The Experts below are selected from a list of 126 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Paul G Fields - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hemp cannabis sativa seed for reproduction of stored product insects
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2021Co-Authors: Kimberly Hamilton, N D G White, Fuji Jian, Paul G FieldsAbstract:Abstract Hemp, or industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa), is a high value alternative crop that has seen increases in production in Canada since commercial production was legalized in 1998. Insect infestation of stored hemp seed may result in loss of quality and value. There are few published studies on the ability of insects to survive and reproduce on hemp seed. Reproduction of eleven stored-product insects on hemp seed at different moisture contents with, or without Dockage, was studied. Insects were introduced into 15 g of hemp seed at two initial moisture contents (dry, 9% m.c. or damp, 15% m.c.), two Dockage levels (Dockage-free or Dockage, 15%), and held at 30°C and 60–70% r.h. Five replicates of each treatment for each species were used. For beetles, twenty unsexed adults were used, for Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), twenty eggs were used. For the beetles, live and dead adults were counted after 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks, for the moth, adults were counted after 12.5 weeks. After counting, only live adults were returned to the hemp seed. The following beetle populations increased over the 9 weeks; Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothed grain beetle) and Trogoderma variabile (warehouse beetle). The following species did not increase their populations; Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), Cryptolestes turcicus (flour mill beetle), Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle), and Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle). For the beetles, higher Dockage generally led to higher populations. The effect of moisture content was variable. Ephestia kuehniella produced adults on all treatments, with the dry treatment containing Dockage performing the best.
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safe storage times of finola hemp cannabis sativa seeds with Dockage
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2019Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, Abdullahal Mamun, N D G White, D S Jayas, Jennifer MccombeAbstract:Abstract Safe storage times of hemp seeds (cultivar: FINOLA®) were studied by storing the hemp seeds with three Dockage levels (0, 5, and 15%) at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 °C ), four relative humidities (50, 63, 75, and 92%) for up to 26 wk. To evaluate the safe storage time, the following storage parameters were measured or determined: seed germination, free fatty acid value (FAV) of seeds, and visible and invisible mold. Dockage percentages did not significantly influence equilibrium moisture content, FAV, germination loss and the time of the first appearance of visible and invisible mold and number of kernels infected by storage fungi. This non-influence was caused by the experimental setup because the heat and water produced by the spoiled hemp seeds with Dockage were diffused out of the 1 kg sample. Hemp seeds with 15% Dockage had slightly faster germination loss than that with lower percentages of Dockage. The FAV of hemp seeds had a negative correlation with germination. Based on the time for 20% initial germination losses, the safe storage guidelines of stored bulks of hemp seeds were developed and mathematically modelled. The recommended safe storage moisture content was 8% under Canadian conditions. At 25 °C, the safe storage time was 20.8 and 2.8 wk if the hemp seeds without Dockage had 8% and 14% moisture contents, respectively.
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static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed cannabis sativa l with different percentages of Dockage
Food Science and Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, D S Jayas, Darsana Divagar, Jennifer Mhaiki, N D G WhiteAbstract:: Adsorption and desorption isotherms of hemp seeds with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of Dockage were determined using the salt solution static (SSS) method. The wet hemp seeds with 0% Dockage were also dried at 30℃ with 50% RH, 35℃ with 30% and 50% RH, and 40℃ with 30% and 50% RH inside a thin-layer dryer (thin-layer dynamic method). The hemp seeds with different percentages of Dockage showed hysteresis, and this hysteresis became more obvious with the decrease of temperature. At the same condition, the equilibrium moisture content of hemp seeds with 0% Dockage was approximately 0.5 percent points lower than that of the hemp seeds with Dockage. The best equation to fit the equilibrium moisture content data under constant temperature and RH was the modified GAB equation for both adsorption and desorption isotherms. The constant rate period of drying was observed for <0.75 hr when drying air RH was 30% or when drying air temperature was 40℃. The Henderson and Pabis model was the best model to fit the thin-layer drying data. The equilibrium moisture contents measured by the SSS method were lower than those measured by the thin-layer dynamic method when temperature was ≤35℃.
