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Marcel Brass - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Imitation inhibition in children with Tourette syndrome
Journal of Neuropsychology, 2017Co-Authors: Valerie Brandt, Marcel Brass, Agnes Moczydlowski, Melanie Jonas, Kai Boelmans, Tobias Bäumer, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Objective Echopraxia, that is, the open and automatic imitation of other peoples' actions, is common in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and also those with frontal lobe lesions. While systematic reaction time tasks have confirmed increased automatic imitation in the latter two groups, adult patients with Tourette syndrome appear to compensate for automatic imitation tendencies by an overall slowing in response times. However, whether children with Tourette syndrome are already able to inhibit automatic imitation tendencies has not been investigated. Method Fifteen children with Tourette syndrome and 15 healthy children (aged 7-12 years) performed an imitation inhibition paradigm. Participants were asked to respond to an auditory cue by lifting their index finger or their little finger. Participants were simultaneously presented with either compatible or incompatible visual stimuli. Results Overall responses in children with Tourette syndrome were slower than in healthy children. Although responses were faster in compatible than in incompatible trials in both groups, this 'interference effect' was smaller in children with Tourette syndrome. Conclusions Children with Tourette syndrome have a smaller interference effect than healthy children, indicating an enhanced ability to behaviourally control automatic imitation tendencies at the cost of reacting slower. The results suggest that children with Tourette syndrome already employ different or additional inhibition strategies compared to healthy children.
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Tics as a model of over-learned behavior-imitation and inhibition of facial tics.
Movement Disorders, 2016Co-Authors: Valerie Brandt, Marcel Brass, Tobias Bäumer, Praveetha Patalay, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Background Tics are the defining feature in Tourette syndrome and can be triggered by watching tics or single voluntary movements. This automatic imitation of movements referred to as “Echopraxia” has been ascribed to a failure in top-down inhibition of imitative response tendencies. Alternatively, it could be interpreted in the context of automatic overlearned behavior. To this end, we investigated 18 Tourette patients aged 28.22 years (9.44 standard deviation; 16 male) and 24 healthy controls (mean age 29.21 years [9.1 standard deviation]; 17 male) using an adapted version of an action-interference paradigm. Methods Patients were asked to respond to 2 different auditory tones with either a facial movement that was part of their tic repertoire (tic-like movement), or a facial movement that was not (nontic movement). Simultaneously, behaviorally irrelevant videos of the 2 same facial movements were presented, which were either compatible or incompatible with the movement executed by the patient. Movements in healthy controls were matched to those in the patients. Results Healthy participants responded faster in compatible than in incompatible trials. Tourette patients showed the same effect for nontic movements. However, their responses were equally fast in incompatible and compatible trials when the movement they were asked to execute was a tic-like movement. Error rates did not differ between the groups. Conclusions The results suggest that tic-like movements do not occur as a consequence of a failure to inhibit motor output. Instead, tics might be considered highly overlearned behavior that can be triggered without interference by external, incompatible movement stimuli. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Hyperimitation of Actions Is Related to Reduced Understanding of Others' Minds in Autism Spectrum Conditions
Biological Psychiatry, 2010Co-Authors: Stephanie Spengler, Geoffrey Bird, Marcel BrassAbstract:Background Anecdotal evidence has noted that individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) frequently exhibit heightened spontaneous imitative behavior, with symptoms of echolalia and Echopraxia. This is contrasted by empiric reports that ASC results in decreased imitation and an underlying deficit in the mirror system, leading to impaired social understanding. Thus, it remains unclear whether automatic imitation is enhanced in ASC and how this is related to poorer social abilities. Methods This study investigated spontaneous imitation in 18 high-functioning adults with ASC and 18 age- and IQ-matched control participants during a simple imitation inhibition task. Mentalizing was experimentally assessed in the same participants using both behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures, as was social interaction using an observational measure. Results Individuals with ASC showed increased imitation of hand actions compared with control participants and this was associated with reduced mentalizing and poorer reciprocal social interaction abilities. In the functional magnetic resonance imaging mentalizing paradigm, ASC participants with increased imitation scores showed less brain activation in areas often found to be active in mental state attribution, namely the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction. Conclusions The results confirm the presence of hyperimitation in ASC, which is accompanied by reduced social cognition, suggesting that a general imitation impairment and a global mirror system deficit are absent. These findings offer an explanation for echopractic features based on theories of atypical functioning of top-down modulation processes in autism.
