The Experts below are selected from a list of 522273 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Marcel Brass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Role of the Temporoparietal Junction in Self-Other Distinction
Brain Topography, 2019Co-Authors: François Quesque, Marcel BrassAbstract:Being able to discriminate between what originates from ourselves and what originates from others is critical for efficient interactions with our social environment. However, it remains an open question whether self-other distinction is a Domain-General mechanism that is involved in various social-cognitive functions or whether specific ‘self-other distinction mechanisms’ exist for each of these functions. On the neural level, there is evidence that self-other distinction is related to a specific brain region at the border of the superior temporal and inferior parietal cortex, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). Demonstrating that the TPJ plays a role in social processes that require self-other distinction would support the idea of a Domain-General mechanism of self-other distinction. In the present paper, we review evidence coming from clinical observations, neuroimaging experiments and a meta-analysis indicating the involvement of the TPJ in various cognitive operations requiring self-other distinction. At the perceptual level, we discuss the human Ability to identify one’s own body and to distinguish it from others. At the action level, we review research on the human Ability to experience agency and the control of imitative response tendencies. Finally, at the mental-state level, we discuss the Ability to attribute mental states to others. Based on this integrative review, we suggest that the TPJ, and in particular its dorsal part, supports a domain general Ability to enhance task-relevant representations when self-related and other-related representations are in conflict. Finally, this conception allows us to propose a unifying architecture for the emergence of numerous socio-cognitive abilities.
Scott Barry Kaufman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
investigating the role of domain general mechanisms in the acquisition of domain specific expertise
High Ability Studies, 2007Co-Authors: Scott Barry KaufmanAbstract:The expert performance approach championed by Ericsson et al. provides a scientific way forward for research on giftedness, and offers exciting new ways to further our understanding of the determinants of high Ability within a particular domain of expertise. While the methods the authors use are commendable and are likely to further our understanding of the nature of expertise, I question whether they offer the most complete way to investigate the role of Domain-General mechanisms (whether or not they are innate) in the acquisition of domain-specific expertise. First of all, not all domains of expertise are alike. Domains differ to the extent which they rely on physical and mental abilities. Most of Ericsson et al.’s examples focus on domains where the main determinant of expertise-acquisition is the development of motor functions, not mental functions. It is an open question whether executive functions are just as malleable as motor functions. One cannot collect data on the malleAbility of physical abilities, and claim that the same holds in equal measure to mental abilities. Whether anyone (regardless of general cognitive Ability) can be trained to be an expert physicist to the same degree that they can be trained to be an expert dart thrower is an interesting and open question. Secondly, Ericsson et al. are quite right in questioning the extent to which general cognitive Ability constrains the Ability to acquire expertise. It is true that a person’s IQ score says very little as to their eventual capacity to learn a complex skill. The only way to assess an individual’s capacity for intelligent functioning is to actively test that person’s limits. This can be achieved through studies that further our understanding of learning processes, and sources of individual differences in these processes. Individual differences researchers have indeed attempted to understand the role of Domain-General Ability in skill acquisition. When humans with a wide range of general cognitive Ability encounter a novel task, the critical components of performance in the initial stages are general reasoning Ability and working memory
François Quesque - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The Role of the Temporoparietal Junction in Self-Other Distinction
Brain Topography, 2019Co-Authors: François Quesque, Marcel BrassAbstract:Being able to discriminate between what originates from ourselves and what originates from others is critical for efficient interactions with our social environment. However, it remains an open question whether self-other distinction is a Domain-General mechanism that is involved in various social-cognitive functions or whether specific ‘self-other distinction mechanisms’ exist for each of these functions. On the neural level, there is evidence that self-other distinction is related to a specific brain region at the border of the superior temporal and inferior parietal cortex, the temporoparietal junction (TPJ). Demonstrating that the TPJ plays a role in social processes that require self-other distinction would support the idea of a Domain-General mechanism of self-other distinction. In the present paper, we review evidence coming from clinical observations, neuroimaging experiments and a meta-analysis indicating the involvement of the TPJ in various cognitive operations requiring self-other distinction. At the perceptual level, we discuss the human Ability to identify one’s own body and to distinguish it from others. At the action level, we review research on the human Ability to experience agency and the control of imitative response tendencies. Finally, at the mental-state level, we discuss the Ability to attribute mental states to others. Based on this integrative review, we suggest that the TPJ, and in particular its dorsal part, supports a domain general Ability to enhance task-relevant representations when self-related and other-related representations are in conflict. Finally, this conception allows us to propose a unifying architecture for the emergence of numerous socio-cognitive abilities.
Spaventa Thomas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Individual Differences in Verbal and Visuospatial Learning Efficiency
Washington University Open Scholarship, 2019Co-Authors: Spaventa ThomasAbstract:There is a great deal of variAbility in how quickly people learn and how long they remember information. Zerr and colleagues (2018) found a robust and stable relationship between an individual’s rate of learning and the durAbility of their memory, with faster learners tending to retain more after a delay. The relationship between the rapidity and longevity of learning was characterized as learning efficiency. The present study extends these findings by testing whether learning efficiency generalizes across divergent verbal and visuospatial tasks. An ancillary aim was to assess learning efficiency using a continuous measure that can capture fine-grained individual differences in learning. Participants (N = 112) learned and recalled Lithuanian-English word pairs and object locations using a multi-trial cued recall paradigm. Estimates of individuals’ learning efficiency generalized across tasks, suggesting that this construct may tap into a Domain-General Ability. Additionally, the spatial precision of recalled object locations correlated with both the speed and durAbility of learning, indicating that continuous measures may also be used to evaluate the efficiency of learning
Emilio Ferrer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
fluid reasoning predicts future mathematical performance among children and adolescents
Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Chloe T Green, Silvia A Bunge, Victoria Briones Chiongbian, Maia Barrow, Emilio FerrerAbstract:The aim of this longitudinal study was to determine whether fluid reasoning (FR) plays a significant role in the acquisition of mathematics skills above and beyond the effects of other cognitive and numerical abilities. Using a longitudinal cohort sequential design, we examined how FR measured at three assessment occasions, spaced approximately 1.5years apart, predicted math outcomes for a group of 69 participants between ages 6 and 21years across all three assessment occasions. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the direct and indirect relations between children's previous cognitive abilities and their future math achievement. A model including age, FR, vocabulary, and spatial skills accounted for 90% of the variance in future math achievement. In this model, FR was the only significant predictor of future math achievement; age, vocabulary, and spatial skills were not significant predictors. Thus, FR was the only predictor of future math achievement across a wide age range that spanned primary school and secondary school. These findings build on Cattell's conceptualization of FR as a scaffold for learning, showing that this Domain-General Ability supports the acquisition of rudimentary math skills as well as the Ability to solve more complex mathematical problems.