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Grain bulk density as affected by diatomaceous earth and application method
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 1999Co-Authors: Zlatko Korunić, Stefan Cenkowski, Paul G FieldsAbstract:Abstract The effect of the enhanced diatomaceous earth (EDE) insecticide Protect-It ™ was studied at different concentrations on the bulk density of wheat, corn, barley, rye and oats at three moisture contents (12, 14 and 15% m.c., dry basis). The greatest changes in bulk density occurred when the concentration of EDE ranged from 50 to 200 parts per million (ppm). At concentrations greater than 500 ppm, bulk density decreased little with increased EDE concentrations. The bulk density reductions in all five grains tested were significantly higher for the grain at a dry basis moisture content of 15% than at 12%. The reduction in bulk density as a result of the EDE application was described mathematically using empirical equations. The bulk density of wheat was measured before and after the wet (suspension) or dry (dust) application at 100 and 300 ppm of EDE under laboratory conditions. The dry application caused a significantly greater reduction in wheat bulk density than did the wet application. Application of only 10 ppm of either marine or fresh-water DE significantly reduced the bulk density (about 1.3–1.8%, w/w, respectively) of 13.9% m.c. wheat without Dockage. Twenty five various DE obtained from different regions of the world were tested for bulk density changes when applied to wheat at various concentrations. All DE decreased wheat bulk density, though there were significant differences between DE. The most active DE formulations against stored grain insects, such as Protect-It ™ , Dryacide ® , Insecto ® , Dicalite, DE Eu and DiaFil, also had the greatest effect on the bulk density.
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the effect of diatomaceous earth on grain quality
Postharvest Biology and Technology, 1996Co-Authors: Zlatko Korunic, Paul G Fields, M I P Kovacs, J S Noll, Odean M Lukow, C J Demianyk, K J ShibleyAbstract:Abstract Protect-It is a newly developed diatomaceous earth (DE) based insecticide for stored-grain protection and structural treatment. It has proved effective at controlling stored-grain insects in laboratory tests at application rates well below other DE-based insecticides. This study examined the effect of Protect-It on quality, and physical and handling characteristics of cereals. Treatment of Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat with either 50 or 300 ppm Protect-It had no significant effect on the milling, analytical, rheological or baking quality. The application of Protect-It on durum wheat did not affect the properties for high-quality pasta production at 50 ppm and 300 ppm, and treatment of barley at concentrations from 100 ppm to 900 ppm also showed no differences in malting quality characteristics. A different DE based insecticide, Insecto®, was used to examine the combined affect of DE and Dockage on bulk density (test weight) on Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat, durum wheat and barley. Both Dockage and DE reduced bulk density. For HRS and durum wheat, the addition of 5%, 10%, or 15% Dockage mitigated (less than 1 kg/hl) the reduction of bulk density when DE was applied. Protect-It treatment of HRS wheat, rye and barley gave 0.2% to 0.8% lower dielectric moisture values than before treatment, depending on the DE concentration and commodity. The effect was caused by physical effect of the dust on the grain, since wheat treated with DE had no actual loss of moisture. Protect-It did not affect the dielectric moisture content readings with oats and maize. In field tests, wheat treated with Protect-It at 75 ppm and 100 ppm, concentrations that controlled Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) and reduced Tribolium castaneum Herbst populations, did not cause a reduction in grain flow nor did it cause an increase in air-borne dust when grain was moved using a screw auger. Wheat treated with 300 ppm Protect-It had reduced grain-flow and caused an increase in air-borne dust. Bulk density of the wheat was measured before and after a spray (wet) application at 100 ppm or dust (dry) application at 75 and 100 ppm of Protect-It in both laboratory and field conditions. In the field, dry application of 75 ppm reduced bulk density by 1.6 to 2.5 kg/hl, 100 ppm by 2.0 to 2.8 kg/hl, and 300 ppm by 4.6 to 4.8 kg/hl. Protect-It reduced bulk density by 1.5 to 2.2 kg/hl at 100 ppm wet application.
N D G White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hemp cannabis sativa seed for reproduction of stored product insects
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2021Co-Authors: Kimberly Hamilton, N D G White, Fuji Jian, Paul G FieldsAbstract:Abstract Hemp, or industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa), is a high value alternative crop that has seen increases in production in Canada since commercial production was legalized in 1998. Insect infestation of stored hemp seed may result in loss of quality and value. There are few published studies on the ability of insects to survive and reproduce on hemp seed. Reproduction of eleven stored-product insects on hemp seed at different moisture contents with, or without Dockage, was studied. Insects were introduced into 15 g of hemp seed at two initial moisture contents (dry, 9% m.c. or damp, 15% m.c.), two Dockage levels (Dockage-free or Dockage, 15%), and held at 30°C and 60–70% r.h. Five replicates of each treatment for each species were used. For beetles, twenty unsexed adults were used, for Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), twenty eggs were used. For the beetles, live and dead adults were counted after 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks, for the moth, adults were counted after 12.5 weeks. After counting, only live adults were returned to the hemp seed. The following beetle populations increased over the 9 weeks; Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothed grain beetle) and Trogoderma variabile (warehouse beetle). The following species did not increase their populations; Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), Cryptolestes turcicus (flour mill beetle), Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle), and Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle). For the beetles, higher Dockage generally led to higher populations. The effect of moisture content was variable. Ephestia kuehniella produced adults on all treatments, with the dry treatment containing Dockage performing the best.
