The Experts below are selected from a list of 4542 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Empathy in Clinical Practice: How Individual Dispositions, Gender, and Experience Moderate Empathic Concern, Burnout, and Emotional Distress in Physicians
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht, Jean DecetyAbstract:To better understand clinical empathy and what factors can undermine its experience and outcome in care-giving settings, a large-scale study was conducted with 7,584 board certified practicing physicians. Online validated instruments assessing different aspects of empathy, distress, burnout, altruistic behavior, emotional awareness, and well-being were used. Compassion satisfaction was strongly associated with Empathic Concern, perspective taking and altruism, while compassion fatigue (burnout and secondary traumatic stress) was more closely related to personal distress and alexithymia. Gender had a highly selective effect on Empathic Concern, with women displaying higher values, which led to a wide array of negative and devalued feelings. Years of experience did not influence dispositional measures per se after controlling for the effect of age and gender. Participants who experienced compassion fatigue with little to no compassion satisfaction showed the highest scores on personal distress and alexithymia as well as the strongest indicators of compassion fatigue. Physicians who have difficulty regulating their negative arousal and describing and identifying emotions seem to be more prone to emotional exhaustion, detachment, and a low sense of accomplishment. On the contrary, the ability to engage in self-other awareness and regulate one’s emotions and the tendency to help others, seem to contribute to the sense of compassion that comes from assisting patients in clinical practice.
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Low Levels of Empathic Concern Predict Utilitarian Moral Judgment
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht, Liane YoungAbstract:Is it permissible to harm one to save many? Classic moral dilemmas are often defined by the conflict between a putatively rational response to maximize aggregate welfare (i.e., the utilitarian judgment) and an emotional aversion to harm (i.e., the non-utilitarian judgment). Here, we address two questions. First, what specific aspect of emotional responding is relevant for these judgments? Second, is this aspect of emotional responding selectively reduced in utilitarians or enhanced in non-utilitarians? The results reveal a key relationship between moral judgment and Empathic Concern in particular (i.e., feelings of warmth and compassion in response to someone in distress). Utilitarian participants showed significantly reduced Empathic Concern on an independent empathy measure. These findings therefore reveal diminished Empathic Concern in utilitarian moral judges.
Carsten Ede Dreu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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oxytocin motivated ally selection is moderated by fetal testosterone exposure and Empathic Concern
Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2013Co-Authors: Mariska E Kret, Carsten Ede DreuAbstract:In humans, the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin shifts the individual’s focus on self-interest towards group-serving cognitions and decision making. Here we examine this general tendency in the context of group formation, where individuals included into their group (or not) 18 targets morphed as having low or high-threat potential (with high-threat targets being beneficial to group-interests but potentially hurting the recruiter’s self-interest). Ninety healthy males self-administered oxytocin or placebo in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study design, had their hands scanned to derive fetal testosterone vs. estradiol exposure from their 2D:4D ratio, and self-reported on their chronic Empathic Concern. Multilevel regression models revealed that when given oxytocin rather than placebo, individuals with low fetal testosterone priming included low-threat targets more and high-threat targets (somewhat) less. Individuals with high fetal testosterone (i.e., low estradiol) exposure, however, included high-threat targets more, and low-threat targets less when given oxytocin rather than placebo. Second, when given oxytocin rather than placebo, individuals with low Empathic Concern included low-threat targets more and high-threat targets less. Individuals with high Empathic Concern, however, included high-threat targets more, and low-threat targets less when given oxytocin rather than placebo. We conclude that oxytocin shifts the individual’s focus from self to group-serving cognition and decision making, and that these tendencies are stronger for males with high rather than low fetal testosterone exposure, and high rather than low Empathic Concern. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
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FRONTIERS IN HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE - Oxytocin-Motivated Ally Selection is Moderated by Fetal Testosterone Exposure and Empathic Concern.
