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David E. Meyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive “bottleneck,” whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when a...
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive "bottle-neck," whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when and how such sophisticated skills in Dual-Task Performance are acquired.
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aging and the psychological refractory period task coordination strategies in young and old adults
Psychology and Aging, 2000Co-Authors: Jennifer M Glass, David E. Kieras, Eric H. Schumacher, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:The apparently deleterious effect of aging on Dual-Task Performance is well established, but there is little agreement about the source of this effect. Studies of the psychological refractory period (PRP) indicate that young adults can flexibly control Dual-Task Performance through task-coordination strategies. Thus, the Performance of older adults might differ from young adults because older adults use different task-coordination strategies. To test this hypothesis, the executive-process interactive control (EPIC) architecture was applied to quantify the reaction time data from two PRP experiments conducted with young (age 18-26) and older (age 60-70) adults. The results show that participants' ability to coordinate the processing of two tasks did not decline with age. However, Dual-Task time costs were greater in the older adults. Three sources for this increase were found: generalized slowing, process-specific slowing, and the use of more cautious task-coordination strategies by the older adults.
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concurrent response selection processes in dual task Performance evidence for adaptive executive control of task scheduling
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:Abstract : Four experiments with the psychological refractory period (PRP) procedure are reported that investigate how people perform multiple tasks concurrently. In each experiment, a primary task was paired with a secondary task that had two levels of response-selection difficulty. Experiments 1 and 2 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating the number of alternative stimulus-response (S-R) pairs in the secondary task. In both experiments, the effect of this factor on secondary-task reaction times (RTs) decreased reliably as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) decreased. Experiments 3 and 4 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating S-R compatibility for the secondary task. Again, the effect of this factor on secondary-task RTs decreased reliably as SOA decreased, regardless of whether or not the primary and secondary tasks involved the same response modality. Taken together, these results raise doubts about the existence of an immutable structural central bottleneck in response selection. Rather, it appears that response-selection processes for two concurrent tasks may temporally overlap. This outcome is consistent with Dual-Task Performance models (Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c Meyer et al., 1995) under which people have adaptive executive control of their task-scheduling strategies.
Eric H. Schumacher - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The neural effect of stimulus-response modality compatibility on Dual-Task Performance: an fMRI study.
Psychological research, 2005Co-Authors: Christine Stelzel, Eric H. Schumacher, Mark D‘espositoAbstract:Recent fMRI studies suggest that the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS) is involved in the coordination of interfering processes in Dual-Task situations. The present study aims to further specify this assumption by investigating whether the compatibility between stimulus and response modalities modulates Dual-Task-related activity along the IFS. It has been shown behaviorally that the degree of interference, as measured by Dual-Task costs, increases in modality-incompatible conditions (e.g. visual–vocal tasks combined with auditory–manual tasks) as compared to modality-compatible conditions (e.g. visual–manual tasks combined with auditory–vocal tasks). Using fMRI, we measured IFS activity when participants performed modality-compatible and modality-incompatible single and dual tasks. Behaviorally, we replicated the finding of higher Dual-Task costs for modality-incompatible tasks compared to modality-compatible tasks. The fMRI data revealed higher activity along the IFS in modality-incompatible dual tasks compared with modality-compatible dual tasks when inter-individual variability in functional brain organization is taken into account. We argue that in addition to temporal order coordination (Szameitat et al., 2002), the IFS is involved in the coordination of cognitive processes associated with the concurrent mapping of sensory information onto corresponding motor responses in Dual-Task situations.
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive "bottle-neck," whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when and how such sophisticated skills in Dual-Task Performance are acquired.
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive “bottleneck,” whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when a...
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aging and the psychological refractory period task coordination strategies in young and old adults
Psychology and Aging, 2000Co-Authors: Jennifer M Glass, David E. Kieras, Eric H. Schumacher, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:The apparently deleterious effect of aging on Dual-Task Performance is well established, but there is little agreement about the source of this effect. Studies of the psychological refractory period (PRP) indicate that young adults can flexibly control Dual-Task Performance through task-coordination strategies. Thus, the Performance of older adults might differ from young adults because older adults use different task-coordination strategies. To test this hypothesis, the executive-process interactive control (EPIC) architecture was applied to quantify the reaction time data from two PRP experiments conducted with young (age 18-26) and older (age 60-70) adults. The results show that participants' ability to coordinate the processing of two tasks did not decline with age. However, Dual-Task time costs were greater in the older adults. Three sources for this increase were found: generalized slowing, process-specific slowing, and the use of more cautious task-coordination strategies by the older adults.