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Hyperimitation of actions is related to reduced understanding of others' minds in autism spectrum conditions
Biological Psychiatry, 2010Co-Authors: Stephanie Spengler, Geoffrey Bird, Marcel BrassAbstract:Background Anecdotal evidence has noted that individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC) frequently exhibit heightened spontaneous imitative behavior, with symptoms of echolalia and Echopraxia. This is contrasted by empiric reports that ASC results in decreased imitation and an underlying deficit in the mirror system, leading to impaired social understanding. Thus, it remains unclear whether automatic imitation is enhanced in ASC and how this is related to poorer social abilities. Methods This study investigated spontaneous imitation in 18 high-functioning adults with ASC and 18 age- and IQ-matched control participants during a simple imitation inhibition task. Mentalizing was experimentally assessed in the same participants using both behavioral and functional magnetic resonance imaging measures, as was social interaction using an observational measure. Results Individuals with ASC showed increased imitation of hand actions compared with control participants and this was associated with reduced mentalizing and poorer reciprocal social interaction abilities. In the functional magnetic resonance imaging mentalizing paradigm, ASC participants with increased imitation scores showed less brain activation in areas often found to be active in mental state attribution, namely the medial prefrontal cortex and temporoparietal junction. Conclusions The results confirm the presence of hyperimitation in ASC, which is accompanied by reduced social cognition, suggesting that a general imitation impairment and a global mirror system deficit are absent. These findings offer an explanation for echopractic features based on theories of atypical functioning of top-down modulation processes in autism. © 2010 Society of Biological Psychiatry.
Alexander Münchau - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Imitation inhibition in children with Tourette syndrome
Journal of Neuropsychology, 2017Co-Authors: Valerie Brandt, Marcel Brass, Agnes Moczydlowski, Melanie Jonas, Kai Boelmans, Tobias Bäumer, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Objective Echopraxia, that is, the open and automatic imitation of other peoples' actions, is common in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and also those with frontal lobe lesions. While systematic reaction time tasks have confirmed increased automatic imitation in the latter two groups, adult patients with Tourette syndrome appear to compensate for automatic imitation tendencies by an overall slowing in response times. However, whether children with Tourette syndrome are already able to inhibit automatic imitation tendencies has not been investigated. Method Fifteen children with Tourette syndrome and 15 healthy children (aged 7-12 years) performed an imitation inhibition paradigm. Participants were asked to respond to an auditory cue by lifting their index finger or their little finger. Participants were simultaneously presented with either compatible or incompatible visual stimuli. Results Overall responses in children with Tourette syndrome were slower than in healthy children. Although responses were faster in compatible than in incompatible trials in both groups, this 'interference effect' was smaller in children with Tourette syndrome. Conclusions Children with Tourette syndrome have a smaller interference effect than healthy children, indicating an enhanced ability to behaviourally control automatic imitation tendencies at the cost of reacting slower. The results suggest that children with Tourette syndrome already employ different or additional inhibition strategies compared to healthy children.
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Tics as a model of over-learned behavior-imitation and inhibition of facial tics.