Frontiers in neuroscience, 2013Co-Authors: Mariska E Kret, Carsten Ede DreuAbstract:In humans, the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin shifts the individual’s focus on self-interest towards group-serving cognitions and decision making. Here we examine this general tendency in the context of group formation, where individuals included into their group (or not) 18 targets morphed as having low or high-threat potential (with high-threat targets being beneficial to group-interests but potentially hurting the recruiter’s self-interest). Ninety healthy males self-administered oxytocin or placebo in a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study design, had their hands scanned to derive fetal testosterone vs. estradiol exposure from their 2D:4D ratio, and self-reported on their chronic Empathic Concern. Multilevel regression models revealed that when given oxytocin rather than placebo, individuals with low fetal testosterone priming included low-threat targets more and high-threat targets (somewhat) less. Individuals with high fetal testosterone (i.e., low estradiol) exposure, however, included high-threat targets more, and low-threat targets less when given oxytocin rather than placebo. Second, when given oxytocin rather than placebo, individuals with low Empathic Concern included low-threat targets more and high-threat targets less. Individuals with high Empathic Concern, however, included high-threat targets more, and low-threat targets less when given oxytocin rather than placebo. We conclude that oxytocin shifts the individual’s focus from self to group-serving cognition and decision making, and that these tendencies are stronger for males with high rather than low fetal testosterone exposure, and high rather than low Empathic Concern. Implications and avenues for future research are discussed.
Liane Young - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Low Levels of Empathic Concern Predict Utilitarian Moral Judgment
PloS one, 2013Co-Authors: Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht, Liane YoungAbstract:Is it permissible to harm one to save many? Classic moral dilemmas are often defined by the conflict between a putatively rational response to maximize aggregate welfare (i.e., the utilitarian judgment) and an emotional aversion to harm (i.e., the non-utilitarian judgment). Here, we address two questions. First, what specific aspect of emotional responding is relevant for these judgments? Second, is this aspect of emotional responding selectively reduced in utilitarians or enhanced in non-utilitarians? The results reveal a key relationship between moral judgment and Empathic Concern in particular (i.e., feelings of warmth and compassion in response to someone in distress). Utilitarian participants showed significantly reduced Empathic Concern on an independent empathy measure. These findings therefore reveal diminished Empathic Concern in utilitarian moral judges.
Alexandra Loukas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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What are the Unique and Interacting Contributions of School and Family Factors to Early Adolescents’ Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking?
Journal of youth and adolescence, 2012Co-Authors: Milena Batanova, Alexandra LoukasAbstract:Empathy in children has received considerable attention in the literature, but limited research has investigated the contributions of various socializing factors on both affective (e.g., Empathic Concern) and cognitive (e.g., perspective taking) components of empathy in early adolescents. Guided by socialization theories, this study examined the unique and interacting contributions of school connectedness and parent–child conflict to subsequent levels of both components of empathy across a 1-year period of time. Participants were 487 10- to 14- year old middle school students (54 % female; 76 % European-American) involved in two waves of a study with 1 year between each wave. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that, among girls, reports of parent–child conflict contributed to a decrease in Empathic Concern one year later, whereas school connectedness was a protective factor that offset the negative impact of parent–child conflict on girls’ subsequent perspective taking. Alternatively, only boys’ reports of school connectedness contributed to subsequent increases in both Empathic Concern and perspective taking 1 year later. Findings indicate that school connectedness and conflict with parents play different socializing roles for girls’ and boys’ Empathic Concern and perspective taking. The current study calls for further research and youth programs to consider the important contributions that socializing agents can make on both components of empathy for early adolescent girls and boys.
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Social anxiety and aggression in early adolescents: examining the moderating roles of Empathic Concern and perspective taking.
Journal of youth and adolescence, 2011Co-Authors: Milena Batanova, Alexandra LoukasAbstract:Guided by a social information processing perspective, this study examined the unique and interactive contributions of social anxiety and two distinct components of empathy, Empathic Concern and perspective taking, to subsequent relational and overt aggression in early adolescents. Participants were 485 10- to 14-year old middle school students (54% female; 78% European-American) involved in two waves of a study with one year between each wave. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that higher levels of Empathic Concern were directly associated with decreases in subsequent relational and overt aggression one year later and buffered the impact of social anxiety on subsequent relational aggression. Although perspective taking did not moderate the impact of social anxiety on either form of aggression, it was a unique predictor of increased relational aggression one year later. Findings call for future research to assess both components of empathy separately as they relate to relational and overt aggression.
