNA Repair
European Journal of Nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: Andrew R. Collins, Amaya Azqueta, Sabine A. S. LangieAbstract:Background DNA Repair is an essential cellular function, which, by removing DNA damage before it can cause mutations, contributes crucially to the prevention of cancer. Interest in the influence of micronutrients on DNA Repair activity is prompted by the possibility that the protective effects of fruits and vegetables might thus be explained. Two approaches to measuring Repair—monitoring cellular removal of DNA damage and incubating cell extract with specifically damaged DNA in an in vitro assay—have been applied in cell culture, whole animal studies, and human trials. In addition, there are numerous investigations at the level of expression of DNA Repair–related genes. Results Depending on the pathway studied and the phytochemical or food tested, there are varied reports of stimulation, inhibition or no effect on DNA Repair. The clearest findings are from human supplementation trials in which lymphocytes are assessed for their Repair capacity ex vivo. Studying cellular Repair of strand breaks is complicated by the fact that lymphocytes appear to Repair them very slowly. Applying the in vitro Repair assay to human lymphocytes has revealed stimulatory effects on Repair of oxidised bases by various micronutrients or a fruit- and vegetable-rich diet, while other studies have failed to demonstrate effects. Conclusions Despite varied results from different studies, it seems clear that micronutrients can influence DNA Repair, usually but not always enhancing activity. Different modes of DNA Repair are likely to be subject to different regulatory mechanisms. Measures of gene expression tend to be a poor guide to Repair activity, and there is no substitute for phenotypic assays.
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Effects of micronutrients on DNA Repair.
European journal of nutrition, 2012Co-Authors: Andrew Collins, Amaya Azqueta, Sabine A. S. LangieAbstract:DNA Repair is an essential cellular function, which, by removing DNA damage before it can cause mutations, contributes crucially to the prevention of cancer. Interest in the influence of micronutrients on DNA Repair activity is prompted by the possibility that the protective effects of fruits and vegetables might thus be explained. Two approaches to measuring Repair—monitoring cellular removal of DNA damage and incubating cell extract with specifically damaged DNA in an in vitro assay—have been applied in cell culture, whole animal studies, and human trials. In addition, there are numerous investigations at the level of expression of DNA Repair–related genes. Depending on the pathway studied and the phytochemical or food tested, there are varied reports of stimulation, inhibition or no effect on DNA Repair. The clearest findings are from human supplementation trials in which lymphocytes are assessed for their Repair capacity ex vivo. Studying cellular Repair of strand breaks is complicated by the fact that lymphocytes appear to Repair them very slowly. Applying the in vitro Repair assay to human lymphocytes has revealed stimulatory effects on Repair of oxidised bases by various micronutrients or a fruit- and vegetable-rich diet, while other studies have failed to demonstrate effects. Despite varied results from different studies, it seems clear that micronutrients can influence DNA Repair, usually but not always enhancing activity. Different modes of DNA Repair are likely to be subject to different regulatory mechanisms. Measures of gene expression tend to be a poor guide to Repair activity, and there is no substitute for phenotypic assays.
Barry W. Glickman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human DNA Repair genes.
Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 2001Co-Authors: Amiram Ronen, Barry W. GlickmanAbstract:DNA Repair systems are essential for the maintenance of genome integrity. Consequently, the disregulation of Repair genes can be expected to be associated with significant, detrimental health effects, which can include an increased prevalence of birth defects, an enhancement of cancer risk, and an accelerated rate of aging. Although original insights into DNA Repair and the genes responsible were largely derived from studies in bacteria and yeast, well over 125 genes directly involved in DNA Repair have now been identified in humans, and their cDNA sequence established. These genes function in a diverse set of pathways that involve the recognition and removal of DNA lesions, tolerance to DNA damage, and protection from errors of incorporation made during DNA replication or DNA Repair. Additional genes indirectly affect DNA Repair, by regulating the cell cycle, ostensibly to provide an opportunity for Repair or to direct the cell to apoptosis. For about 70 of the DNA Repair genes listed in Table I, both the genomic DNA sequence and the cDNA sequence and chromosomal location have been elucidated. In 45 cases single-nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified and, in some cases, genetic variants have been associated with specific disorders. With the accelerating rate of gene discovery, the number of identified DNA Repair genes and sequence variants is quickly rising. This report tabulates the current status of what is known about these genes. The report is limited to genes whose function is directly related to DNA Repair.
Richard D. Wood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Human DNA Repair Genes
Science (New York N.Y.), 2001Co-Authors: Richard D. Wood, Michael Mitchell, John Sgouros, Tomas LindahlAbstract:Cellular DNA is subjected to continual attack, both by reactive species inside cells and by environmental agents. Toxic and mutagenic consequences are minimized by distinct pathways of Repair, and 130 known human DNA Repair genes are described here. Notable features presently include four enzymes that can remove uracil from DNA, seven recombination genes related to RAD51, and many recently discovered DNA polymerases that bypass damage, but only one system to remove the main DNA lesions induced by ultraviolet light. More human DNA Repair genes will be found by comparison with model organisms and as common folds in three-dimensional protein structures are determined. Modulation of DNA Repair should lead to clinical applications including improvement of radiotherapy and treatment with anticancer drugs and an advanced understanding of the cellular aging process.
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No hedging on DNA Repair
Trends in Genetics, 1998Co-Authors: Richard D. WoodAbstract:Abstract DNA Damage and Repair: Vol. I, DNA Repair in Prokaryotes and Lower Eukaryotes; and Vol. II, DNA Repair in Higher Eukaryotes edited by Jac. A. Nickoloff and Merl F. Hoekstra Humana Press, 1998. £125.00 hbk (626 pages Vol. I, 625 pages Vol. II) Vol. 1: ISBN 0 89603 356 2 Vol. 2: ISBN 0 89603 500 X
