The Experts below are selected from a list of 327 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Amanda Cumberland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the role of reported emotion in real life and hypothetical Moral Dilemmas
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 2002Co-Authors: Eva E Skoe, Nancy Eisenberg, Amanda CumberlandAbstract:To form a more complete picture of the complexity that underlies human Morality, the connection between emotion and Moral thought in 209 men and women was examined. Participants rated the importance of one real-life and three hypothetical Moral Dilemmas and their feelings while making decisions about the Dilemmas. The responses on these Dilemmas also were scored for their care and justice orientations. Results showed that feeling upset and sympathy were uniquely positively related to dilemma importance. In the real-life situations, sympathy and anger uniquely predicted both care (positively) and justice (negatively) orientations. Relational real-life Dilemmas evoked more emotions than did nonrelational ones. In general, women scored higher than men on emotions when considering Moral Dilemmas.
Marcel L Bouvy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Moral Dilemmas reflect professional core values of pharmacists in community pharmacy
International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 2019Co-Authors: Martine Kruijtbosch, Wilma Gottgensjansen, Annemieke Floorschreudering, Evert Van Leeuwen, Marcel L BouvyAbstract:OBJECTIVES: The aim was to recognise the professional core values in the Moral Dilemmas of pharmacists in community pharmacy and to customise the descriptions of these values for community pharmacy practice. METHODS: The narratives of 128 Moral Dilemmas, collected from Dutch PharmD students and early career pharmacists who experienced these Dilemmas in practice, were qualitatively analysed. An expert panel deductively coded relevant portions of these narratives with the core values as formulated by the Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association. Other values that emerged were inductively coded and if possible used to further customise the respective core values. KEY FINDINGS: The expert panel identified all four professional core values, that is, commitment to the patient's well-being (117, 91.4%), reliable and caring (116, 90.6%), pharmaceutical expertise (72, 56.2%) and responsibility to society (30, 23.4%) in the 128 Moral dilemma narratives. Thirteen other values that emerged in the analysis could all be used for the customisation of the professional core values in descriptions that better reflect community pharmacy practice. CONCLUSIONS: Professional core values were identified in Moral dilemma narratives of pharmacists in community pharmacy and customised for their practice. These customised core values can enable pharmacists to better recognise Moral Dilemmas in practice. This can add to the advancement of the profession as a pharmaceutical care practice.
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Moral Dilemmas of community pharmacists a narrative study
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 2018Co-Authors: Martine Kruijtbosch, Wilma Gottgensjansen, Annemieke Floorschreudering, Evert Van Leeuwen, Marcel L BouvyAbstract:Background Pharmacists are increasingly involved in patient care. This new role in a complex healthcare system with demanding patients may lead to Moral Dilemmas. There has been little research into pharmacy ethics, and existing data are limited by their retrospective nature and small sample sizes. A thematic overview of the Moral Dilemmas experienced by community pharmacists is still missing. Objective To make a thematic overview of Moral Dilemmas experienced in daily pharmacy practice. Setting Dutch community pharmacy. Methods Dutch community pharmacists wrote a narrative about a Moral dilemma they had experienced in clinical practice. The narratives were analysed using qualitative content analysis to identify underlying themes. Main outcome measure Themes of Moral Dilemmas. Results Twenty-two themes were identified in 128 narratives. These Moral Dilemmas arose predominantly during pharmacists' contact with patients and other health professionals. The relationship between the pharmacist, patient and other health professionals was complicated by other parties, such as legal representatives, health insurance companies, and regulators. Conclusion The Moral Dilemmas experienced by community pharmacists are more diverse than previously reported. The main Dilemmas arose in their professional contacts, frequently when their professional autonomy was challenged by the behaviour of patients and other health professionals.