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the effects of grasshopper carcasses as Dockage in stored wheat
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2020Co-Authors: Akriti Sharma, N D G White, Colin J Demianyk, D S JayasAbstract:Abstract In years of high grasshopper field populations, large numbers may be collected with harvested grain and deposited into storage. Little is known about the impact of grasshopper carcasses on stored-wheat quality; therefore, this study was conducted to determine such effects. Ninety-six glass bottles (237 mL capacity) were filled with 120 g of clean No. 1 wheat conditioned to 14.5% or 15.5% moisture content. Two-striped grasshoppers, Melanoplus bivittatus were collected in the summer of 2004 near Elie, MB, Canada and euthanized. Six grams of whole grasshoppers were mixed into half the bottles of each moisture content. All bottles were sealed and 12 bottles with and without grasshoppers were incubated at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity (r.h.), 25 °C and 75% r.h. 30 °C and 50% r.h. and 30 °C and 75% r.h. for 24 wk. Four bottles with and without insects were assessed every 4 wk for fat acidity value, seed microfloral infection and germination. The experiment was repeated and data pooled for statistical analysis (ANOVA). Significant differences (P
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safe storage times of finola hemp cannabis sativa seeds with Dockage
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2019Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, Abdullahal Mamun, N D G White, D S Jayas, Jennifer MccombeAbstract:Abstract Safe storage times of hemp seeds (cultivar: FINOLA®) were studied by storing the hemp seeds with three Dockage levels (0, 5, and 15%) at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 °C ), four relative humidities (50, 63, 75, and 92%) for up to 26 wk. To evaluate the safe storage time, the following storage parameters were measured or determined: seed germination, free fatty acid value (FAV) of seeds, and visible and invisible mold. Dockage percentages did not significantly influence equilibrium moisture content, FAV, germination loss and the time of the first appearance of visible and invisible mold and number of kernels infected by storage fungi. This non-influence was caused by the experimental setup because the heat and water produced by the spoiled hemp seeds with Dockage were diffused out of the 1 kg sample. Hemp seeds with 15% Dockage had slightly faster germination loss than that with lower percentages of Dockage. The FAV of hemp seeds had a negative correlation with germination. Based on the time for 20% initial germination losses, the safe storage guidelines of stored bulks of hemp seeds were developed and mathematically modelled. The recommended safe storage moisture content was 8% under Canadian conditions. At 25 °C, the safe storage time was 20.8 and 2.8 wk if the hemp seeds without Dockage had 8% and 14% moisture contents, respectively.
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static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed cannabis sativa l with different percentages of Dockage
Food Science and Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, D S Jayas, Darsana Divagar, Jennifer Mhaiki, N D G WhiteAbstract:: Adsorption and desorption isotherms of hemp seeds with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of Dockage were determined using the salt solution static (SSS) method. The wet hemp seeds with 0% Dockage were also dried at 30℃ with 50% RH, 35℃ with 30% and 50% RH, and 40℃ with 30% and 50% RH inside a thin-layer dryer (thin-layer dynamic method). The hemp seeds with different percentages of Dockage showed hysteresis, and this hysteresis became more obvious with the decrease of temperature. At the same condition, the equilibrium moisture content of hemp seeds with 0% Dockage was approximately 0.5 percent points lower than that of the hemp seeds with Dockage. The best equation to fit the equilibrium moisture content data under constant temperature and RH was the modified GAB equation for both adsorption and desorption isotherms. The constant rate period of drying was observed for <0.75 hr when drying air RH was 30% or when drying air temperature was 40℃. The Henderson and Pabis model was the best model to fit the thin-layer drying data. The equilibrium moisture contents measured by the SSS method were lower than those measured by the thin-layer dynamic method when temperature was ≤35℃.