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concurrent response selection processes in dual task Performance evidence for adaptive executive control of task scheduling
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:Abstract : Four experiments with the psychological refractory period (PRP) procedure are reported that investigate how people perform multiple tasks concurrently. In each experiment, a primary task was paired with a secondary task that had two levels of response-selection difficulty. Experiments 1 and 2 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating the number of alternative stimulus-response (S-R) pairs in the secondary task. In both experiments, the effect of this factor on secondary-task reaction times (RTs) decreased reliably as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) decreased. Experiments 3 and 4 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating S-R compatibility for the secondary task. Again, the effect of this factor on secondary-task RTs decreased reliably as SOA decreased, regardless of whether or not the primary and secondary tasks involved the same response modality. Taken together, these results raise doubts about the existence of an immutable structural central bottleneck in response selection. Rather, it appears that response-selection processes for two concurrent tasks may temporally overlap. This outcome is consistent with Dual-Task Performance models (Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c Meyer et al., 1995) under which people have adaptive executive control of their task-scheduling strategies.
Bernhard Hommel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anticipatory affect during action preparation evidence from backward compatibility in dual task Performance
Cognition & Emotion, 2017Co-Authors: Andreas B Eder, Roland Pfister, David Dignath, Bernhard HommelAbstract:Upcoming responses in the second of two subsequently performed tasks can speed up compatible responses in the temporally preceding first task. Two experiments extend previous demonstration of such backward compatibility to affective features: responses to affective stimuli were faster in Task 1 when an affectively compatible response effect was anticipated for Task 2. This emotional backward-compatibility effect demonstrates that representations of the affective consequences of the Task 2 response were activated before the selection of a response in Task 1 was completed. This finding is problematic for the assumption of a serial stimulus-response translation stage. It also shows that the affective consequence of a response is anticipated during, and has an impact on stimulus-response translation, which implies that action planning considers codes representing and predicting the emotional consequences of actions. Implications for the control of emotional actions are discussed.
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mental rotation impairs attention shifting and short term memory encoding neurophysiological evidence against the response selection bottleneck model of dual task Performance
Neuropsychologia, 2011Co-Authors: Merel M Pannebakker, Pierre Jolicœur, Wessel O Van Dam, Guido P H Band, Richard K Ridderinkhof, Bernhard HommelAbstract:Dual tasks and their associated delays have often been used to examine the boundaries of processing in the brain. We used the Dual-Task procedure and recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate how mental rotation of a first stimulus (S1) influences the shifting of visual-spatial attention to a second stimulus (S2). Visual-spatial attention was monitored by using the N2pc component of the ERP. In addition, we examined the sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN) believed to index the retention of information in visual short-term memory. We found modulations of both the N2pc and the SPCN, suggesting that engaging mechanisms of mental rotation impairs the deployment of visual-spatial attention and delays the passage of a representation of S2 into visual short-term memory. Both results suggest interactions between mental rotation and visual-spatial attention in capacity-limited processing mechanisms indicating that response selection is not pivotal in Dual-Task delays and all three processes are likely to share a common resource like executive control.
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automatic stimulus response translation in dual task Performance
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1998Co-Authors: Bernhard HommelAbstract:In bottleneck models of overlapping-task Performance, stimulus-response translation for secondary tasks is postponed until the primary response is selected. If this is so, then compatibility between the secondary and primary responses, or between the secondary response and the primary stimulus, should not affect primary-task Performance. Yet such effects were demonstrated in 5 Dual-Task experiments combining primary manual and secondary vocal tasks: Pronounced effects of compatibility between the secondary and primary response and between the secondary response and primary stimulus were found on primary-task Performance. The latter effect was also found with the lowest level of an extensive stimulus onset asynchrony variation, when the secondary task was not speeded, and even when the 2 tasks were performed on different trials. Findings suggest that secondary responses were activated before primary response selection was completed and thus support an automatic-translation hypothesis holding that, although eventual response selection may be serial, stimulus-response translation is performed in parallel.
Jennifer M Glass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive “bottleneck,” whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when a...
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive "bottle-neck," whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when and how such sophisticated skills in Dual-Task Performance are acquired.
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aging and the psychological refractory period task coordination strategies in young and old adults
Psychology and Aging, 2000Co-Authors: Jennifer M Glass, David E. Kieras, Eric H. Schumacher, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:The apparently deleterious effect of aging on Dual-Task Performance is well established, but there is little agreement about the source of this effect. Studies of the psychological refractory period (PRP) indicate that young adults can flexibly control Dual-Task Performance through task-coordination strategies. Thus, the Performance of older adults might differ from young adults because older adults use different task-coordination strategies. To test this hypothesis, the executive-process interactive control (EPIC) architecture was applied to quantify the reaction time data from two PRP experiments conducted with young (age 18-26) and older (age 60-70) adults. The results show that participants' ability to coordinate the processing of two tasks did not decline with age. However, Dual-Task time costs were greater in the older adults. Three sources for this increase were found: generalized slowing, process-specific slowing, and the use of more cautious task-coordination strategies by the older adults.