Movement Disorders, 2016Co-Authors: Valerie Brandt, Marcel Brass, Tobias Bäumer, Praveetha Patalay, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Background Tics are the defining feature in Tourette syndrome and can be triggered by watching tics or single voluntary movements. This automatic imitation of movements referred to as “Echopraxia” has been ascribed to a failure in top-down inhibition of imitative response tendencies. Alternatively, it could be interpreted in the context of automatic overlearned behavior. To this end, we investigated 18 Tourette patients aged 28.22 years (9.44 standard deviation; 16 male) and 24 healthy controls (mean age 29.21 years [9.1 standard deviation]; 17 male) using an adapted version of an action-interference paradigm. Methods Patients were asked to respond to 2 different auditory tones with either a facial movement that was part of their tic repertoire (tic-like movement), or a facial movement that was not (nontic movement). Simultaneously, behaviorally irrelevant videos of the 2 same facial movements were presented, which were either compatible or incompatible with the movement executed by the patient. Movements in healthy controls were matched to those in the patients. Results Healthy participants responded faster in compatible than in incompatible trials. Tourette patients showed the same effect for nontic movements. However, their responses were equally fast in incompatible and compatible trials when the movement they were asked to execute was a tic-like movement. Error rates did not differ between the groups. Conclusions The results suggest that tic-like movements do not occur as a consequence of a failure to inhibit motor output. Instead, tics might be considered highly overlearned behavior that can be triggered without interference by external, incompatible movement stimuli. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor area induces echophenomena
Cortex, 2012Co-Authors: Jennifer Finis, Bettina Pollok, Alfons Schnitzler, Alexander Münchau, Peter G. Enticott, Paul B. FitzgeraldAbstract:Abstract Apart from tics, Echopraxia or echophenomena (EP), i.e., automatic imitation of observed movements, are common in patients with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS). The supplementary motor area (SMA) has been shown to be overactive before the onset of tics in these patients, and it is possible that this area might also play a key role in the generation of Echopraxia. We wondered whether EP can also be evoked in healthy controls (HC) by modifying neural activity of this cortical region. To this end, we modulated activity of the SMA in 30 HC by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in an attempt to induce EP. We used both 5 Hz (which can temporarily increase neural activity) and 1 Hz (which disrupts or reduces cortical activity) rTMS. Video clips were presented to 30 HC before and after stimulation. Each clip showed one single movement, either a tic of a TS patient or a spontaneous movement of a HC. During the whole presentation, participants were videotaped in order to detect EP. Video films of participants' responses were rated by two independent raters with respect to EP frequency. Our results reveal an increase of EP following 5 Hz stimulation but no effect following 1 Hz stimulation. This finding implies that the SMA is a relay mediating EP.
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the pathophysiology of Echopraxia echolalia relevance to gilles de la tourette syndrome
Movement Disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Christos Ganos, Alfons Schnitzler, Timo Ogrzal, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Echopraxia and echolalia are subsets of imitative behavior. They are essential developmental elements in social learning. Their persistence or reemer- gence after a certain age, though, can be a sign of underlying brain dysfunction. Although echophenomena have been acknowledged as a typical sign in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) since its first description, their clinical significance and neural correlates are largely unknown. Here, we review the course of their scientific historical development and focus on their clinical phe- nomenology and differential diagnosis with a particular view to GTS. The neural basis of echophenomena will also be addressed. V C 2012 Movement Disorder Society Imitation (ie, reenacting a motor behavior during or after observation) and emulation (ie, performing an action based on its outcome) are crucial components of social learning. 1 Along with teaching, imitation and emulation are at the core of human cumulative cultural developments, allowing for the perpetuation and honing of behavioral achievements in societies. 2 Historically, there has been an abundance of classification schemes of imitative phenomena (eg, vicarious instigation, mime- sis, instinctive imitations, simple mimicry, parasitic fidel- ity, and so on). 3-5 Currently, imitation can be divided into ''imitative learning,'' when the observer acquires new behaviors through imitation, and ''mimicry'' or ''automatic imitation,'' when the reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns and can be viewed as a process of releasing a certain prewired behavioral module corresponding to the