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cereal grain and Dockage identification using machine vision
Biosystems Engineering, 2003Co-Authors: Jitendra Paliwal, D S Jayas, N S Visen, N D G WhiteAbstract:Algorithms were written to extract a total of 230 features (51 morphological, 123 colour, and 56 textural) from the high-resolution images of kernels of five grain types [barley, Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) wheat, Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat, oats, and rye] and five broad categories of Dockage constituents [broken wheat kernels, chaff, buckwheat, wheat spikelets (one to three wheat kernels inside husk), and canola (rapeseed with low erucic acid content in the oil and low glucosinolate content in the meal)]. Different feature models, viz. morphological, colour, texture, and a combination of the three, were tested for their classification performances using a neural network classifier. Kernels and Dockage particles with well-defined characteristics (e.g. CWRS wheat, buckwheat, and canola) showed near-perfect classification whereas particles with irregular and undefined features (e.g. chaff and wheat spikelets) were classified with accuracies of around 90%. The similarities in shape and size of some of the particles of chaff and wheat spikelets with the kernels of barley and oats affected the classification accuracies of the latter, adversely.
Vaclav Stejskal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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frass produced by the primary pest rhyzopertha dominica supports the population growth of the secondary stored product pests oryzaephilus surinamensis tribolium castaneum and t confusum
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 2021Co-Authors: J A Shah, T Vendl, Radek Aulicky, Vaclav StejskalAbstract:Primary pests such as Rhyzoperta dominica may increase the contents of Dockage, dust, and frass in grain mass. Although it has been suggested that frass can affect the population growth of stored product pests and ecological interactions among primary and secondary pests in stored grain, this has not been validated experimentally. Therefore, this work experimentally tested the hypothesis that R. dominica wheat frass may support population increases in secondary pests such as Tribolium confusum, T. castaneum, and Oryzaephilus surinamensis for the first time. The effect of frass on secondary pest performance was compared with the effects of various physical qualities of wheat grain (i.e., intact grain kernels, grain fragments, flour, grain + frass) and an artificially enriched control diet (milled wheat kernels, oat flakes, and yeast). The results showed that the clean intact grain kernels did not support the population growth of any tested species, and the nutrient-rich control diet provided the best support. Frass was a significantly better food medium for O. surinamensis and T. castaneum than flour or cracked grain, while T. confusum performed equally well on flour and frass. Our results showed that in terms of food quality and suitability for the tested species, frass occupied an intermediate position between the optimized breeding diet and simple uniform cereal diets such as cracked grain or flour. The results suggest that (i) the wheat frass of primary pest R. dominica is a riskier food source for the development of the tested secondary pests than intact or cracked wheat grain or flour; (ii) frass has the potential to positively influence interspecific interactions between R. dominica and the tested secondary pests; and (iii) wheat grain should be cleaned if increases in R. dominica populations and/or accumulated frass are detected.
Fuji Jian - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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segregation of Dockage and foreign materials in wheat during loading into a 10 m diameter corrugated steel bin
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2021Co-Authors: Alireza Salarikia, Fuji Jian, D S Jayas, Qiang ZhangAbstract:Abstract Segregation of Dockage and foreign materials (DFM) is an unavoidable phenomenon in bulk grain and causes many problems. In this study, distributions of DFM, and shrunken and broken kernels (SBK) were determined during loading of wheat in a 10-m diameter flat-bottom cylindrical bin. Wheat was loaded through a vertical funnel (spout) into the bin from five drop heights (1.6, 2.5, 3.4, 4.3 and 5.2 m). Samples were collected using a sampling tube (29 cm diameter and 50 cm deep) inserted vertically at five locations (0.00, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.00 m of horizontal distances from the center) along three radii of the bin for each drop height. The impurities from each collected sample were divided into five categories with different sizes (other grains, other particles, SBK, fine particles, and dust and fragments) by sieving analyses. Impurities larger and smaller than wheat kernels were categorized as large and small impurities, respectively. Drop height significantly influenced the radial distribution of fine particles, dust and fragments, but not the distribution of other grains and other particles. Fine particles and dust and fragments mainly accumulated in the center, while SBK accumulated mostly near the wall of the bin. Both true density and apparent test weight (bulk density) of unclean wheat and test weight of clean wheat significantly changed along the radius of bin. Apparent test weight of unclean wheat was minimum in the center and close to the wall of bin. Drop height did not influence true density and apparent test weight of clean and unclean wheat. Thousand kernel weight, dimensions, and sphericity of wheat kernels were similar at different radial locations of bin for all drop heights. This study can be used as a reference for further studies on grain handling and associated effects on grain grading system and design of aeration, drying, and insect control. .