Mandy Hutter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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consequences norms and generalized inaction in Moral Dilemmas the cni model of Moral decision making
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Bertram Gawronski, Joel Armstrong, Paul Conway, Rebecca Friesdorf, Mandy HutterAbstract:Research on Moral dilemma judgments has been fundamentally shaped by the distinction between utilitarianism and deontology. According to the principle of utilitarianism, the Moral status of behavioral options depends on their consequences; the principle of deontology states that the Moral status of behavioral options depends on their consistency with Moral norms. To identify the processes underlying utilitarian and deontological judgments, researchers have investigated responses to Moral Dilemmas that pit one principle against the other (e.g., trolley problem). However, the conceptual meaning of responses in this paradigm is ambiguous, because the central aspects of utilitarianism and deontology—consequences and norms—are not manipulated. We illustrate how this shortcoming undermines theoretical interpretations of empirical findings and describe an alternative approach that resolves the ambiguities of the traditional paradigm. Expanding on this approach, we present a multinomial model that allows researchers to quantify sensitivity to consequences (C), sensitivity to Moral norms (N), and general preference for inaction versus action irrespective of consequences and norms (I) in responses to Moral Dilemmas. We present 8 studies that used this model to investigate the effects of gender, cognitive load, question framing, and psychopathy on Moral dilemma judgments. The findings obtained with the proposed CNI model offer more nuanced insights into the determinants of Moral dilemma judgments, calling for a reassessment of dominant theoretical assumptions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2017 APA, all rights reserved)
Fiery Cushman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reasoning supports utilitarian resolutions to Moral Dilemmas across diverse measures
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2020Co-Authors: Indrajeet Patil, Micaela Maria Zucchelli, Wouter Kool, Stephanie Campbell, Federico Fornasier, Marta Calo, Giorgia Silani, Mina Cikara, Fiery CushmanAbstract:Sacrificial Moral Dilemmas elicit a strong conflict between the motive to not personally harm someone and the competing motive to achieving the greater good, which is often described as the "utilitarian" response. Some prior research suggests that reasoning abilities and deliberative cognitive style are associated with endorsement of utilitarian solutions, but, as has more recently been emphasized, both conceptual and methodological issues leave open the possibility that utilitarian responses are due instead to a reduced emotional response to harm. Across 8 studies, using self-report, behavioral performance, and neuroanatomical measures, we show that individual differences in reasoning ability and cognitive style of thinking are positively associated with a preference for utilitarian solutions, but bear no relationship to harm-relevant concerns. These findings support the dual-process model of Moral decision making and highlight the utility of process dissociation methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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finding faults how Moral Dilemmas illuminate cognitive structure
Social Neuroscience, 2012Co-Authors: Fiery Cushman, Joshua D GreeneAbstract:Philosophy is rife with intractable Moral Dilemmas. We propose that these debates often exist because competing psychological systems yield different answers to the same problem. Consequently, philosophical debate points to the natural fault lines between dissociable psychological mechanisms, and as such provides a useful guide for cognitive neuroscience. We present two case studies from recent research into Moral judgment: Dilemmas concerning whether to harm a person in order to save several others, and whether to punish individuals for harms caused accidentally. Finally, we analyze two features of mental conflict that apparently contribute to philosophical discord: the insistence that one answer to a problem must be correct (“non-negotiability”) and the absence of an independent means of determining the correct answer (“non-adjudicability”). Fiery Cushman thanks the Mind/Brain/Behavior Initiative for its generous support during the preparation of this work.
Antoni Gomila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Moral Dilemmas in cognitive neuroscience of Moral decision making a principled review
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2012Co-Authors: Julia F. Christensen, Antoni GomilaAbstract:Abstract Moral dilemma tasks have been a much appreciated experimental paradigm in empirical studies on Moral cognition for decades and have, more recently, also become a preferred paradigm in the field of cognitive neuroscience of Moral decision-making. Yet, studies using Moral Dilemmas suffer from two main shortcomings: they lack methodological homogeneity which impedes reliable comparisons of results across studies, thus making a metaanalysis manifestly impossible; and second, they overlook control of relevant design parameters. In this paper, we review from a principled standpoint the studies that use Moral Dilemmas to approach the psychology of Moral judgment and its neural underpinnings. We present a systematic review of 19 experimental design parameters that can be identified in Moral Dilemmas. Accordingly, our analysis establishes a methodological basis for the required homogeneity between studies and suggests the consideration of experimental aspects that have not yet received much attention despite their relevance.