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The pathophysiology of Echopraxia/echolalia: Relevance to Gilles De La Tourette syndrome†‡
Movement Disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Christos Ganos, Alfons Schnitzler, Timo Ogrzal, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Echopraxia and echolalia are subsets of imitative behavior. They are essential developmental elements in social learning. Their persistence or reemer- gence after a certain age, though, can be a sign of underlying brain dysfunction. Although echophenomena have been acknowledged as a typical sign in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) since its first description, their clinical significance and neural correlates are largely unknown. Here, we review the course of their scientific historical development and focus on their clinical phe- nomenology and differential diagnosis with a particular view to GTS. The neural basis of echophenomena will also be addressed. V C 2012 Movement Disorder Society Imitation (ie, reenacting a motor behavior during or after observation) and emulation (ie, performing an action based on its outcome) are crucial components of social learning. 1 Along with teaching, imitation and emulation are at the core of human cumulative cultural developments, allowing for the perpetuation and honing of behavioral achievements in societies. 2 Historically, there has been an abundance of classification schemes of imitative phenomena (eg, vicarious instigation, mime- sis, instinctive imitations, simple mimicry, parasitic fidel- ity, and so on). 3-5 Currently, imitation can be divided into ''imitative learning,'' when the observer acquires new behaviors through imitation, and ''mimicry'' or ''automatic imitation,'' when the reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns and can be viewed as a process of releasing a certain prewired behavioral module corresponding to the
Robert Christian Wolf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Deutsche Version der Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS-dv)
Der Nervenarzt, 2017Co-Authors: Dusan Hirjak, Philipp A. Thomann, Georg Northoff, Katharina M. Kubera, Robert Christian WolfAbstract:Zum klinischen Bild der Katatonie gehören neben eindrucksvollen motorischen Phänomenen wie Rigidität, Dyskinesien, Festination, Gegenhalten, Posieren, Katalepsie, Stereotypien und Manierismen auch affektive Symptome (Aggression, Angst, Affektverflachung, emotionale Labilität etc.) und Störungen des Verhaltens (Mutismus, Autismus, Mitgehen, Echolalie/Eochpraxie etc.). Obwohl im angloamerikanischen Raum insgesamt sieben Skalen zur Erfassung katatoner Symptome für den klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch zur Verfügung stehen, existiert im deutschsprachigen Raum lediglich ein validiertes Messinstrument. In dieser Arbeit wird erstmals die deutsche Version der Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS-dv) vorgestellt. Die englische Originalversion der Skala (NCRS) erfasst in 40 Items motorische (13 Items), affektive (12 Items) und verhaltensassoziierte (15 Items) katatone Symptome. Die NCRS zeigt sowohl eine hohe interne Konsistenz (Cronbachs α = 0,87) als auch eine hohe Interrater- (r = 0,80–0,96) und Intrarater- (r = 0,80–0,95) Reliabilität. Die Faktorenanalyse der NCRS identifizierte vier Domänen: Affektivität, Hyperaktivität, Hypoaktivität und Verhalten. Die einzelnen Eigenwerte betrugen 8,39, 3,61, 2,98 und 2,82. Diese Werte erklärten 21,5, 9,3, 7,6 und 7,2 % der Varianz. Zusammenfassend stellt die hier vorgelegte NCRS-dv nach Northoff ein zweites Messinstrument im deutschsprachigen Raum zur Erfassung katatoner Symptome dar. The clinical picture of catatonia includes impressive motor phenomena, such as rigidity, dyskinesia, festination, negativism, posturing, catalepsy, stereotypies and mannerisms, along with affective (e. g. aggression, anxiety, anhedonism or emotional lability) and behavioral symptoms (e.g. mutism, autism, excitement, echolalia or Echopraxia). In English speaking countries seven catatonia rating scales have been introduced, which are widely used in clinical and scientific practice. In contrast, only one validated catatonia rating scale is available in Germany so far. In this paper, we introduce the German version of the Northoff catatonia rating scale (NCRS-dv). The original English version of the NCRS consists of 40 items describing motor (13 items), affective (12 items) and behavioral (15 items) catatonic symptoms. The NCRS shows high internal reliability (Crombachs alpha = 0.87), high interrater (r = 0.80–0.96) and high intrarater (r = 0.80–0.95) reliability. Factor analysis of the NCRS revealed four domains: affective, hyperactive or excited, hypoactive or retarded and behavior with individual eigenvalues of 8.98, 3.61, 2.98 and 2.82, respectively, which explained 21.5 %, 9.3 %, 7.6 % and 7.2 % of variance, respectively. In conclusion, the NCRS-dv represents a second validated instrument which can be used by German clinicians and scientists for the assessment of catatonic symptoms.