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hemp cannabis sativa seed for reproduction of stored product insects
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2021Co-Authors: Kimberly Hamilton, N D G White, Fuji Jian, Paul G FieldsAbstract:Abstract Hemp, or industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa), is a high value alternative crop that has seen increases in production in Canada since commercial production was legalized in 1998. Insect infestation of stored hemp seed may result in loss of quality and value. There are few published studies on the ability of insects to survive and reproduce on hemp seed. Reproduction of eleven stored-product insects on hemp seed at different moisture contents with, or without Dockage, was studied. Insects were introduced into 15 g of hemp seed at two initial moisture contents (dry, 9% m.c. or damp, 15% m.c.), two Dockage levels (Dockage-free or Dockage, 15%), and held at 30°C and 60–70% r.h. Five replicates of each treatment for each species were used. For beetles, twenty unsexed adults were used, for Ephestia kuehniella (Mediterranean flour moth), twenty eggs were used. For the beetles, live and dead adults were counted after 3, 5, 7 and 9 weeks, for the moth, adults were counted after 12.5 weeks. After counting, only live adults were returned to the hemp seed. The following beetle populations increased over the 9 weeks; Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Lasioderma serricorne (cigarette beetle), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (sawtoothed grain beetle) and Trogoderma variabile (warehouse beetle). The following species did not increase their populations; Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), Cryptolestes turcicus (flour mill beetle), Tribolium confusum (confused flour beetle), and Stegobium paniceum (drugstore beetle). For the beetles, higher Dockage generally led to higher populations. The effect of moisture content was variable. Ephestia kuehniella produced adults on all treatments, with the dry treatment containing Dockage performing the best.
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safe storage times of finola hemp cannabis sativa seeds with Dockage
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2019Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, Abdullahal Mamun, N D G White, D S Jayas, Jennifer MccombeAbstract:Abstract Safe storage times of hemp seeds (cultivar: FINOLA®) were studied by storing the hemp seeds with three Dockage levels (0, 5, and 15%) at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 °C ), four relative humidities (50, 63, 75, and 92%) for up to 26 wk. To evaluate the safe storage time, the following storage parameters were measured or determined: seed germination, free fatty acid value (FAV) of seeds, and visible and invisible mold. Dockage percentages did not significantly influence equilibrium moisture content, FAV, germination loss and the time of the first appearance of visible and invisible mold and number of kernels infected by storage fungi. This non-influence was caused by the experimental setup because the heat and water produced by the spoiled hemp seeds with Dockage were diffused out of the 1 kg sample. Hemp seeds with 15% Dockage had slightly faster germination loss than that with lower percentages of Dockage. The FAV of hemp seeds had a negative correlation with germination. Based on the time for 20% initial germination losses, the safe storage guidelines of stored bulks of hemp seeds were developed and mathematically modelled. The recommended safe storage moisture content was 8% under Canadian conditions. At 25 °C, the safe storage time was 20.8 and 2.8 wk if the hemp seeds without Dockage had 8% and 14% moisture contents, respectively.
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static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed cannabis sativa l with different percentages of Dockage
Food Science and Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, D S Jayas, Darsana Divagar, Jennifer Mhaiki, N D G WhiteAbstract:: Adsorption and desorption isotherms of hemp seeds with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of Dockage were determined using the salt solution static (SSS) method. The wet hemp seeds with 0% Dockage were also dried at 30℃ with 50% RH, 35℃ with 30% and 50% RH, and 40℃ with 30% and 50% RH inside a thin-layer dryer (thin-layer dynamic method). The hemp seeds with different percentages of Dockage showed hysteresis, and this hysteresis became more obvious with the decrease of temperature. At the same condition, the equilibrium moisture content of hemp seeds with 0% Dockage was approximately 0.5 percent points lower than that of the hemp seeds with Dockage. The best equation to fit the equilibrium moisture content data under constant temperature and RH was the modified GAB equation for both adsorption and desorption isotherms. The constant rate period of drying was observed for <0.75 hr when drying air RH was 30% or when drying air temperature was 40℃. The Henderson and Pabis model was the best model to fit the thin-layer drying data. The equilibrium moisture contents measured by the SSS method were lower than those measured by the thin-layer dynamic method when temperature was ≤35℃.