Laura M. Padilla-walker - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Meta-Analysis of Prosocial Media on Prosocial Behavior, Aggression, and Empathic Concern: A Multidimensional Approach.
Developmental psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Sarah M. Coyne, Laura M. Padilla-walker, Hailey G. Holmgren, Emilie J. Davis, Kevin M. Collier, Madison K. Memmott-elison, Alan J. HawkinsAbstract:Studies examining the effects of exposure to prosocial media on positive outcomes are increasing in number and strength. However, existing meta-analyses use a broad definition of prosocial media that does not recognize the multidimensionality of prosocial behavior. The aim of the current study is to conduct a meta-analysis on the effects of exposure to prosocial media on prosocial behavior, aggression, and Empathic Concern while examining multiple moderators that the prosocial behavior literature suggests are important to our understanding of why individuals voluntarily help others (e.g., target, type, cost). RESULTS from 72 studies involving 243 effect sizes revealed that exposure to prosocial media was related to higher levels of prosocial behavior and Empathic Concern and lower levels of aggressive behavior. Moderation analyses suggest that several moderators accounted for heterogeneity in the model, including age of participant, region, media type (active vs. passive), and study design. In terms of multidimensional moderators, prosocial media had stronger effects on prosocial behavior toward strangers than did any other target and on helping and prosocial thinking but not donating or volunteering. Comparisons with other meta-analyses on media effects are made and implications for parents, media producers, and researchers are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
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Longitudinal Relations Between Prosocial Television Content and Adolescents’ Prosocial and Aggressive Behavior: The Mediating Role of Empathic Concern and Self-Regulation
Developmental psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Laura M. Padilla-walker, Sarah M. Coyne, Kevin M. Collier, Matthew G. NielsonAbstract:The current study examined longitudinal cross-lagged associations between prosocial TV (content and time) and prosocial and aggressive behavior during adolescence, and explored the mediating role of Empathic Concern and self-regulation. Participants were 441 adolescents who reported on their 3 favorite TV shows at 2 time points, approximately 2 years apart (M age of child at Time 3 = 13.31, SD = 1.06; 52% female; M age of child at Time 5 = 15.27, SD = 1.06). Results suggested that prosocial content at Time 3 was negatively associated with aggressive behavior 2 years later, and aggressive behavior at Time 3 was positively associated with aggressive content 2 years later. Results also suggested that prosocial behavior toward strangers at Time 3 was associated with both Empathic Concern and self-regulation at Time 4, which were in turn associated with prosocial and aggressive content at Time 5. Discussion focuses on the important role of behavior and prosocial personality on media selection during adolescence and the relevance of the target of prosocial behavior.
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Associations between violent video gaming, Empathic Concern, and prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family members.
Journal of youth and adolescence, 2012Co-Authors: Ashley Michelle Fraser, Laura M. Padilla-walker, Sarah M. Coyne, Larry J. Nelson, Laura StockdaleAbstract:Exposure to media violence, including violent video gaming, can have a cognitive desensitization effect, lowering Empathic Concern for others in need. Since emerging adulthood offers increased opportunities to volunteer, strengthen relationships, and initiate new relationships, decreases in Empathic Concern and prosocial behavior may prove inhibitive to optimal development during this time. For these reasons, the current study investigated associations between violent video gaming, Empathic responding, and prosocial behavior enacted toward strangers, friends, and family members. Participants consisted of 780 emerging adults (M age = 19.60, SD = 1.86, range = 18–29, 69% female, 69% Caucasian) from four universities in the United States. Results showed small to moderate effects between playing violent video gaming and lowered Empathic Concern for both males and females. In addition, lowered Empathic Concern partially mediated the pathways between violent video gaming and prosocial behavior toward all three targets (at the level of a trend for females), but was most strongly associated with lower prosocial behavior toward strangers. Discussion highlights how violent video gaming is associated with lower levels of prosocial behavior through the mechanism of decreased Empathic Concern, how this association can affect prosocial behavior differently across target, and finally what implications this might have for development during emerging adulthood.