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Deutsche Version der Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS-dv): Ein validiertes Messinstrument zur Erfassung katatoner Symptome
Nervenarzt, 2016Co-Authors: Dusan Hirjak, Philipp A. Thomann, Georg Northoff, Katharina M. Kubera, Robert Christian WolfAbstract:: The clinical picture of catatonia includes impressive motor phenomena, such as rigidity, dyskinesia, festination, negativism, posturing, catalepsy, stereotypies and mannerisms, along with affective (e. g. aggression, anxiety, anhedonism or emotional lability) and behavioral symptoms (e.g. mutism, autism, excitement, echolalia or Echopraxia). In English speaking countries seven catatonia rating scales have been introduced, which are widely used in clinical and scientific practice. In contrast, only one validated catatonia rating scale is available in Germany so far. In this paper, we introduce the German version of the Northoff catatonia rating scale (NCRS-dv). The original English version of the NCRS consists of 40 items describing motor (13 items), affective (12 items) and behavioral (15 items) catatonic symptoms. The NCRS shows high internal reliability (Crombachs alpha = 0.87), high interrater (r = 0.80-0.96) and high intrarater (r = 0.80-0.95) reliability. Factor analysis of the NCRS revealed four domains: affective, hyperactive or excited, hypoactive or retarded and behavior with individual eigenvalues of 8.98, 3.61, 2.98 and 2.82, respectively, which explained 21.5 %, 9.3 %, 7.6 % and 7.2 % of variance, respectively. In conclusion, the NCRS-dv represents a second validated instrument which can be used by German clinicians and scientists for the assessment of catatonic symptoms.
Dusan Hirjak - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two Sides of the Same Coin: A Case Report of First-Episode Catatonic Syndrome in a High-Functioning Autism Patient.
Frontiers in Psychiatry, 2019Co-Authors: Dimitri Hefter, Cristina E. Topor, Peter Gass, Dusan HirjakAbstract:Background: Catatonic phenomena such as stupor, mutism, stereotypy, echolalia, Echopraxia, affective flattening, psychomotor deficits and social withdrawal are characteristic symptoms of both schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) suggesting overlapping pathophysiological similarities such as altered glutamatergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission and common genetic mutations. In daily clinical practice, ASD can be masked by manifest catatonic or psychotic symptoms and represent a diagnostic challenge, especially in patients with unknown or empty medical history. Unclear diagnosis is one of the main factors for delayed treatment. However, we are still missing diagnostic recommendations when dealing with ASD patients suffering from catatonic syndrome. Case presentation: A 31-year old male patient without history of psychiatric disease presented with a severe catatonic syndrome and was admitted to our closed psychiatric ward. After enforced treatment with high-dose lorazepam and intramuscular olanzapine catatonic symptoms largely remitted, but autistic traits persisted. Following a detailed anamnesis and a thorough neuropsychological testing, we diagnosed him with high-functioning autism and catatonic schizophrenia. The patient was discharged in a remitted state on medication with long-acting injectable olanzapine. Conclusion: This case represents a good example of diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of catatonic schizophrenia in high-functioning autism due to clinical and neurobiological overlaps of these conditions. We correlate clinical features with pathophysiological concepts of these conditions as suggested by findings from recent studies. Furthermore we tackle social and legal hurdles in Germany that naturally arise in these patients. Finally, we present diagnostic 'red flags' that can be used to rationally select and conduct current recommended diagnostic assessments if there is a suspicion of ASD in patients with catatonic syndrome in order to provide them with most appropriate treatment.