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Movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Laemophloeidae) in stored wheat in response to temperature gradients, Dockage, and moisture differences
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2005Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Digvir S. Jayas, Noel D.g. WhiteAbstract:Abstract The movement and distribution of adult Cryptolestes ferrugineus were determined in 100×100×1000 mm wheat columns with or without 5 °C/m temperature gradients (from 27.5±0.2 to 32.5±0.2 °C or at 27.5±0.2 °C) under: (1) 5% and 10% uniform Dockage (14.5±0.2% moisture content (m.c.), wet basis); (2) half of the columns with 5% or 10% Dockage and the other half without Dockage; (3) 12.5%, 14.5% or 16.5% m.c. wheat without Dockage; and (4) half of the columns with 12.5% or 14.5% m.c. wheat and the other half with 16.5% m.c. wheat. Adults introduced in the middle of the horizontal wheat columns with or without uniform Dockage showed no bias in the direction of net displacement, with the distribution pattern gradually becoming more uniform when time increased from 1 to 144 h. In vertical columns with 0%, 5% and 10% uniform Dockage, the adults preferred to move down in the first 24 h; however, they moved up after 24 h. Grain with a high percentage of Dockage (10%) decreased beetle movement speed. A low percentage of Dockage (5%) did not influence insect movement and distribution. Positive geotaxis was more important than the attraction of Dockage. Adults responded to both temperature gradients and moisture differences in columns of wheat with temperature gradients and moisture content differences. The response was different at different moisture conditions. Adults were more sensitive to moisture differences and moved faster in 12.5% m.c. wheat than in 14.5% m.c. wheat. Adults stayed in warmer sections in both high and low moisture grain. At different moisture conditions, adults changed their preference (e.g., preferred high moisture grain in dry grain, and preferred warmer temperature in damp grain).
D S Jayas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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segregation of Dockage and foreign materials in wheat during loading into a 10 m diameter corrugated steel bin
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2021Co-Authors: Alireza Salarikia, Fuji Jian, D S Jayas, Qiang ZhangAbstract:Abstract Segregation of Dockage and foreign materials (DFM) is an unavoidable phenomenon in bulk grain and causes many problems. In this study, distributions of DFM, and shrunken and broken kernels (SBK) were determined during loading of wheat in a 10-m diameter flat-bottom cylindrical bin. Wheat was loaded through a vertical funnel (spout) into the bin from five drop heights (1.6, 2.5, 3.4, 4.3 and 5.2 m). Samples were collected using a sampling tube (29 cm diameter and 50 cm deep) inserted vertically at five locations (0.00, 1.25, 2.50, 3.75 and 5.00 m of horizontal distances from the center) along three radii of the bin for each drop height. The impurities from each collected sample were divided into five categories with different sizes (other grains, other particles, SBK, fine particles, and dust and fragments) by sieving analyses. Impurities larger and smaller than wheat kernels were categorized as large and small impurities, respectively. Drop height significantly influenced the radial distribution of fine particles, dust and fragments, but not the distribution of other grains and other particles. Fine particles and dust and fragments mainly accumulated in the center, while SBK accumulated mostly near the wall of the bin. Both true density and apparent test weight (bulk density) of unclean wheat and test weight of clean wheat significantly changed along the radius of bin. Apparent test weight of unclean wheat was minimum in the center and close to the wall of bin. Drop height did not influence true density and apparent test weight of clean and unclean wheat. Thousand kernel weight, dimensions, and sphericity of wheat kernels were similar at different radial locations of bin for all drop heights. This study can be used as a reference for further studies on grain handling and associated effects on grain grading system and design of aeration, drying, and insect control. .