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concurrent response selection processes in dual task Performance evidence for adaptive executive control of task scheduling
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:Abstract : Four experiments with the psychological refractory period (PRP) procedure are reported that investigate how people perform multiple tasks concurrently. In each experiment, a primary task was paired with a secondary task that had two levels of response-selection difficulty. Experiments 1 and 2 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating the number of alternative stimulus-response (S-R) pairs in the secondary task. In both experiments, the effect of this factor on secondary-task reaction times (RTs) decreased reliably as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) decreased. Experiments 3 and 4 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating S-R compatibility for the secondary task. Again, the effect of this factor on secondary-task RTs decreased reliably as SOA decreased, regardless of whether or not the primary and secondary tasks involved the same response modality. Taken together, these results raise doubts about the existence of an immutable structural central bottleneck in response selection. Rather, it appears that response-selection processes for two concurrent tasks may temporally overlap. This outcome is consistent with Dual-Task Performance models (Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c Meyer et al., 1995) under which people have adaptive executive control of their task-scheduling strategies.
Erick J Lauber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive “bottleneck,” whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when a...
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virtually perfect time sharing in dual task Performance uncorking the central cognitive bottleneck
Psychological Science, 2001Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Travis L Seymour, David E Fencsik, David E. MeyerAbstract:A fundamental issue for psychological science concerns the extent to which people can simultaneously perform two perceptual-motor tasks. Some theorists have hypothesized that such Dual-Task Performance is severely and persistently constrained by a central cognitive "bottle-neck," whereas others have hypothesized that skilled procedural decision making and response selection for two or more tasks can proceed at the same time under adaptive executive control. The three experiments reported here support this latter hypothesis. Their results show that after relatively modest amounts of practice, at least some participants achieve virtually perfect time sharing in the Dual-Task Performance of basic choice reaction tasks. The results also show that observed interference between tasks can be modulated by instructions about differential task priorities and personal preferences for daring (concurrent) or cautious (successive) scheduling of tasks. Given this outcome, future research should investigate exactly when and how such sophisticated skills in Dual-Task Performance are acquired.
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aging and the psychological refractory period task coordination strategies in young and old adults
Psychology and Aging, 2000Co-Authors: Jennifer M Glass, David E. Kieras, Eric H. Schumacher, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:The apparently deleterious effect of aging on Dual-Task Performance is well established, but there is little agreement about the source of this effect. Studies of the psychological refractory period (PRP) indicate that young adults can flexibly control Dual-Task Performance through task-coordination strategies. Thus, the Performance of older adults might differ from young adults because older adults use different task-coordination strategies. To test this hypothesis, the executive-process interactive control (EPIC) architecture was applied to quantify the reaction time data from two PRP experiments conducted with young (age 18-26) and older (age 60-70) adults. The results show that participants' ability to coordinate the processing of two tasks did not decline with age. However, Dual-Task time costs were greater in the older adults. Three sources for this increase were found: generalized slowing, process-specific slowing, and the use of more cautious task-coordination strategies by the older adults.
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concurrent response selection processes in dual task Performance evidence for adaptive executive control of task scheduling
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 1999Co-Authors: Eric H. Schumacher, David E. Kieras, Jennifer M Glass, Erick J Lauber, Eileen L Zurbriggen, Leon Gmeindl, David E. MeyerAbstract:Abstract : Four experiments with the psychological refractory period (PRP) procedure are reported that investigate how people perform multiple tasks concurrently. In each experiment, a primary task was paired with a secondary task that had two levels of response-selection difficulty. Experiments 1 and 2 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating the number of alternative stimulus-response (S-R) pairs in the secondary task. In both experiments, the effect of this factor on secondary-task reaction times (RTs) decreased reliably as the stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) decreased. Experiments 3 and 4 varied response-selection difficulty by manipulating S-R compatibility for the secondary task. Again, the effect of this factor on secondary-task RTs decreased reliably as SOA decreased, regardless of whether or not the primary and secondary tasks involved the same response modality. Taken together, these results raise doubts about the existence of an immutable structural central bottleneck in response selection. Rather, it appears that response-selection processes for two concurrent tasks may temporally overlap. This outcome is consistent with Dual-Task Performance models (Meyer & Kieras, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c Meyer et al., 1995) under which people have adaptive executive control of their task-scheduling strategies.