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Deutsche Version der Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS-dv)
Der Nervenarzt, 2017Co-Authors: Dusan Hirjak, Philipp A. Thomann, Georg Northoff, Katharina M. Kubera, Robert Christian WolfAbstract:Zum klinischen Bild der Katatonie gehören neben eindrucksvollen motorischen Phänomenen wie Rigidität, Dyskinesien, Festination, Gegenhalten, Posieren, Katalepsie, Stereotypien und Manierismen auch affektive Symptome (Aggression, Angst, Affektverflachung, emotionale Labilität etc.) und Störungen des Verhaltens (Mutismus, Autismus, Mitgehen, Echolalie/Eochpraxie etc.). Obwohl im angloamerikanischen Raum insgesamt sieben Skalen zur Erfassung katatoner Symptome für den klinischen und wissenschaftlichen Gebrauch zur Verfügung stehen, existiert im deutschsprachigen Raum lediglich ein validiertes Messinstrument. In dieser Arbeit wird erstmals die deutsche Version der Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS-dv) vorgestellt. Die englische Originalversion der Skala (NCRS) erfasst in 40 Items motorische (13 Items), affektive (12 Items) und verhaltensassoziierte (15 Items) katatone Symptome. Die NCRS zeigt sowohl eine hohe interne Konsistenz (Cronbachs α = 0,87) als auch eine hohe Interrater- (r = 0,80–0,96) und Intrarater- (r = 0,80–0,95) Reliabilität. Die Faktorenanalyse der NCRS identifizierte vier Domänen: Affektivität, Hyperaktivität, Hypoaktivität und Verhalten. Die einzelnen Eigenwerte betrugen 8,39, 3,61, 2,98 und 2,82. Diese Werte erklärten 21,5, 9,3, 7,6 und 7,2 % der Varianz. Zusammenfassend stellt die hier vorgelegte NCRS-dv nach Northoff ein zweites Messinstrument im deutschsprachigen Raum zur Erfassung katatoner Symptome dar. The clinical picture of catatonia includes impressive motor phenomena, such as rigidity, dyskinesia, festination, negativism, posturing, catalepsy, stereotypies and mannerisms, along with affective (e. g. aggression, anxiety, anhedonism or emotional lability) and behavioral symptoms (e.g. mutism, autism, excitement, echolalia or Echopraxia). In English speaking countries seven catatonia rating scales have been introduced, which are widely used in clinical and scientific practice. In contrast, only one validated catatonia rating scale is available in Germany so far. In this paper, we introduce the German version of the Northoff catatonia rating scale (NCRS-dv). The original English version of the NCRS consists of 40 items describing motor (13 items), affective (12 items) and behavioral (15 items) catatonic symptoms. The NCRS shows high internal reliability (Crombachs alpha = 0.87), high interrater (r = 0.80–0.96) and high intrarater (r = 0.80–0.95) reliability. Factor analysis of the NCRS revealed four domains: affective, hyperactive or excited, hypoactive or retarded and behavior with individual eigenvalues of 8.98, 3.61, 2.98 and 2.82, respectively, which explained 21.5 %, 9.3 %, 7.6 % and 7.2 % of variance, respectively. In conclusion, the NCRS-dv represents a second validated instrument which can be used by German clinicians and scientists for the assessment of catatonic symptoms.