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the effects of grasshopper carcasses as Dockage in stored wheat
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2020Co-Authors: Akriti Sharma, N D G White, Colin J Demianyk, D S JayasAbstract:Abstract In years of high grasshopper field populations, large numbers may be collected with harvested grain and deposited into storage. Little is known about the impact of grasshopper carcasses on stored-wheat quality; therefore, this study was conducted to determine such effects. Ninety-six glass bottles (237 mL capacity) were filled with 120 g of clean No. 1 wheat conditioned to 14.5% or 15.5% moisture content. Two-striped grasshoppers, Melanoplus bivittatus were collected in the summer of 2004 near Elie, MB, Canada and euthanized. Six grams of whole grasshoppers were mixed into half the bottles of each moisture content. All bottles were sealed and 12 bottles with and without grasshoppers were incubated at 25 °C and 50% relative humidity (r.h.), 25 °C and 75% r.h. 30 °C and 50% r.h. and 30 °C and 75% r.h. for 24 wk. Four bottles with and without insects were assessed every 4 wk for fat acidity value, seed microfloral infection and germination. The experiment was repeated and data pooled for statistical analysis (ANOVA). Significant differences (P
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safe storage times of finola hemp cannabis sativa seeds with Dockage
Journal of Stored Products Research, 2019Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, Abdullahal Mamun, N D G White, D S Jayas, Jennifer MccombeAbstract:Abstract Safe storage times of hemp seeds (cultivar: FINOLA®) were studied by storing the hemp seeds with three Dockage levels (0, 5, and 15%) at four temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35 °C ), four relative humidities (50, 63, 75, and 92%) for up to 26 wk. To evaluate the safe storage time, the following storage parameters were measured or determined: seed germination, free fatty acid value (FAV) of seeds, and visible and invisible mold. Dockage percentages did not significantly influence equilibrium moisture content, FAV, germination loss and the time of the first appearance of visible and invisible mold and number of kernels infected by storage fungi. This non-influence was caused by the experimental setup because the heat and water produced by the spoiled hemp seeds with Dockage were diffused out of the 1 kg sample. Hemp seeds with 15% Dockage had slightly faster germination loss than that with lower percentages of Dockage. The FAV of hemp seeds had a negative correlation with germination. Based on the time for 20% initial germination losses, the safe storage guidelines of stored bulks of hemp seeds were developed and mathematically modelled. The recommended safe storage moisture content was 8% under Canadian conditions. At 25 °C, the safe storage time was 20.8 and 2.8 wk if the hemp seeds without Dockage had 8% and 14% moisture contents, respectively.
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static and dynamic methods to determine adsorption isotherms of hemp seed cannabis sativa l with different percentages of Dockage
Food Science and Nutrition, 2018Co-Authors: Fuji Jian, Paul G Fields, D S Jayas, Darsana Divagar, Jennifer Mhaiki, N D G WhiteAbstract:: Adsorption and desorption isotherms of hemp seeds with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of Dockage were determined using the salt solution static (SSS) method. The wet hemp seeds with 0% Dockage were also dried at 30℃ with 50% RH, 35℃ with 30% and 50% RH, and 40℃ with 30% and 50% RH inside a thin-layer dryer (thin-layer dynamic method). The hemp seeds with different percentages of Dockage showed hysteresis, and this hysteresis became more obvious with the decrease of temperature. At the same condition, the equilibrium moisture content of hemp seeds with 0% Dockage was approximately 0.5 percent points lower than that of the hemp seeds with Dockage. The best equation to fit the equilibrium moisture content data under constant temperature and RH was the modified GAB equation for both adsorption and desorption isotherms. The constant rate period of drying was observed for <0.75 hr when drying air RH was 30% or when drying air temperature was 40℃. The Henderson and Pabis model was the best model to fit the thin-layer drying data. The equilibrium moisture contents measured by the SSS method were lower than those measured by the thin-layer dynamic method when temperature was ≤35℃.
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cereal grain and Dockage identification using machine vision
Biosystems Engineering, 2003Co-Authors: Jitendra Paliwal, D S Jayas, N S Visen, N D G WhiteAbstract:Algorithms were written to extract a total of 230 features (51 morphological, 123 colour, and 56 textural) from the high-resolution images of kernels of five grain types [barley, Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) wheat, Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat, oats, and rye] and five broad categories of Dockage constituents [broken wheat kernels, chaff, buckwheat, wheat spikelets (one to three wheat kernels inside husk), and canola (rapeseed with low erucic acid content in the oil and low glucosinolate content in the meal)]. Different feature models, viz. morphological, colour, texture, and a combination of the three, were tested for their classification performances using a neural network classifier. Kernels and Dockage particles with well-defined characteristics (e.g. CWRS wheat, buckwheat, and canola) showed near-perfect classification whereas particles with irregular and undefined features (e.g. chaff and wheat spikelets) were classified with accuracies of around 90%. The similarities in shape and size of some of the particles of chaff and wheat spikelets with the kernels of barley and oats affected the classification accuracies of the latter, adversely.