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Deutsche Version der Northoff Catatonia Rating Scale (NCRS-dv): Ein validiertes Messinstrument zur Erfassung katatoner Symptome
Nervenarzt, 2016Co-Authors: Dusan Hirjak, Philipp A. Thomann, Georg Northoff, Katharina M. Kubera, Robert Christian WolfAbstract:: The clinical picture of catatonia includes impressive motor phenomena, such as rigidity, dyskinesia, festination, negativism, posturing, catalepsy, stereotypies and mannerisms, along with affective (e. g. aggression, anxiety, anhedonism or emotional lability) and behavioral symptoms (e.g. mutism, autism, excitement, echolalia or Echopraxia). In English speaking countries seven catatonia rating scales have been introduced, which are widely used in clinical and scientific practice. In contrast, only one validated catatonia rating scale is available in Germany so far. In this paper, we introduce the German version of the Northoff catatonia rating scale (NCRS-dv). The original English version of the NCRS consists of 40 items describing motor (13 items), affective (12 items) and behavioral (15 items) catatonic symptoms. The NCRS shows high internal reliability (Crombachs alpha = 0.87), high interrater (r = 0.80-0.96) and high intrarater (r = 0.80-0.95) reliability. Factor analysis of the NCRS revealed four domains: affective, hyperactive or excited, hypoactive or retarded and behavior with individual eigenvalues of 8.98, 3.61, 2.98 and 2.82, respectively, which explained 21.5 %, 9.3 %, 7.6 % and 7.2 % of variance, respectively. In conclusion, the NCRS-dv represents a second validated instrument which can be used by German clinicians and scientists for the assessment of catatonic symptoms.
Christos Ganos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the pathophysiology of Echopraxia echolalia relevance to gilles de la tourette syndrome
Movement Disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Christos Ganos, Alfons Schnitzler, Timo Ogrzal, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Echopraxia and echolalia are subsets of imitative behavior. They are essential developmental elements in social learning. Their persistence or reemer- gence after a certain age, though, can be a sign of underlying brain dysfunction. Although echophenomena have been acknowledged as a typical sign in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) since its first description, their clinical significance and neural correlates are largely unknown. Here, we review the course of their scientific historical development and focus on their clinical phe- nomenology and differential diagnosis with a particular view to GTS. The neural basis of echophenomena will also be addressed. V C 2012 Movement Disorder Society Imitation (ie, reenacting a motor behavior during or after observation) and emulation (ie, performing an action based on its outcome) are crucial components of social learning. 1 Along with teaching, imitation and emulation are at the core of human cumulative cultural developments, allowing for the perpetuation and honing of behavioral achievements in societies. 2 Historically, there has been an abundance of classification schemes of imitative phenomena (eg, vicarious instigation, mime- sis, instinctive imitations, simple mimicry, parasitic fidel- ity, and so on). 3-5 Currently, imitation can be divided into ''imitative learning,'' when the observer acquires new behaviors through imitation, and ''mimicry'' or ''automatic imitation,'' when the reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns and can be viewed as a process of releasing a certain prewired behavioral module corresponding to the
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The pathophysiology of Echopraxia/echolalia: Relevance to Gilles De La Tourette syndrome†‡
Movement Disorders, 2012Co-Authors: Christos Ganos, Alfons Schnitzler, Timo Ogrzal, Alexander MünchauAbstract:Echopraxia and echolalia are subsets of imitative behavior. They are essential developmental elements in social learning. Their persistence or reemer- gence after a certain age, though, can be a sign of underlying brain dysfunction. Although echophenomena have been acknowledged as a typical sign in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) since its first description, their clinical significance and neural correlates are largely unknown. Here, we review the course of their scientific historical development and focus on their clinical phe- nomenology and differential diagnosis with a particular view to GTS. The neural basis of echophenomena will also be addressed. V C 2012 Movement Disorder Society Imitation (ie, reenacting a motor behavior during or after observation) and emulation (ie, performing an action based on its outcome) are crucial components of social learning. 1 Along with teaching, imitation and emulation are at the core of human cumulative cultural developments, allowing for the perpetuation and honing of behavioral achievements in societies. 2 Historically, there has been an abundance of classification schemes of imitative phenomena (eg, vicarious instigation, mime- sis, instinctive imitations, simple mimicry, parasitic fidel- ity, and so on). 3-5 Currently, imitation can be divided into ''imitative learning,'' when the observer acquires new behaviors through imitation, and ''mimicry'' or ''automatic imitation,'' when the reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns and can be viewed as a process of releasing a certain prewired behavioral module corresponding to the
